Human Growth & Development Chapter 8 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Freud's view of children's development during the preschool years focuses on which two stages?
answer
Anal and phallic
question
The preschool years, from age two to age six, include which two of Erikson's stages of development?
answer
Autonomy versus shame and doubt; initiative versus guilt
question
Which of the following is a central theme that emerges from both Freud's and Erikson's view of development during the preschool period?
answer
Families must balance their children's emerging skills and desire for autonomy with their parental need to protect and control their children.
question
Which of the following abilities initiates the Eriksonian crisis of initiative versus guilt?
answer
The ability to plan
question
According to Li-Grining, how do children learn impulse control?
answer
They learn through social interactions that apply both positive reinforcement and negative punishment.
question
Tommy is a difficult child. How is this likely to influence Tommy's social relationships?
answer
He is likely to have difficulty forming social relationships.
question
In early childhood, what characterizes the development of the emotional self?
answer
Learning to control one's emotions
question
What is Hoffman's first stage of empathy development, which is characterized by an infant matching the strong emotion of another?
answer
Global empathy
question
Guilt, shame, and pride are all examples of which of the following?
answer
Moral emotions
question
According to Koenig, Cicchetti & Rogosch (2004), what is likely to happen to a child who does not have a warm trusting relationship with their parents? Correct!
answer
They will not develop moral emotions
question
When 4-year-old Mariella thinks of activities, behaviors, or personal characteristics as being "for mommy" or "for daddy," she is using which of the following?
answer
Gender schema
question
Deion tells his mother that he will always be a boy and can never be a girl. This is an illustration of Deion's grasp of what principle?
answer
Gender constancy
question
By what age does a child's gender identity develop?
answer
Two years
question
Which of the following best summarizes the biological influence on the psychological differences between males and females?
answer
The presence or absence of testosterone prenatally has a strong influence on behavior.
question
The parenting style that is high in nurturance and low in maturity demands, control, and communication is
answer
Permissive
question
Children with parents who have high maturity demands tend to exhibit which of the following personality traits?
answer
Higher self-esteem
question
Which parenting style has the most consistently positive outcomes?
answer
Authoritative
question
Which of the following might contribute to neglecting or uninvolved parenting?
answer
Parental depression or overwhelming stress
question
Which of the following is perhaps the most important factor that negatively affects children after a divorce
answer
The shift away from an authoritative parenting style
question
Which of the following is one of the dimensions of family functioning conceptualized by Diana Baumrind in her study of parenting styles?
answer
Clear and consistent rules
question
Which of the following is an accurate statement about cross-gender behavior in childhood?
answer
Peers more often disapprove of cross-gender behavior in boys than girls
question
Which of the following is a negative consequence of spanking as a form of discipline?
answer
Modeling inflicting of pain to get what one wants
question
By what age have children figured out that gender is permanent?
answer
5-6 years
question
A child's ability to label his or her own sex correctly and to identify other people as men or women is called
answer
Gender identity
question
As the categorical self and the emotional self mature, what new component of self-concept is likely to develop?
answer
Social self
