Human Growth & Development Chapter 8 – Flashcards

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question
Freud's view of children's development during the preschool years focuses on which two stages?
answer
Anal and phallic
question
The preschool years, from age two to age six, include which two of Erikson's stages of development?
answer
Autonomy versus shame and doubt; initiative versus guilt
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Which of the following is a central theme that emerges from both Freud's and Erikson's view of development during the preschool period?
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Families must balance their children's emerging skills and desire for autonomy with their parental need to protect and control their children.
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Which of the following abilities initiates the Eriksonian crisis of initiative versus guilt?
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The ability to plan
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According to Li-Grining, how do children learn impulse control?
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They learn through social interactions that apply both positive reinforcement and negative punishment.
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Tommy is a difficult child. How is this likely to influence Tommy's social relationships?
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He is likely to have difficulty forming social relationships.
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In early childhood, what characterizes the development of the emotional self?
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Learning to control one's emotions
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What is Hoffman's first stage of empathy development, which is characterized by an infant matching the strong emotion of another?
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Global empathy
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Guilt, shame, and pride are all examples of which of the following?
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Moral emotions
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According to Koenig, Cicchetti & Rogosch (2004), what is likely to happen to a child who does not have a warm trusting relationship with their parents? Correct!
answer
They will not develop moral emotions
question
When 4-year-old Mariella thinks of activities, behaviors, or personal characteristics as being "for mommy" or "for daddy," she is using which of the following?
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Gender schema
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Deion tells his mother that he will always be a boy and can never be a girl. This is an illustration of Deion's grasp of what principle?
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Gender constancy
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By what age does a child's gender identity develop?
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Two years
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Which of the following best summarizes the biological influence on the psychological differences between males and females?
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The presence or absence of testosterone prenatally has a strong influence on behavior.
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The parenting style that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication is
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Permissive
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Children with parents who have high maturity demands tend to exhibit which of the following personality traits?
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Higher self-esteem
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Which parenting style has the most consistently positive outcomes?
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Authoritative
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Which of the following might contribute to neglecting or uninvolved parenting?
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Parental depression or overwhelming stress
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Which of the following is perhaps the most important factor that negatively affects children after a divorce
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The shift away from an authoritative parenting style
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Which of the following is one of the dimensions of family functioning conceptualized by Diana Baumrind in her study of parenting styles?
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Clear and consistent rules
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Which of the following is an accurate statement about cross-gender behavior in childhood?
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Peers more often disapprove of cross-gender behavior in boys than girls
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Which of the following is a negative consequence of spanking as a form of discipline?
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Modeling inflicting of pain to get what one wants
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By what age have children figured out that gender is permanent?
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5-6 years
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A child's ability to label his or her own sex correctly and to identify other people as men or women is called
answer
Gender identity
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As the categorical self and the emotional self mature, what new component of self-concept is likely to develop?
answer
Social self
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