History Test One – Flashcards
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1. Why did large numbers of African-Americans migrate to "western" states such as Kansas after the Civil War? What basic economic role were both the West and South beginning to have in the U.S. industrial economy during this period?
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They could buy land and vote. Suppliers of raw materials, providers of food stuffed and consumers of finished goods
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How did Henry Grady use the image of a cotton farmer's burial in a pine coffin to illustrate the problems the South faced after the Civil War? How would his envisioned "New South" replace the economic and class conditions of the Old South?
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the south didn't produce anything to build the coffin. the region had many human and natural resources but few factories to build goods to catch up with industrial north
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Why did cotton remain the dominant cash crop in the South, despite southern farmers' attempts to diversify? How did the trends in cotton prices and the South's birthrate make this situation increasingly dire for poor southerners?
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southern soils too acidic, spring rains too heavy, parasite/disease, work cattle, more children, more farmhands- every year fewer acres of land to cultivate
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What is the theory of the "agricultural ladder"? How did the conditions of southern land ownership and credit render this theory an empty promise for sharecroppers, tenants, and small landowners alike? What are crop liens, and what is debt peonage?
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any poor man could work his way up until he owned his own land. The south best land remained in the hands of large plantations owners, not enough to make ends meet let alone pay back debt. crop liens- mortgage, gave sharecropper 1st claim on crops tip debt paid. debt peonage- never out of debt, agricultural slide. robbing small farmers of land and sending them to the bottom of the ladder
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What profound impact did the standardization of southern railroad track gauges have on the South's economy? What specific conditions made cotton textiles and tobacco the leading industrial commodities in this new economy?
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south= national transportation network- individual production in the south grew faster than national rate. increased productivity, cotton, fiber, cheap labor, machine to roll cigarettes
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Why didn't the timber industry prove to be of long-term benefit to ordinary southerners? What impact did the industry have on the environment?
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sold raw material for cheap ( relaxed federal timber policy) stripped hillsides bare lost eagles, falcons, and other natural species
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How did the "colonial" (northern) ownership of southern industry contribute to the persistence of poverty in the New South? Where did the real profits from the sale of southern raw materials end up, and why? How did inexperience in industrial activity, lack of technological know-how, and inadequate dedication to educational resources also contribute to this poverty?
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industrialized later because it was less experienced. small tech community to guide industrial development. spent less on schooling. raw materials shipped to other regions which earned larger profits by turning them into furnished goods
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1. How did the pastimes of a typical rural southern community contrast with the behavior standards of the southern churches? Why was the church such a crucial institution for black southerners?
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they expected you to stop any worldly arrangements. it was the only thing they owned. only source of power
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2. Who were the Redeemers, and what role did they play in depriving black southerners of their rights? How did the Supreme Court open the door for the practice of segregation with its ruling in the Civil Rights Cases (1883) and Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?
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redeemers- democratic politicians who came to power in southern sates to end the republican rule established during reconstruction. political disfranchisement of the freed people. civil rights 1883- hotel/railroads to public. separate but equal
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Why is it erroneous to assume that Native American peoples of the West did not alter their ecosystems signficantly? How is the image of these societies as "buffalo cultures" an incomplete one, when one considers the tribes of the Northwest and Southwest?
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hunted buffalo by stampeding herds over cliffs= waste/ irrigated crops and set fires to improve vegetation. took whales,seals and variety of fish from over seas, beans squash, corn
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Describe Native American group-oriented social values, distinctions beween rich and poor, decision-making patterns, and conception of humans' place in the natural world. How did each of these differ from the Ango-American views and practices of the time?
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well being of all outweighed needs of one, small material differences, communal decision making. plow ground/ cut grass- ceremonial life with plants and animals
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Why did white settlers in the West believe that "the rain follows the plow," that farming arid land areas would increase precipitation? How did John Wesley Powell propose a different and more realistic plan for water use in the West? What happened instead?
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settling dry land and plowing fields would reverse moisture treat water as community property (regulate distribution)- limitless American Eden
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1. Why was the U.S. government's policy of "concentration" ineffective in dealing with either the Plains tribes or the white settlers who were heading west? What sorts of circumstances touched off the several massacres of both white settlers and native peoples during this period?
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policy of concentration- pressed tribes to sign treaties limiting boundaries of their hunting grounds to reservations- squatters on land broke promises, demanding federal protection, force more restriction on western tribes. Indians attacked/ whites defended- broke treaties, undermined tribal cultures
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2. How did the very presence of white settlers in the West undermine tribal peoples' health, economic activities, and migration patterns? What devasting roles did the railroads and the market for buffalo hides play in this process?
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disease, liquor furnished, trading posts, mines crops, grazing herds- disturbed hunting/farming lands. disrupted migration pattern of buffalo, professional hunters could kill bison
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3. What motivated Col. George Armstrong Custer to enter the Black Hills of the Sioux tribe, and why did his Seventh Cavalry meet their demise there? How did the Nez Perce tribe respond to white encroachment upon their land in Idaho, and what ultimately became of its members?
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broken treaties/ custer " squaw killer" cruel welfare of indians in western kansas( world of gold). moved toward canada- army attack forced to surrender shipped back to OK, died of disease and starvation
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1. How did the "assimilationists" intend to resolve the conflict between whites and native peoples, and what methods did they use? What was the Dawes Act, and what impact did it have on tribal life? How is the act a good example of assimilationism?
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indian rights against government policy, sought to end the Indian way of life, suppressing communal activities, reeducating indian children and establishing indian homesteads. Dawes act- ended reservation policy by allowing president to distribute lands to indians who served their attachments to their tribes- to draw indians into white society as farmers and small property owners to bring them into market place
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2. What was the so-called "Ghost Dance" among the Sioux intended to achieve? How did it lead to the tragedy at Wounded Knee?
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indian dead would come back to life, whites driven from land, game would be thick again/ army stopped in fear of uprising 300 indians died, 35 soldiers ( army machine gun fire)
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3. What basic division did the flood of Anglo settlers into the West cause among Hispanos? What ultimately happened to much of the property owned by Hispanos in this region?
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division between poor and rich/ contesting land titles
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4. How did Texas represent a point of contact between the Euro-American culture of the eastern U.S. and the Latino culture of the Southwest? How did this situation replace the old "black-and-white" identity of the Old South with "a new racial triad" (p. 490)?
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it was the borderland. black, white, brown negotiated identity and status of mexicans descent went between two
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5. Why was the color line in Texas not a simple division for many Mexicans and whites? In other words, how did many members of each groups find themselves on one side of the line or the other, regardless of race or ethnicity?
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hard working mexicans ; white trash/ as many corporation lost lans social distance shrink between laborers
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1. What was the primary ecological impact of western mining activity on rivers and streams? How did the industry even lead to deforestation and air pollution?
