Human growth chapter 1-4 - Flashcards

Q: What issue has dominated much work in lifespan development?

B. how much of people\'s behavior is due to their genetically determined nature and how much Is due to nurture?

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In its study of growth, change and stability, lifespan development takes an __ approach.

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B. scientific

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In __ , development is __, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels.

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B. continuous change;gradual

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Developments that occurs in distinct steps or stages with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages is called __ change

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A. Discontinuous change

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What issue has dominated much work in lifespan development?

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B. how much of people's behavior is due to their genetically determined nature and how much Is due to nurture?

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According to the textbook, which statement best reflects how many researchers view the nature-nurture question?

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C. Both sides should be considered because most behaviors fall somewhere in between

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Advocates of the __ perspective believe that much of behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control.

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A. Psychodynamic

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Freud believed that the goal of the pleasure principle was to

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B. maximize satisfaction and reduce tension

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If a child develops into a person who integrates into society and maintains a good awareness of safety, Freud May say that a person has a well developed

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D. Ego

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Adults demonstrating excessive activities such as eating, talking, or chewing gum may be experiencing an __ fixation?

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B. oral

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Siri identifies with her mother as a role model. She has passed through freuds __ stage of psychosexual development.

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C. phallic

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Erikson argued that each of his stages presents an __ that the individual must resolve.

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A. Crisis

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Behavior modification depends upon what principle?

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A. Operant conditioning

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Susan learned at a young age that developing good study habits such as doing homework, brought about good grades and made her want to work harder in school. This type of behavior is called

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C. Reinforcement

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Ralph watches the other kindergarten students receive stickers and other rewards from the etcher for sitting at their desks and completing their work. Soon Ralph begins to behave like the other kindergarten students. This is what type of learning?

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A. Modeling

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Piagets two basic principles of growth in children's understanding of the world are

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C. Assimilation and accommodation

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What theory contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives?

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C. Humanistic

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Who was one of the first to recognize, acknowledge the importance of and help us understand the importance do influence on development?

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C. Vygotsky

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Researchers who are interested in the relationship between televised aggression and subsequent behavior have found that children who watch a good deal of televised aggression tend to be more aggressive than those who watch little of this type of television programming. This is an example of __ study.

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D. Correlational

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William is participating along with a group of adolescents trying to lose weight. One of his assignments is to keep a diary of his food intake and the times that he eats daily. This can be considered an example of what type of research?

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C. Case study

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In order to learn about children's toy preferences researchers interview children at a local preschool and base their inferences on the children's responses. This is an example of __ research.

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D. Survey

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In an experiment where researchers manipulate the __, the variable that the researchers measure to see if it changes is the __.

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B. independent variable; dependent variable

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Which type of research study is a compromise technique that essentially examines a number of different age groups at several points in time and permits developmental researchers to tease out the consequences of age change versus age difference?

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B. sequential

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What is the basic unit of genetic information?

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C. Gene

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Rod shaped chromosomes portions of DNA are organized in __ pairs.

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B. 23

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Any differences in future development of monozygotic twins can be attributed only to __ factors.

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C. Environmental

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Multiple births have __ in the last 25 years due to fertility drugs and the rising average age of mothers giving birth.

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C. Increased

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What is the process in which high frequency sound waves scan the mother womb to produce an image of the unborn baby whose size and shape can then be assessed?

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B. ultrasound sonography

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Which test is carried out 15 to 20 weeks into the pregnancy and allows the analysis of fetal cells that can identify a variety of genetic defects with nearly 100% accuracy?

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D. Amniocentesis

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Patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual are called

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C. Temperament

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Along with schizophrenia all of the psychological disorders below have been shown to be related at least in part to genetic factors. Which of the following disorders is least likely to have a genetic factor according to the text?

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D. Anxiety

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What is the process by which a sperm and an ovum join to form a single new cell?

