Human Anatomy & Physiology: The Integumentary System – Flashcards
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Another name for skin
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The Integumentary System
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Epidermis
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Composed of epithelial cells, is the outermost protective shield of the body
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Dermis
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Makes up the bulk of the skin, is a tough, leathery lawyer composed mostly of dense connective tissue
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Hypodermis
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The subcutaneous tissue just deep to the skin Not part of the skin, but shares some of skins protective functions Also called, the superficial fascia,because it is superficial to the tough connective tissue wrapping (fascia) of the skeletal muscles, consists mostly of adipose tissue
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Keratinocytes
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To produce keratin, the fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis its protective properties
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Melanocytes
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Spider-shaped epithelial cells that synthesize the pigment melanin, are found in the deepest layer of epidermis
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Layers of Epidermis
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Deep to superficial 1. Stratum Basal 2. Stratum Spinosum 3. Stratum Granulosom 4. Stratum Lucidum (absent in thin skin) 5. Stratum Corneum
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Stratum Basal
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The deepest epidermal layer, is attached to the underlying dermis along a wavy border line that resembles corrugated cardboard.
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Stratum Spinosum (Prickly Layer)
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Several cell layers thick Contain intermediate filaments-pre keratin filaments
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Stratum Granulosum
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Consists of one to five cell layers in which keratinocytes appearance changes drastically - keratinization begins
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Stratum Lucidum (Clear Layer)
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Visible in only thick skin Consists of two or three rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with indistinct boundaries
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Stratum Corneum(Horny Layer)
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Outermost epidermal layer, broad zone to 20 to 30 cell layers thick
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Dermis Composition
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Consists of papillary & reticular layers Made up of strong, flexible connective tissue
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Papillary Layer
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Thin, superficial, is areolar connective tissue in which fine interlacing collagen and elastic fibers from a loosely woven mat that is heavily invested with small blood vessels. Dermal papillae contain capillary loops Friction ridges
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Reticular Layer
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Deeper, accounting of about 80% of the thickness of the dermis, is coarse, dense irregular connective tissue Cleavage (tension) lines Flexure lines
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3 Skin pigments
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Carotene, Melanin, Hemoglobin - determine skin color
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Melanin
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Only one made in the skin - is a polymer made of tyrosine amino acids - its two forms range in color from reddish yellow to brownish black
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Carotene
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Is a yellow to orange pigment found in certain plant products such as carrots Color most obvious in the palms and soles
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Hemoglobin
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The pinkish hue of fair skin reflects the crimson color of the oxygenated pigment hemoglobin in the red blood cells circulating through the dermal capillaries
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Cyanosis
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When hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated, both the blood and the skin of caucasions appear blue
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Erythema
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Reddened skin may indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy
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Pallor
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Blanching, Becoming pale-low blood pressure or anemia (during fear, anger, emotional stress)
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Jaundice
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Yellow cast- abnormally yellow skin tone usually signifies a liver disorder
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Hair
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Consists of dead, keratinized cells Pili Are flexible strands produced by hair follicles and consist largely dead, keratinized cells Shaft- portion in which keratinization is complete Root- where kerantinization is still ongoing
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Shaft
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Projects from the skin, extends about halfway down the portion of the hair embedded in the skin
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Root
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Remainder of the hair deep within the follicle
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Arrector pili
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"Goose bumps" Makes the hair stand straight up
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First degree burns
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Burns where only epidermis is damaged. The area becomes red and swollen.
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Second degree burns
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burns that involve injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. Skin is red and painful and blisters appear
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Third degree burns
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Burn where entire thickness of skin is destroyed. The burned area appears blanched (gray-white) or blackened. Skin grafts must be done to repair area.