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w/ snow and rain the gravel from hydraulic mining worked- floods, mudslides, dirty streams threatened livelihood of farmers in valleys below. consumed so much timber, sulfur belching smelters
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2. How is the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad a powerful illustration of how government partnered with business during this industrial era? How did railroad companies become tremendously profitable as a result? With this in mind, explain why the Union Pacific and Central Pacific companies "raced" to lay as much track as possible.
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loans and gifts of federal and state lands, fraudulent stock practices, corrupt accounting and wholesale bribery helped build railroads- control transportation to gold mines( right of way, taxes, loans) companies had no similar sources of cheap labor
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3. How does the popular image of the cowboy culture of the West differ from the historical reality, particular concerning the racial and ethnic makeup of the cowboy population?
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cattle ranching in US began in texan and california by tejanos, and californianos of spanish descent
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. What eventually happened to the "open range" and "long drives" of the cattle industry? What basic business model replaced the small-scale ranching that had existed before?
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vanished due to drought, vegetation change, erosion increased, texas fever, cold winters/ kind ranch of texas- corporate industrial enterprise
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. What was the Homestead Act (1862)? Why were settlers who took advantage of the act often outdone by railroad companies and "bonanza farms"? Under these circumstances, how did many western settlers come to resemble the rural-dwellers of the "New South"?
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-government land could be bought for $1.25 an acre or claimed free if a homesteader worked for 5 years/ owned land near railroad/ more land was needed in the west/ they became tenants on someone else's land
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. Describe the quality of life of the typical sod house-dwelling farming family. How did religion serve a particularly vital function under such conditions?
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18x24 in feet, in harsh weather fit people and animals/ one door single window/ bad weather many mosquitos/ turned to religion for comfort. indians- spiritualism. hispanics- catholic- worship offered an emotional outlet and intellectual stimulation as well as preserving old values and sustaining hope
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3. What major changes in world population and business activity tied westerners to a new global economy? How did this global economy diminish a farmer's control over his or her enterprise?
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Mass populations/ technology meant didn't have to provide own food/ rarely consumed what they took from the ground- shipped raw material and goods to exotic places
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4. What are the basic elements of the "mythic West" that "Buffalo Bill" Cody evoked? How did Annie Oakley's participation in Cody's Wild West shows break down stereotypes, even as the show created and promoted others? Why was a show like this popular not only in the U.S. but around the world?
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where opportunity was there for the taking, where good always triumphed over evil, where indians hunted bisons and lived in teepees. where romance and adventure obscured realities of anglo conquest/ indians commercialized as commodity. brave cowboy legend. women's rights. cody's troupe- animals and all circled globe by steamship train and wagon
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5. What do the textbook's authors mean when the claim that, for southerners and westerners, "it was not their isolation from northern industry but their links to it that marginalized them" (p. 500)? How had the world of industrial activity and corporations treated most of them?
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they linked it to success of industrial revolution and they had limits mankind by transportation, inequality, corrupt politics and resentment
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1. What do the textbook's authors mean when they refer to an "industrial system"? What are some examples of its basic components?
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a set of arrangements or processes- whether extraction, production, transportation, distribution or finance- organized to make the whole industrial order function smoothly
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2. How long has steel been around? In what sorts of ways was it used after the Civil War, once the Bessemer process brought down its price?
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middle ages/ steel railroad tracks, girders on iron-buildings and steel cables supported suspension bridges
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3. What kinds of environmental degradation did industries like mining, logging, and manufacturing produce?
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scarred land, vanishing forest contaminating water
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4. What is an "invention factory"? How did Thomas Edison implement this system, and how does his doing so stand in contrast with the American myth of the inventor as a solitary genius, toiling away without outside assistance?
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-forerunners of expensive research labs/like manufacturer subdivided work among gifted inventors, engineers, toolmakers, and others
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5. Why did "capital deepening" take place as wealth increased during this period? What sorts of new financial institutions arose to provide Americans with new opportunities for investment?
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- process essential for industrialization as national wealth increases people begin to save and invest more/ commercial and saving banks, investment houses and insurance companies
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6. How long have corporations been around? What basic advantages did corporations have over more traditional forms of business organization? What do the textbook's authors mean when they observe that corporations "separated owners from day-to-day management"?
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colonial times/ corporation could raise large sums quickly by selling "stock certificates, could outlive owners, separated owners from day to day management( highly skilled professional managers- could operate complex businesses)
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7. Where does the telephone greeting of "hello" originate ("The Rise of Information Systems," p. 515)? What is meant by the assertion that telephone communication "liberated social relations"?
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-halloo the traditional cal to bring hounds to chase/ ended convention of addressing only those they have been properly introduced
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8. How does the fact that between 25 and 60 percent of immigrants to the U.S. returned to their homelands during this period conflict with commonly-accepted American notions of "the American Dream"? Upon what sorts of human resources did immigrants depend after arriving in the U.S.?
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people wanted to make money and return home/ family and working in local mines, factories,and other industries
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1. How did the railroad industry stimulate the growth of a host of other industries? Why did this industry need to adopt the corporate form of organization (investors and professional managers) early on in its existence?
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moving people and freight, spreading communications, reinventing time, tying nation together/ setting schedules and rates to determining cost and projects
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2. How did railroad managers respond to the oversupply of railroad lines and service that emerged during this period? What is "pooling," and why did it fail to solve the railroad companies' problems?
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they gave free passes to favored shippers, promoted free sliding at plants, offered free land to lure business to their territory/ pooling-informal agreement among competing companies to act together ( was designed to remove competition that led to rate wars)
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3. What crucial role did bankers play in the growth and consolidation of the railroad industry?
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stock exchange of stocks and bonds- funded railroads advertising companies about business affairs, helped impose order and centralization by absorbing cmaller lanes into larger ones
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1. What is horizontal combination (e.g., pools), and why did corporations resort to it? What is vertical integration, and how is the Swift corporation's use of it in the meatpacking industry an illustration of how it worked?
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-joining loosely together w/rivals that produced same good or services because competition often plagued sit processing and other manufacturers of consumer cost/- one company gained control of two or more stages of business operation/ new refrigerated rail cars to ship meet and network of ice cold warehouses
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2. How is steel an example of a producer good? How did Andrew Carnegie organize his steel company both horizontally and vertically?
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it is limited raw material/ he owned a share of the 1st sleeping car, a locomotive factory and an iron factory that became a nucleus of his steel empire, built biggest steel empire in world, added mills, skilled managers, purchasing rival steels and constructing new ones
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3. What sorts of underhanded tactics did John D. Rockefeller use to dominate the distribution of oil? What are rebates and drawbacks, and how did they give Rockefeller's Standard Oil a competitve edge over other oil companies?
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he bribed rivals, spied on them, crated phony companies and clashed prices/rebates on shipping rates/ drawbacks- a free railroaders paid standard for petroleum producers shipped by a rival kept empire stitched together through informal pools and other business combinations
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4. What is a trust? How did it offer Standard Oil a way around state laws the prohibited corporations from owning industrial facilities in other states? How did it eliminate much of Standard Oil's competition?