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A. Fertilization

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An adult male typically produces several __ sperm a day.

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D. Hundred million

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One of the highlights of the __ stage is the development of the major organs and basic anatomy.

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C. Embryonic

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In which stage of development does the developing child undergo astoundingly rapid change increasing in length some 20 times with dramatic changes in proportion?

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B. fetal

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By __ months of age the fetus swallows and urinates arms and hands are developed and fingers develop nails.

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A. 3

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It is the job of the __ to keep teratogens from reaching the fetus.

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B. mother placenta

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If mothers who carry the AIDS Virus are treated with antiviral drugs such as AZT during pregnancy less than__ of infants are born with AIDS.

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a. 5%

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What illegal drug when used during pregnancy can restrict the oxygen that reaches the fetus and lead to infants who are irritable nervous and easily disturbed?

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B. marijuana

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What illegal substance used by pregnant woman produces an intense restriction of the arteries causing a significant reduction in the flow of blood and oxygen to the fetus thereby increasing the risks of fetal deaths and a number of birth defects and disabilities?

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A. Cocaine

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What is the disorder caused by the pregnant mother consuming substantial quantities of alcohol during pregnancy potentially resulting in mental retardation and delayed growth in the child?

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C. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

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__ reduces the oxygen content and increases the carbon monoxide of the mothers blood. This quickly reduces the oxygen available for the fetus. Further the nicotine and other toxins in cigarettes slow the respiration rates of the fetus and speed up its heart.

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B. smoking cigarettes

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__ is the close physical and emotional contact between parent and child.

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C. Bonding

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The American academy of pediatrics and the US congress agree that women should stay in the hospital no less than __ hours after giving birth.

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B. 48

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Preterm infants are at high risk of illness and death because

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B. they have not had time to fully develop as fetuses

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The extent of danger faced by preterm babies largely depends upon

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D. The baby's birthweight

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By age six approximately __ of preterm infants have mild problems such as learning disabilities or behavior disorders.

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B. 38%

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What factor can classify an infant as meeting the criteria of very low birthweight?

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C. Regardless of weight an infant who was in the womb less than 30 weeks

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All of the following May cause preterm birth EXCEPT

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A. Mothers working during pregnancy

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The use of __ has contributed to a sharp increase in __.

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A. Fetal monitoring, cesarean deliveries

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Other countries do significantly better than the US in preventing infant mortality by providing services listed below EXCEPT

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D. Social programs for birth control

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Following the birth of her baby Kerry experienced a period of deep depression triggered by swings in hormone production Kerry was experiencing

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C. Postpartum depression

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Because a neonates liver does not work effectively at first almost half of all newborns develop a yellowish tinge to their bodies and eyes called

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C. Neonatal jaundice

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A neonate enters the world with all of the following abilities except

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D. Perfect hearing

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Research shows that which of huge following senses are not only well developed but reasonably sophisticated at birth?

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C. Sense of touch taste and smell

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A newborn who shows interest and surprise at first seeing a novel toy but may not show interest after seeing the same toy several times is demonstrating what type of learning?

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D. Habituation

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When does the greatest increase in height and weight occur?

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B. during the first year of life

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What it's he principle that states that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down to the rest of the body?

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A. Cephalocaudal

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The basic nerve cell of the nervous system is called

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C. Neuron

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__ is the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience

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D. Plasticity

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Walking eating sleeping and elimination are important parts of a baby's

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D. Rhythms

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Bart and Muriel put their infants to bed for her regular afternoon nap. When they go back the baby is unresponsive and never wakes up. What is the term for this?

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D. SIDS

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What does the American academy of pediatrics suggest to prevent SIDS?

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A. Baby sleeping on their backs

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Many of the reflexes that infants are born with have __ value.

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C. Survival

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Baby Janice is just over 8 months of age. It is likely that she is just beginning to

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D. Crawl

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Babies are typically able to walk independently around __ months of age.