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stockholders of corporations surrendered thru shares " in trust" to central board of directors with the power to control all property/ to allowed central management of the oil industry/ rushing rivals, fixing prices, dominating market
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5. What is a holding company? What advantage did these organizations have over the trust, especially after the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act?
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- a corporation of corporations that had the power to hold shares of other companies/- banned businesses from restraining trade by setting process, dividing markets or engaging in other practices
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6. What was banker J.P. Morgan's view of economic competition? How does it contrast with the one that Americans then and now were raised to believe in?
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i like competition, but i like combination more/ mergers
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7. What did social Darwinists like William Graham Sumner believe with regard to competition? What do the textbook's authors mean when they argue that this philosophy "certified [business leaders'] success even as they worked to destroy the very competition it celebrated"?
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only the fittest survive- competition was natural and had to proceed w/o any interference of government/ they fought to be the best, but competition made them better
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8. How did radical reformers ("corporate critics") like Henry George, Edward Bellamy, and the socialist Daniel DeLeon view industrial America? What sorts of changes did they propose to make in the industrial society of the time? What exactly is socialism?
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greedy landowners bought cheap property and held onto it until labor, tech, speculation of nearby sites made it better, no tax/ socialism- gave workers control over production
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9. Why did Congress and the Supreme Court do such a poor job of supporting the Sherman Antitrust Act?
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- relied on only constitutional authority that fed gov had over business- right to regulate interstate trade/ held that business involved in manufacturing lay outside sherman act
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10. What share of the nation's wealth did the richest 9 percent of Americans possess in 1890? What is the boom and bust cycle? How do these circumstances help explain why the industrial changes of this period were highly controversial to millions of Americans?
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3 quarters of all wealth/ boom and bust cycle- banking system could not always keep pace w/demand for capital and business failed to distribute enough profits to sustain the purchasing power of workers/ fierce competition, managers frantically search for cost cuts, cost unclear though nature would rebalance itself
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1. What basic characteristics of industrial work did enterprises like the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Company introduce in Americans' work lives? What does "dictatorship of the clock" mean?
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use of machines for mass production, division of labor into intricately organized, menial task, dictatorship of clock- strict schedule,never ending 12 hr day/ 12hr night
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2. How long was the typical work week in American industry during this period? How dangerous was the industrial workplace?
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6 days a week, 10 hrs a day, tedious works that if became bored or tired, disaster could atrike
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3. In what sorts of ways did industrial workers -- and particularly the immigrant workers among them -- seek to "maintain control" over their work lives? What is a "competence," and how did it conflict with the priorities of management's main goal in the industrial workplace?
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saint days, religious holidays, blew off monday, reduce to grueling pace, walked out/ competence- enough money to support and educate their families and enough time to stay abreast of current affairs/ they wanted to get most goods w/ least amount of monet
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4. In what sorts of industries did women work at this time, and why those in particular? Which white collar professions were "feminized" during this period, and why those professions?
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domestic sercice- food processing textile and clothing, cigar making - it wa service extension of housework ( better than being servant 24hrs a day)/ typewriters, telephone girls, bookkeeper secretaries, nursing teaching, library works
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5. How did employers pit African-American workers against white workers? In which sector of the economy did black Americans tend to find opportunity?
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strikworkers, took place while on strike hated by white whose job they replaces/ services trade- waiting on whites in railroads/restaurants
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6. Why did standards of living increase during this period, if not mainly through increases in pay? How did the average industrial worker's annual pay compare to the basic level needed to make ends meet?
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gradually falling prices/ under $500/ $600
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7. At the end of this section, what is the authors' assessment of the "rags-to-riches" ideal? How realistic was it, as far as the average industrial worker was concerned?
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climbed within financed status of their own class 1/4 lower middle class Most workers seeing improvement believed even if not fully shared
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1. How do the textbook's authors see a parallel between the organizing of labor unions and the "vertical" and "horizontal" tactics of corporations?
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for ordinary workers to begin to shape industrialization they had to combine as businesses died horizontally- on national scale/ vertically coordinating action across a wide range of jobs and skills
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2. What does "eight hours for what we will" mean? How does it illustrate the industrial worker's desire for control over his or her own existence?
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8hrs for work/ 8hrs for sleep/ 8hrs for what they will- limiting time on job, limiting power of employers over lives...
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3. What were the basic goals of the Knights of Labor? What was this union's "moral vision of society"?
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8hr wk day, restriction of trust, abolish wage system/ let people only renounced greed, laziness and dishonesty, powderly argued corruption and class division would disappear and democracy would flourish- promoted prohibition of child and convict labor law and abolition of labor...
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4. How did the American Federation of Labor differ from the Knights of Labor, in terms of its view of capitalism and the wage system? How were this union's goals and membership different from those of the Knights?
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gompers preached accommodation, not resistance- accept capitalism and wage system, wanted pure simple unism- a worker organization that bargained higher wages, fewer hours, improved safety, more benefits, chose to organize highly skilled craftwork- difficult to replace...
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5. What circumstances brought about the Great Railroad Strike of 1877? Why did it engender fears of "civil war," and who would be fighting whom in such a war?
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baltimore and ohio railroad cut wages by 20 percent it signaled the rising power and unity of labor and sparked fear...
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6. What happened in the Haymarket Square Riot? What perception of unions did this incident help to create?
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anarchist was protesting the recent killing of workers by police @ mccormick harvest company- suddenly bomb exploded they were angry/ dangerous- national guard armies on borders of working class neighbors...
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7. What kinds of tactics did employers use against unions? How did the injunction serve employers' interests?
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they hired and fired workers, set the terms of employment and ruled work place/ could count on local, state, federal authorities for troops to end strikes/ injunction- court doers prohibited certain actions including strikes by barring workers from interfering with they employers business ...
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How did the political life of New York under the control of George Washington Plunkitt of Tammany Hall differ from that of previous eras? In particular, how did Plunkitt's rise to power and his relationships with constituents differ from the patterns of the past?
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to maintain power, political bosses had to be able to count on the support of those they helped/ he spent much of his day helping those in need, he was very involved in life of constituents...
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1. By what factor did the U.S. population increase over the 50 years following the Civil War? How did the explosive growth of cities signal the emergence of what the textbook's authors call a "complex urban network"? How was the specialization of particular cities integral to this network?
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cities contained the greatest investment banks, they smoky mills and dingy sweatshops, the sweatshops, the spreading railroad yards, they grimy tenements and sparkling mansions,department stores/ skyscrapers- industrialization created more cities/ complex urban network- tied cities together, near railroads/ had specialties famous for...
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2. What new conditions (demographic, technological) pushed millions of people out of Europe? What new conditions pulled them to the U.S.?
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pushed- mushrooming populations aided by scientific breakthrough and advances in tech/ pulled- prospect of factory work for better pay and fewer hours lured especially young to cities...
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3. Where did the "new immigrants" of the 1880s through the early 1900s come from? What political, religious, and public health conditions in their home countries often pushed them to emigrate?
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southern and eastern europe like russian and polish jews fleeing religious and political persecution, famine/disease(cholera)...
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4. What was the steerage, and what does it suggest about the economic status of the new immigrants?
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-filthy compartments immigrants spent most of the time below decks of steamships to cross atlantic- indicating they came w/very little or no money...
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5. Which ethnic group was most inclined to stay in the U.S., rather than returning to the old country, as the so-called "birds of passage" often did? Why did they almost always remain in the U.S.?
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worshipped catholic, greek, rosin orthodox, jewish synagogues escaping anti-semitic programs or riots/ making money for buying land ...
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1. How did the availability of electricity in large American cities by the 1880s produce a revolution in transportation? In particular, how did the emergence of streetcar systems transform the residential patterns of American cities? (In other words, who lived where, and why?)
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working and poor lived in industrial center, new apartments and tenement, middle class didn't want to move that far up-cheap transportation...
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2. What basic technological innovations made the construction of skyscrapers possible and practical? (Consider innovations in building materials and also transportation within a building.) Why was Chicago such a focal point of skyscraper design and construction, under the influence of architects like Louis H. Sullivan?
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steel , electric elevators, chicago burned nearly to group(decorative trim fueled to blaze) new- urban profile= simple sleek immense...
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3. Why were infectious diseases so prevalent and deadly in American cities at this time? How did new municipal services address the problem of water-borne diseases like cholera and typhoid? How were dumbbell tenements supposed to solve the problem of airborne disease, and why did they fail to do so?
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close quarters and often filthy surroundings/ made new system and water purification/ indentations on both sides of buildings for air- they put trash blocked light, carried fires...
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1. In what sorts of ways was the urban political machine run hierarchically, like a corporation? What sorts of services did the machines offer city dwellers, and how does this explain why they retained their hold on power?
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boss office- saloon, funeral home, shoe shine stand/ managers- party activist, connected to corporate style change of command, low committeemen reported to district captains, captains to district leaders to boss/ services- christmas turkey, coal for winter, jobs for unemployed, english language crisis for newcomers- served as public welfare @ time private charity could not cope w/ crush of demand...
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2. How did political machines help modernize the industrial city? What sorts of hidden costs did their rule impose on cities and city dwellers, as is epitomized by the case of New York's Boss William Tweed?
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by uniting it and making it more effective/inflated taxes, extorted revenue and unpunished vice and crime were only obvious cost 3 story building cost 250,000, city spent more than 13million...
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3. What specific complaints did nativists level at immigrants and immigration? How did evangelical proponents of the Social Gospel adopt a different approach to the challenges of immigration and urban poverty? In particular, how did this Social Gospel expand the role of the church in American life?
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blames ecomonic woes on foreigners and foreign competition/ social gospel- focused on improving conditions of society in order to save individuals- shurhc must be responsible for correcting social justices including dangerous working conditions and unfair labor conditions...
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4. What were the settlement houses? In which city was Jane Addams' Hull House located, and what sorts of services did it and other settlement houses provide?
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-community centers/ chicago/ day nurseries, english language, cooking class to playground and libraries...
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1. What portion of the nation's wealth did the "one percent" own during the late nineteenth century? What portion did the middle class own?
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1/4- 1/2...
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2. What do the textbook's authors mean when they describe ethnic communities as "havens from an unfamiliar culture and springboards to a new life" (p. 549)? What examples do they provide of how these immigrant communities served these purposes?
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the communities kept their culture alive, learn english don american clothes, and drop their green horn ways...
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3. Why did Chinese immigrants tend to gravitate to laundry services for employment? Why did Russian and Italian tailors become know for sewing ladies' garments? Why did Slaves tend to work in the mining industry? How do these examples help explain how cultural patterns shaped immigrants' job roles?
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b/c chinese men did not scorn washing or ironing/ sewing lady garnets seemed unmanly to native born americans but not to russian and italian tailors, slavs tend to be physically robust and valued steady income over education...
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4. What is the "family economy," and how did it define the roles of family members? How does this family economy contrast with the longstanding American emphasis on individual competition and individual decision-making?
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- whether or whom to marry, over work and education, over when to leave home and where everyone contributed for the benefit of the whole...
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5. In what ways did the gender imbalance within Chinese immigrant communities make them distinctly different from other immigrant communities?
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they couldn't bring wife and family nor marry whites, high rates of prostitution, large # of gangs and secret societies and low birth totals...
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6. Why was the physical separation of the middle-class home from city life so important to the middle-class family? In particular, how did this separation reflect new attitudes about childhood and child-rearing?
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served as sanctuaries from chaos of the industrial city calm and orderly households with nurturing mothers would launch children on the right path- sober, peaceable, considerate of others happiness and feelings...
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7. How did Victorianism define "proper" personal conduct? What specific moral virtues were associated with it?
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victorianism dictated the personal conduct based on orderly behavior and disciplined moralism stressed sobriety, industriousness, self control, sexual modesty and proper manners...
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8. How did Victorianism define the fundamentally different natures of women and men? How was women's nature expressed in the fashion of the corset?
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divided by sexuality, women were pure vessels of sexual desire, men were beast unable to tame their lust/ resembled torture made to look sexually pleasing ( child bearing) symbolized wealth status, modesty...
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9. How does the Women's Christian Temperance Union reflect Victorian attitudes about women and their roles? Why did women dominate this organization, and why did they target the behavior of men?
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women cared for moral and physical well being of their families should lead the change- stamp out the sale of alcoholic beverages o end the drunkeness, protect homes and families from the abuse and hand of drunken fathers and hubands ...
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10. What did the Comstock Law prohibit? How does this federal statute exemplify Victorian morality in action?
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banning from the mails all material designed to incite lust exemplifies sexual modesty...
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11. How did American attitudes about their own sexual fulfillment, as well as wide availability of a wide range of contraceptives, contradict Victorian sexual standards? How common was abortion?
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1/3 of all pregnancies aborted, became more conscious of sexuality as an emotional dimension of a satisfying union...
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12. How did the industrial way of life threaten traditional Victorian masculinity? How would physical fitness and competitive sports supposedly provide the antidote to this problem?
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the component of traditional manliness- physical vigor, honor, and integrity, courage, and independence- seemed under assault as white upper middle class men found themselves working at desk and living in comfort...
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13. How did the modern city provide homosexual men and women with security and a sense of community? When did American culture first begin to identify homosexuality as something other than merely a "romantic friendship," and how was homosexuality characterized?
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new meeting grounds, social networks on streets where they met regularly or specific restaurants or clubs which sometime passes them off as an athletic association or chess club/ toward end of century as disease or inherited infirmity...
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1. Why did public school attendance grow dramatically after the Civil War? How was school material taught, and how were students instructed to learn their lessons? How do these patterns reflect Victorian values and attitudes? (Why did one professor remark that "teachers and books are better security than handcuffs and policemen"?)