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D. 12

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At approximately what age is a baby able to prominently open it's hand and grasp a rattle?

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B. 3 months

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Infants are able to pick up small objects like marbles off the ground at

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B. 11 months

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Child care authorities agree that for the first 12 months of life there is no better food for an infant than

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D. A mothers breast milk

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It's time for Margaret to give her baby his bath. The water is warm and she adds bubble bath to the water. When she puts her baby in the water the baby splashes around and plays with the bubbles. He genuinely appears to enjoy himself because his __ are being stimulated.

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A. Sense organs

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The visual cliff study indicates that most infants in the age range of __ months cannot be coaxed to cross the cliff.

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A. 6 to 14

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Piaget argued that infants acquire knowledge through

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D. Action

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Four year old Alex and his mother visited the zoo. While they were there Alex's mother took him to see the squirrel exhibit. Alex saw many different types of squirrels but when he saw a flying squirrel glide from one branch to another he pointed and said a bird. Considering Piagets work Alex is demonstrating an example of

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D. Assimilation

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Baby Alexander makes minor changes in his schemes each time his environment provides him with a new experience. This is the process of

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A. Accommodation

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Piaget believed that the exact timing of a stage reflects an interaction between the infants __ and __.

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A. Level of physical maturation; and the experience of the environment

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Baby Nicholas watches as his mother leaves the room but he does not cry because he understands that his mother still exists even if he cannot see her. This is an example of which reaction concept?

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D. Substage 4: object permanence

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Baby Luke is playing with a bouncing ball in his play pen and accidentally the ball bounces out of the playpen and rolls under a nearby chair . Luke tries to get his mother to retrieve his ball by pointing int he direction of where the ball went under the chair. Piaget would say this is an example of

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C. Mental representation

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What is the term for the process by which information is initially recorded stored and retrieved?

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D. Memory

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Infantile amnesia is defined as the lack of memory for experience that occurred prior to

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C. 3 years of age

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Climbing stairs, riding a bike, eating breakfast are all examples of what type of memory?

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B. implicit

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If a baby is making speech like but meaningless sounds this is universals phenomenon called

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B. babbling

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Baby Allison is in her high chair while her father prepares dinner. Baby Allison tries to get her fathers attention by saying eat and cookie and this would be an example of

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D. Holophrase

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Infants display a wide range of emotional expressions. Research studies conducted with mothers of 1 month old infants indicate

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C. Most mothers felt their child had expressed interest and joy

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Baby Polly is usually a calm happy baby when she is around her parents and siblings. When her parents take her to a family reunion though her behavior changes. Her face crinkles up in a frown and she stares at strangers with suspicion. Baby Polly is demonstrating

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C. Stranger anxiety

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Baby Sally's mother is dropping her off at preschool for the first time and Sally's behavior changes from a calm happy baby to a crying cranky youngster who will not let go of her mother. Baby sally is likely to be demonstrating

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C. Separation anxiety

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Baby Lilly is watching her other siblings as she plays in her playpen. Her siblings begin to squabble and shove each other on the floor. Baby Lilly looks to her mother and notices that her mother is smiling as she watches the other siblings so baby Lilly begins to smile too. This is an example of

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B. social referencing

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Eight month old Elisha's crib is located near a large mirror on her dresser yet Elisha barely ever stops to look at herself in the mirror. On the other hand her 18 month old sister Amanda stops regularly to gaze at herself as she crawls around on the floor near the full length bathroom mirror. What is likely the reason that amanda looks at the mirror but Elisha does not?

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A. Amanda has developed self awareness or knowledge of herself

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When a child experiences pleasure with a person or experiences comfort from that person when In distress it is said that the child has

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B. has formed an attachments

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When a child demonstrates the kind of attachment where the mother is used as a home base and the child is at ease when she is present but the child gets upset when she leaves and then the child goes to the mother as soon as she returns this is called

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C. Secure attachment pattern

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What is considered the hallmark of children who are securely attached to their mothers?