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industrial cities began to mushroom/ more businesses required workers who could read write and figure out sums/ student learned by memorization, sitting in silent study w/ hand clasped or standing erect while they repeated sums and phrases- don't stop and think, tell me what you know- taught conformity and values as much as fact and figures...
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2. What percentage of college-age Americans actually attended a college or university? What contribution did the German model of professional university training contribute to American higher education? As these professional graduates became a new American elite, what sorts of older community leaders did they replace?
answer
less than 5%/ german model requiring young scholars o perform research ad part of their training/ replacing the ministers and gentleman freeholders of an earlier day as community leaders...
question
3. Why was college education for women a controversial issue during this period (despite the fact that 40% of students were women by the early 1900s)? Who were the "new women" of this period?
answer
the rigors of college education could lead to weaker sex to physical or mental collapse, infertility and early death/- impatient with customs, cast of victorian restrictions ...
question
4. What do the textbook's authors mean when they assert that the wide availability of consumer goods "helped to level American society"? (Which class of Americans was the exclusive consumer of such goods in earlier eras?)
answer
city business sold the same goods to farmer and clerk, rich and poor, native born and immigrant...
question
5. How did the modern department store differ from the shops of earlier eras, especially in Europe? How did this new form of business thereby contribute to the "leveling" of American society referred to above (i.e., what Emile Zola described as "democratized luxury")?
answer
they were palatial, public and filled with inviting displays of furniture, housewares and clothing/ well made- inexpensive- available to everyone...
question
6. How did the chain stores differ from the department stores, both in terms of business practices and clientele? How did Montgomery Ward and Sears serve the consumer needs and wants of rural Americans?
answer
chain stores spread culture of consumption without frills- centered to working class who couldn't afford department stores, bought in volume to fill small stores/ eliminated intermediary and promised saving of 40%- catalogs were used in schools with no encyclopedia...
question
7. How did industrialization also democratize leisure time during this period? How did the bicycling craze challenge Victorian expectations for women? Why was baseball a particularly powerful presence in the lives of city dwellers? (How did it appeal to those whose work lives had been altered by industrialization?)
answer
reduces # of work hrs= more free time/ women couldn't ride alone/ city dwellers with dual work, tight quarters, isolated, baseball offered chance to join thousands @ exciting outdoor spectacle/ working class- players...
question
8. In what institutional environment was football played? Which social class gravitated to boxing, and why?
answer
service academies, state universities/ men from the streets and gave chance to stand out in crowd and prove masculinity...
question
9. In what specific ways was entertainment divided along class lines during this period (i.e., for the wealthy, middle, and working classes)? How were the entertainment pastimes of working-class men and women further divided?
answer
wealth middle class- symphonies, operas, and their working men- saloon / women- alone or on dates @ vaudeville shows, dance halls and amusement parks...
question
10. How is the traveling circus the ultimate expression of entertainment in the industrial age? (Could it have existed in a pre-industrial society?) How did circuses promote U.S. expansion overseas?
answer
circuses rode the new rail system across the country and with advent of steamships crisscrossed the globe, disseminators of culture that both supported and subverted social conventions/national expansion w/ celebration of American might and exceptionalism...
question
1. What sorts of existing popular entertainment did vaudeville "clean up" and repackage for a new urban audience? (And for which audience?)
answer
brawdy variety acts of saloons and music halls and borrowed animals and acrobats from circus/ middle class, wealthier working class...
question
2. How did vaudeville entertainment differ from that traditionally enjoyed by the working class? How is this difference evident in the theater owners' expectations regarding audience behavior?
answer
homelike, no liquor, proper behavior, no cigarettes, avoid stamping feet and pounding of canes...
question
3. During which decades did vaudeville enjoy its heyday? How did vaudeville "reinforce genteel [i.e., Victorian] values"?
answer
1890-1920, skits encouraged audiences to pursue success through hard work...
question
1. What do the examples of global immigration patterns at the turn of the last century reveal about "the immigrant experience" in modern history? Was that experience exclusively, or even mainly, an American one?
answer
they learned and took it back home to improve home country it happened every where...
question
2. How is it somewhat ironic that European cities borrowed the idea of electric streetcars from the U.S., given the state of public mass transit (buses, rail systems, subways) in most American cities today?
answer
...
question
1. How was the magnificence of the white buildings at the World's Columbian Exposition belied by the construction materials used to make them?
answer
the building was all surface- a stucco shell plastered onto a steel frame then sprayed w/ white oil paint to make it glisten...
question
2. In what way did the Exposition resemble the new mail-order catalogs of consumer goods? How did the international exhibits reinforce prevailing images (or even stereotypes) of foreign cultures?
answer
introducing the goods of the city to the hinterlands. it emphasized an attribute of the culture the nation was familiar with...
question
3. What deeper economic and political realities did the "fantasy" of the Columbian Exposition conceal, at least temporarily? How is this contrast between surface and substance symbolized by the buildings at the Exposition?
answer
railroad bankrupt, banks/businesses failed, worried/ unemployed workers it needed global empire abroad to achieve global power...
question
1. How did the fact that voters' party loyalty was strong during this period, as well as the consistent divide between Republican and Democratic states, contribute to the political stalemate of this period? In other words, why couldn't either party seem to secure a strong majority in Washington?
answer
neither party could count on having a majority in both houses, 80% voter turnout...
question
2. What were the Republican and Democratic parties' positions regarding support for big business? How did they regard the idea of assisting ordinary Americans? Which party favored more government action to promote economic growth, and which opposed it?
answer
democrates- states rights/ limited gov republicans- federal activism to foster economic growth both parties supported business and condemned radicalism; neither offered embattled workers or farmers in need of help...
question
3. In which region of the country was each party dominant? Which party attracted the native born, and which party attracted the immigrant vote?
answer
north- republicans- old stock protestant, not immigrants in north the democratic party attracted urban political machine their immigrant voters and working poor...
question
4. How is the federal government's financial assistance for Civil War veterans and their families an important precedent with regard to government social programs?
answer
$157 million annually, one at largest public assistance programs in american history and offered to african americans almost half of all federal workers came under civil service jurisdiction based on examination and merit...
question
5. What was the spoils system, and how did the assassination of President James Garfield in 1881 lead to new reforms in government (civil service) employment?
answer
-rewarded gov jobs to faithful supporters, regardless of their qualifications, assassination was by trusted office seeker...
question
6. Which party supported the McKinley Tariff, and why? How was this tariff's reciprocity provision an innovation in trade policy? 7. Why did Congress print "greenbacks" during the Civil War, and how were these different from the currency used before the war? Why did farmers like the greenbacks, and why did bankers and creditors dislike them?
answer
republican promoters of economic growth- raised tariff rates to new high and allowed president to lower tarrif if other countries did... need for more money led to greenbacks- currency printed on paper not convertible to gold or silver/ farmers and other debtors favored as inflating prices and reducing debt- banks and creditors liked sound money backed by gold...
question
8. What happened when Congress stopped coining silver in 1873? Why did ordinary Americans blame bankers for this "demonetizing" of silver, and for the crisis it produced?
answer
steep economy slides as supply of money contracted, had no value all other money backed by gold...
question
9. Why do the textbook's authors describe the presidents of this period (1870s into the 1890s) as "nearly anonymous" (p. 570)? Which branch of the federal government was dominant during this period?
answer
not all caretakers, some tried to energize office- congress continued to dominate...
question
10. In what basic sorts of ways did city and state governments try to bring the power of railroad corporations under control during this period? What did cities try to do with regard to alcohol consumption and the cultures and "habits" of urban immigrants?
answer
established commissions to investigate and regulate industry shipping rates business practices and furnished advice about public policy/ laws closing stores on sunday, prohibiting sale of alcohol, making english language of public schools- all in effort to standardize social behavior and control habits of new immigrants...
question
1. Why did many farmers resent manufacturers (and their tariff), as well as railroads, banks, and crop-storage operators?
answer
manufacturers protected by tariffs, railroads w. sky high shipping rates, wealthy bankers who held their mounting debts, expensive intermediaries who stored and processed their commodities...
question
2. Why did farmers establish "granges," and how did these lead to political involvement as the "Alliance Movement"? Why did the granges target the railroad industry and demand government regulation of its practices?
answer
brought farmers together to pray, sing and learn new farming techniques.they pooled in their own resources in cooperatively owned enterprises for buying selling milling and storing banking and manufacturing/ to regulate rates charged by railroad- avoid high charges of intermediaries...
question
3. How did the Alliance movement characterize corporations and banks in the Ocala Demands? What sorts of trade, regulatory, monetary, and tax reforms did they demand? What is a subtreasury system?
answer
reflected deep distrust of "money power"- large corporations and banks whose financial power gave the ability to manipulate free trade market- called gov too correct abuses by reducing tariffs, abolishing national banks, regulating railroads and coining silver money more freely/- required fed gov to furnish warehouses for harvested crops and low interest loans to tide farmers over until prices rose...
question
4. How did the new People's (or "Populist") Party expand on the earlier Ocala Demands, particularly with regard to the role of government in the nation's transportation and communication networks?
answer
wanted to return gov to hand of plain people didn't support alliance programs, government ownership of railroads, telegraph, telephone
question
5. Why didn't the Populists attract a larger following, particularly among urban working-class voters (many of whom were immigrants)?
answer
endorsed 8hr wk day, restriction of immigration and a ban of the use of pinkerton detectives in labor disputes- most concerned about family budgets not farmers, violent...
question
1. How did the depression of 1893 affect family life? From what sorts of organizations did the needy obtain assistance during this difficult time, and why wasn't government one of them? (Note President Cleveland's remarks regarding government aid to the unfortunate under the heading "What Should the Government Do?".
answer
families took in boarders, laundry, sewing to meet needs, more wives and children left home for work/ local charities benevolent societies, churches, labor unions and ward bosses/ no appropriation in constitution son not believe that the power and duty of general gov should extend to individual suffering which is not related to public service or benefit...
question
2. What did Coxey's Army seek to achieve by marching on Washington? What did the march's fate indicate about the roles of government (and limits to them) during this period?
answer
offer a petition with boots for a federal program of public works, arrested on grounds nothing came of protest other than to signal a growing demand for federal action...
question
3. What were the Republicans' and Democrats' respective positions regarding gold and silver currency during the presidential campaign of 1896? How was the Democrats' free silver position not merely an economic policy but a "symbolic protest"? (Who were the farmers' perceived enemies in this campaign?)
answer
silver- free independent, freely minted, all silver presented to it/ supply of money increase, prices rise, economy would revive symbolic protest of region and glass agriculture south and west against commercial northeast of debt ridden farm folk against industrialist and financiers- populist didn't want to fuse w/ democrats...
question
4. Compare and contrast the campaigning methods of Democrat William Jennings Bryan and Republican William McKinley. How did each utilize distinctly modern resources to reach the voters with their respective campaign messages?
answer
bryan- active traveled, 30 speeches a day, 3 mil people 27 states mckinley- sedate speeches from front porch modern techniques of organization and marketing advertised as it is medicine leaflets w/ speakers attacking free trade and free silver...
question
5. Which political party became dominant for decades after the election of 1896? What happened to the People's Party?
answer
republicans/ vanished - left legacy as catalyst for political realignment, a cry for federal action from the south and west and prelude to a new age reform...
question
6. Why did southern white supremacists begin to disfranchise black voters during the 1890s? (What were white elites afraid of, politically?) What forms did this disfranchisement take?
answer
- required voters to pay a poll tax and pass a literacy test- democrats favored plan because it also reduced voting of poor whited who would likely vote for opposition party...
question
7. What profound role did Ida B. Wells play in the struggle for black social justice and equality in the South? How did Booker T. Washington imagine that black Americans could achieve those objectives?
answer
nationwide campaign against lynching/ stressed need for accepting the framework for raw relations and working within it- earnings amounted to a little green ballot that no one will throw out or refuse...
question
1. How do the huge exports of U.S. farm products and Rockefeller oil to overseas markets help explain why the U.S. involved itself in global events during this period?
answer
southern farmers were exporting half their cotton crop to factories world wide, western wheat farmers earned 30-40% by income from abroad/ oil- 2/3 of refined products...
question
2. What were European nations doing in Africa by 1900? How did new weapons technologies give them a decisive advantage over any resistance they encountered there? In what other major region of the globe were Europeans wielding new influence?
answer
nearly the entire continent was controlled by europeans established new age of imperialism sometimes through outright conquest and occupation/ sudanese...
question
3. Why was the late-19th century the age of imperialism? (Why didn't it happen earlier? What new conditions made it possible?)
answer
because the technology of arms and networks of communication, transportation and commerce brought the prospect of effective, truly global empires within much closer reach...
question
4. Why, according to Alfred Thayer Mahan, did the U.S. need to construct a new and modernized navy, particularly in an age of frequent crises of economic depression? (What is navalism?)
answer
navalism- great nations were sea faring powers that relied on foreign trade for wealth and might-w/ overproduction nd depression overseas markets needed to be protected by large cruises and battleships...
question
5. In what way did a Protestant missionary objective contribute to U.S. imperialism? What is the "White Man's Burden"?
answer
natives first had to become western in culture before turning in christian beliefs, introduces western goods, schools and systems of government administration - introducing western civilization to colored races...
question
6. How did imperialists use social Darwinism to justify the conquest of other races? What would have to happen to those who resisted white domination?
answer
same laws of survival governed social order slaughter and enslavement of not white native people who resisted conquest...
question
7. How would markets abroad solve Americans' economic problems? What sorts of agricultural goods were Americans beginning to exploit in places like Central America, Cuba, and Hawaii? What became of Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani in the process?