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C. The mother is sensitive to the child's needs is aware of the child's moods can discriminate the infants signals and is responsive warm and affectionate

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Mary is planning to take a year and a half leave from her job because she wants to stay home and care for the needs of her newborn child. Mary believes that during the first 18 months of a child's life it is critical that she make herself available to her child to meet his needs and give him the attention he deserves. Erikson would say that Mary's decision comes at a good time to address what stage of her child's development?

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B. eriksons trust vs. mistrust stage

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All of the following are examples of temperament in babies except

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A. How well attached the baby is to its mother

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What is the term that Thomas and chess used to describe babies who have a positive disposition whose body functions operate regularly and who are adaptable?

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B. easy babies

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What is the term that relates to ones sense of being Male or female?

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B. gender

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All of the following May be a factor in how much a preschooler weighs and how tall he or she is except

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D. The quality of preschool; children who attend quality of preschool programs receive better snacks and lunches

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Before they are 10 years old children are __ as likely to die from an __ than from an __.

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A. Twice; injury; illness

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Which of the following most likely contributes to the high level of accidents in the preschool age group?

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B. preschoolers high level of physical activity, curiosity, and lack of judgment

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The left hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in all of the following areas except

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A. Spatial relationships

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The right hemisphere of the brain becomes more specialized during the preschool years in all of the following areas except

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C. Thinking and reasoning

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The Wilson family went to their family reunion picnic and their two children were allowed to participate in different games. Which of the following is a game that the four year old would likely have enough fine motor skills to play?

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A. Throwing a ball

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All of the following a fine motor skills that a 3 year old preschooler can perform except

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D. Throwing a ball to a friend so a friend can catch it

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Which of the following is the best description of Piagets symbolic function

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B. a child is able to use a mental symbol a word or an objects to stand for or represent something that isn on physically present

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Madeline is working to teach her 4 year old daughter. Eliza how to count. She places 10 buttons in one row with very little space between the buttons and 8 buttons in another row with more space between the buttons therefore the second row is longer than the first. Then Madeline asks her daughter which has more buttons. Inevitably Eliza chooses the second row even though she knows that 10 is more than 8. What is this an example of?

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D. Centration

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Johnny is a 4 year old who is having lunch with his mother and sister. When his mother pours the milk that is left in the carton into the children's glasses she finds that there is not enough to fill both glasses so she carefully pours half of the milk in The shorter fatter glass in front of Johnny and half into a thin taller glass in front of Johnny's sister. Immediately Johnny complains that his sister got more milk than he did and even when his mother tries to explain that they both got the same amount. Johnny insist he is right in this example Johnny is demonstrating a lack of development in the area of

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B. conservation

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Preschoolers thoughts focus on all of the following except

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D. The ability to consider all available information

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On Christmas morning 3 year old billy opens one of his gift from his mother and finds a new sweater. Disappointed that it is not a toy billy frowns and throws the sweater aside in front of his mother with no regard for her feelings. In this example billy is demonstrating

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B. egocentric thought

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Three year old Wendy is playing hide and seek with some older children. However instead of running to find a hiding place away from the other children she simply covers her eyes . In this example Wendy is demonstrating

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B. egocentric thought

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What is the term for a memory of particular events from ones own life?

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C. Autobiographical memory

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Vigotsky called the actual physical items that a child uses to learn as well as the intellectual and conceptual framework that the child uses to learn

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C. Cultural tools

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By age 6 the average child has a vocabulary of around __ words.

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D. 14,000

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when a young child begins to learn how to take turns in conversation stay on topic and give appropriate responses such as please and thank you the child i demonstrating knowledge of

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b. pragmatics

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how much TV does the american academy of pediatrics recommend that children under 2 years old be allowed to watch?

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a. none

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developmental psychologists have found that children can benefit from involvement in some form of __ before they enroll n formal schooling which takes place at age 5 or 6 in the US.