answer
bananas, sugarcane, pinapples, and other commercial crops to be processed and sold in domestic and foreign markets/ overture queen by marines...
question
1. What sorts of tactics did José Martí and his followers use against Spanish colonial authorities in Cuba? Why did the rebels worry about Cuba's next-door neighbor, the United States?
answer
let railroad lines, destroyed sugar mills, and set fire to cane fields, their island had long been a trgaet of american expansionist and business interest...
question
2. What is "reconcentration," and what were its effects upon the Cuban people? Why was President McKinley less than enthusiastic about supporting the Cuban rebels despite Spain's actions?
answer
put cubans in camps where filth disease and starvation killes them/ polluted drinking water, killed farm animals burning crops american business had much to lose in war with spain...
question
3. What is "yellow journalism," and how did it shape public opinion toward the conflict in Cuba? In particular, how did it present the story of the sinking of the USS Maine to the American public?
answer
- spark reaction- spain deceived u.s/ conclude spanish agents had sabotaged ships...
question
4. How well-prepared was the U.S. for war with Spain, in terms of the equipment, medicine, and food that it supplied its soldiers? Had the U.S. been planning for war with Spain all along?
answer
30,000 not trained for war in tropical climates, no tropical uniforms, fed on rations diseased, rotten, lethally spoiled, weapons form civil war...
question
5. What happened in the Philippines during the Spanish-American War? How prepared was the McKinley Administration for U.S. action there?
answer
ordered asiatic battle squadron form china to philipines bottom of bay 381 spanish killed...
question
6. How well-prepared was the city of Tampa for the stationing of thousands of American troops? What challenges did black soldiers encounter there?
answer
overtaxed facilities soon broke down spawning disease, tension, racial violence (segregated) couldn't buy soda, riots...
question
7. Why did the U.S. annex Hawaii following Spain's surrender? (How was Hawaii connected to McKinley's plans for the Philippines?) How did Emilio Aguinaldo respond to the defeat of Spain in the Philippines?
answer
need for naval bases and coaling stations mckinley signed joint congressional resolution annexing hawaii returned to island form exile in hong kong on american ship...
question
8. What reasons did the anti-imperialists give for opposing U.S. colonization of the Philippines? Why did the supporters of imperialism prevail over them?
answer
- racial mixing, flooding workforce/ large fleet was - didn't want to defend/crucial for interest of a powerful commercial nation...
question
9. Why did the Philippine-American War go on as long as it did, and why was it so costly? How did the combatants on either side of this war treat each other, and why?
answer
mountains jungle terrain, phillipine archipelago/ americans could barely distinguish between enemies and friends, brutality, torture, execution- climate frustrations...
question
10. What did the United States' "open door" notes establish with regard to China? Who were China's Boxers, and what did they want? What happened to them?
answer
keep them open to free trade with other nations/ boxers- chines nationalist, wanted to dive out foreign devils, european nation dispatched groups to U.S...
question
11. As the U.S. emerged from the events of 1898-1900 in Cuba, the Philippines, and China, how did expansionist/imperialist statesman (Theodore Roosevelt, Alfred Thayer Mahan, John Hay) view America's role in the world? What sort of influence would the U.S. need to have worldwide if it was to protect its national interests? How was this influence justified in religious terms?
answer
american interest would be secure when they had established worldwide, a course of action they believed to be blessed by divine providence" we will not renounce our part in the mission of the race, trustees under god of civilization of the world...
question
12. What impact did the Spanish-American War have on the North-South division and tensions that had persisted since the Civil War?
answer
finally cases, spanish- american war and conquest for empire united north and south and revitalized a generation of americans who long to demonstrate their powers in age of imperialism...
question
How did European critics of imperialism attack it as a colossal mistake, destructive to both the colonizers and the colonized?
answer
it delivered few economic benefits, compromised, the moral standing of the colonizers and distracted public from undertaking much needed reforms at home...
question
1. What do the political cartoons of the Spanish-American War reveal about popular conceptions of masculinity and femininity at the turn of the century? What do "real men" stand for?
answer
resolute males stand ready to fight or to rebuke those who break the codes of chivalry,men opposing war or indecisive dressed as women true men go to war to protect principal chivalry and women who embody them; dishonesty, cowardly men ravage women or become them...
question
2. Why was there an imagined "crisis of manhood" during this period of industrial change? How was the "New Woman" alleged to be part of the problem?
answer
creature comforts of the industrial age were making men sluggish, soft/ new women- charged into all male politics...
question
3. What role would war supposedly play in both restoring American manhood and returning women to their "proper" (subordinate) position?
answer
furnished opportunity for action in tradition or legendary further figure in american revolution, civil war, set mold, for political leadership women deranged proper role of nurturers who respected their men and raised their sons to be next generation of brave honorable males...
question
1. Why, according to Beard, does American civilization "hang by a thread"? Which segment of the workforce does he believe is most directly threatened with "degeneracy"?
answer
the majority of the people and muscle workers not brain workers, had little education, are not striving for honor or expecting eminence or wealth- the authority and force of a few make us who we are as a nation...
question
2. How is the human nervous system similar to the electric light, according to Beard, and how are both of them susceptible to particular kinds of what we might today call "burnout"?
answer
has a limit and can be increase or diminished by good or evil forces- when new functions interposed in circuit as modern civilization often requires us to do for varying individuals @ different times the amount of force is insufficient to keep life burning...
question
3. What is dangerous about specialization in industry, according to Beard?
answer
al varieties and manipulations needed in making of any article are restricted to a few simple exiguous movements...
question
4. How does the pervasiveness of clocks impair the psychological health of the individual? How does the use of the telegraph in international business pose a similar problem?
answer
they compel us to be on time and execute the habit of looking to see the exact moment/ punctuality is a greater thief of nervous force than is procrastination of time - price fluctuations could wait weeks for cargo , trusting for profit, now profit all over globe...
question
5. How are the noises of the industrial age different from those of the past, and how do they contribute to nervousness?
answer
noise that nature is constantly producing, unrhymical, unmelodious, annoying...
question
6. How has the accelerated discovery of new ideas and inventions by people such as Thomas Edison created a debilitating situation for "practical men," professors, teachers, students, and businesspeople?
answer
more complex and extensive, simple attempt to master multitudes directions and details of labor/ kept millions of capital and thousand of capitalist in suspense of distress on both sides of sea...
question
7. How is the situation of the modern stock buyer more precarious than that of the gambler, according to Beard?
answer
gambler risk all/ stock buyer risk more than has stock buyer has position/ gambler nothing to lose but money...
question
8. What damaging effects does modern civilization have upon the individual's emotional life? How does Beard blame the American emphasis upon competitive individualism for this situation? Why does he single out Protestantism for blame as well?
answer
require of emotions to be repressed- more we feel, the more we restrain our feelings protestantism w/ its sudden subdivision into sects...
question
9. Why is Beard ambivalent about the modern individual's inclination to focus upon the future? Does he wish that modern civilization had never developed, or does he instead have mixed feelings toward it?
answer
makes civilization possible, 1st need care for future, how we live today will effect tomorrow...
question
1. Be sure to take careful note of each of the dire conditions this document identifies in the second paragraph of the Preamble. In particular, what does the People's Party peceive to be happening to the distribution of income and wealth in the United States, and what consequences will this have for the future of liberty itself?
answer
business postrated, homes covered with mortgage, labor impoverished, land in hands of capitalist, no unions, imported labor beats down on wages- fruits of the soil of millions are boldly stolen to build up colossal fortunes for a few- nation power to create money is appropriated to enrich bondholders; a vast public debt payable in legal tender to currency had been funded into gold bearing bonds, adding millions to burden of people
question
2. Why has silver been "demonetized," according to the People's Party? What particular economic interests made this happen, and what will be the inevitable consequence if these interests are allowed to prevail?
answer
to add purchasing power of gold by decreasing value of all forms of property as well as human labor/ abrided to fatten insurers bankrupt enterprise and enslave industry/ forebodes terrible social convulsions, distraction of civilization or establishment of absolute desparism
question
3. What objection does this document raise to the conduct of the two major political parties in the U.S.? How well have they represented the true interests of the American people? Where would political power reside if the People's Party were to attain sufficient political power?
answer
they ignore problem, prawn to drown outcries so capitalism, banks, rings, trust, water stock separate for people for secured corruption of funds of millionaire/ restore government of plain people purpose a constitution, perfect inion, establish justice, tranquility, common defense, general welfare, secure blessing of liberty
question
4. What exactly are the economic conditions faced by the nation's farmers, according to the last paragraph of the Preamble? Why is government the proper force for the correction of these conditions? To what existing government service does the document compare this proposal?
answer
currency inadequate for exchange- falling prices formation of combines and rings impoverished of producing class- expand gov as far as the good sense of intelligent people and teachings of experience small justices to end
question
5. In the Platform section of this document, what exactly is meant by the statement, "Wealth belongs to him who creates it"? Based upon what the Preamble identified as the enemies of the American people, who or what is not creating wealth?
answer
you profit based on how hard you work- bankers, capitalist, few millionaires
question
6. What basic choice do the American people face regarding the railroads? What does the Platform indicate must be done with them?
answer
owned by people or own people- regulation to prevent increase in power
question
7. What does the Platform demand regarding banking corporations, silver, and an income tax? (On the income tax issue, note the rationale for it in the second resolution under "Expression of Sentiments.") Who should possess as much of the nation's money supply as possible?
answer
free/unlimited coinage of silver and gold @ 16:1 ratio graduated income tax- revenue from applied to burden of taxation now levied upon domestic industries of country
question
8. What must the federal government do with regard to transportation, communication, land policy?
answer
owned by government
question
9. What is "undesirable emigration," and what effect is it allegedly having on American labor? What must be done about it?
answer
taking jobs, lowing wages- more restriction
question
10. What does the People's Party propose regarding the election of the President, Vice President, and the Senate of the U.S.? What do these proposals suggest about this movement's view of political representation in late-19th century America? (In other words, who, or what, is and is not being represented under the current system?)
answer
limit to 1 term, senators elected by direct vote of the people/ not representation- corruption
question
1. According to Senator Beveridge, what is "the mission of our race," and who or what has ordained that this is so?
answer
civilization of the world- under god
question
2. How does Beveridge attempt to prove that taking control of the Philippines is crucial to the economic interests of the United States?
answer
largest trade= asia, philipines gives us the back door at the east
question
3. How does Beveridge try to justify calling the Filipino people "a barbarous race"? Why might this rather extreme racial stereotype meet with the approval of many senators at this time and in the atmosphere of U.S. imperialism?
answer
racism of blacks, filipinos don't understand
question
4. How does Beveridge characterize Emiliano Aguinaldo? Why doesn't he believe Aguinaldo to be an acceptable leader of his people?
answer
ignorant, weak , corrupt, cruel
question
5. What two reasons does Beveridge give for claiming that the Filipino people are incapable of self-government? When and in what contexts have white Americans made such arguments before? How does Beveridge distinguish self-government from liberty?
answer
not self governing race, they know nothing of practical gov
question
6. According to Beveridge, why doesn't the Declaration of Independence require that the Filipinos have the opportunity to govern themselves?
answer
written by self governing men, for self governing men
question
7. According to Beveridge, why do the "Teutonic peoples"--especially those in the United States--have the right to colonize other people's lands?
answer
god made us master organizers of the world
question
8. How does Beveridge justify the sacrifice of human life that would be necessary in order to colonize the Philippines?
answer
every historic duty we have done, every accomplishment has been sacrifice of our noblest sons
question
1. Why does this author believe that the American people have not yet demanded an end to the U.S. occupation of the Philippines? Who is responsible for their lack of awareness of the brutality of that occupation?
answer
...
question
2. How, according to the author, is England deeply interested in the outcome of the struggle between the Filipino people and the U.S.? Why is he convinced that England will gain an advantage regardless of the struggle's outcome?
answer
ally installed in east if America loses she will still join anglo-american alliance
question
3. How does the author refute the American assumption that the Filipino people were dominated completely by the Spanish during Spain's colonial control of the Philippines? How does he use this argument to demonstrate that the U.S. never truly "bought" the islands from Spain?
answer
spain only dominated 1/4- what they took by force, they lost by force
question
4. What evidence does the author provide to contest the American assertions that the Filipino people are "savages"? How is his argument here an attack on the "white man's burden" notion then-prevalent in the United States?
answer
education of the masses has been slow,but they are civilized nation/ it is the fittest of the nation who survived spanish government
question
5. How does the author appeal to America's own colonial and revolutionary history in order to insist upon the Philippines' right of self-government?
answer
you might have said the same of japan 60yrs ago or even america 100yrs ago
question
6. How does the author characterize the relationship between the Filipino people and the U.S. during the Spanish-American War? How does he account for the unfortunate change in that relationship that took place after Spain's defeat? Who was responsible for the change, in the author's opinion?
answer
allies, president encourage y gen. merritt- once military is in only politics is left
question
7. How does the author compare the U.S. occupation to that of Spain? What kind of hypocrisy does the author believe lies behind the United States' occupation of the Philippines?
answer
exterminate brave people fighting for their liberty
question
8. Why won't the United States' attempt to conquer the Philippines succeed, according to the author? Why won't American public opinion support this attempt in the end?
answer
they will have more land than they know what to do with/ climate/ must conqor the hearts of the people- silken cord when chains will not drag them- no experience in knowing how to treat other people
question
8. Why won't the United States' attempt to conquer the Philippines succeed, according to the author? Why won't American public opinion support this attempt in the end?
answer
they will have more land than they know what to do with/ climate/ must conqor the hearts of the people- silken cord when chains will not drag them- no experience in knowing how to treat other people