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C. educational activity

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according to Erikson, what is the term for development that encompasses changes both in the understanding of individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of others behavior?

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C. psychosocial development

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when a 4 year old Allison is allowed to decide what to wear from several choices her mother presents to her she is likely to develop

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A. initiative

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robbie is a 4 year old boy in the US who is encouraged to stand out from the rest and make his needs known, sean is a 4 year old boy in Japan who is encouraged to blend in and refrain from making himself distinct. Robbie is growing up with an __, and Sean is growing up with __.

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c individualistic orientation; a collectivistic orientations

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gnder the sense of being male or female is well established by the time children are

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D. preschool age

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when a preschool are child is developing a gender schema he/she is

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B. increasing his/her own cognitive abilities to develop "rules" about what is right and wrong for males and females

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five year old Amy is getting dressed to g to preschool ad her mother has brought her brand new jeans to wear. however Amy refuses and insist that girls wear only dresses. this may be an exampleof

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C. gender schema

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Raul and Raymond are 3 year old and the main benefit they get out of being friends is

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A. the enjoyment of carrying out shared activities

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when 4 year old Anna uses Lego's to build a playhouse, or puts a puzzle together this is an example of

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C. constructive play

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Melissa is sitting at her preschool table playing with a toy car while Alex is sitting next t her playing with a toy car and making quiet engine sounds. these two children never interact together. what type of play are these two children engaged in?

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A. Parallel

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In preschool one day, 5 children decided to help each other build a fort with the items that were available to them. Each child took it upon him/herself to find objects in the classroom that could bee put together to build a fort. This is an example of

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A. associative play

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Three children in the preschool class are working to complete puzzles and the all take turns fitting in the pieces. This is an example of

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A. cooperative play

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play may assist the brain

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A. in increasing self control and promoting brain development

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children with autism find it particularly difficult to relate to others in part because they find it difficult to

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C. understand what others are thinking

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Merediths 5 year old friends at the playground run around from the rides to the slides but merediths mother told her she had to stay on the swings and not move to another place in the playground. when merediths complaind that the other children were allowed to play where they wanted Merediths mother told her to stay on the swings "bcause i told you so" this is an example of

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B. authoritarian parenting

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Billy is a 5 year old child who does not have have a regular bedtime, is permitted to neglect personal hygiene such as brushing his teeth and doesnt usually participate in any simple chores such as picking up his toys in his room. it would appear that Billy parents style of parenting is

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A. permissive

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five year old benjamin and his younger sister were playing together n the living room ad his sister grabbed at the toy that benjamin was playing with. he lashed out at his sister and punched her in the arm took back the toy, making her cry. benjamins mother immediately took benjamin aside and rather than punishing him tried to explain how his choice of behavior made his sister cr and that he needs to learn to share his toys. this is an example of what type of parenting style?

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A. authoritative

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while spanking may produce immediate compliance of children the long term side effects may include all of the following EXCEPT

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D. the child will develop a greater sense of independence and autonomy and will adhere to social and cultural norms

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Five year old Amanda is walking through the grocery store with her mother and Amanda accidentally knocks over a display. Her mother is furious with her, calls Amanda names, and tells her daughter she is clumsy and stupid for causing a mess. This is an example of

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C. psychological maltreatment

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What is the term for the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical change.

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C. resilience

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According to developmental research what contributes to the decline of aggression in preschool children?

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b. personality and social development of the child

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Two boys, ages 3 and 4 , are playing with cars, and both boys want the bigger red car. As one boy reaches for the red car, the other strikes him, knocking it out his had ad taking the red car for himself. this is an example of

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D. instrumental aggression

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In the playground, Amanda calls Janey names, refuses to include her in the game of hopscotch and makes fun of her. This is an example of

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A. Relation aggression

Human growth chapter 1-4 – Flashcards

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