question

major consequence of the renaissance?

answer

a network of independent, educated people who were not totally reliant on either the state or the church

question

primary reason the Renaissance culture spread throughout Europe is...

answer

economic prosperity and competition between political and religious leaders

question

Ming officials in contrast to rulers of portugal and spain, viewed maritime expansion as

answer

a potential source of disorder and instability

question

***main goal of zheng he's voyages was to

answer

reestablish trade and collect tribute

question

as a result of the ming dynasty's abandoning support for oceanic explortation:

answer

chinese maritime power declined and opened the way of newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast asia

question

what was a major difference between the rulers of spain and portugal and the ottomans?

answer

the spanish and portuguese rulers expelled or forced the conversion of members of other religions; the Ottomans permitted those with diverse religious beliefs to remain in their territories

question

***what factors led to China's economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

answer

thriving and elaborate internal trade networks

question

why were the portuguese and other europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia?

answer

they were responding to conquest of Constantinople and the rise of ottoman power in the mediterranean

question

what actions did the ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from china to the ottoman heartland?

answer

officials established caravan series for travelers refreshment and protection

question

what led portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century?

answer

gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals

question

***which of the following attributes made the caravel useful in exploring African coasts?

answer

the caravel was sturdy enough to sail rough Atlantic seas, while its ability to tack using its triangular sails made it maneuverable in coastal estuaries

question

what was portugual's primary goal in the Indian ocean trade?

answer

to take over the trade and tax local merchants

question

which of the following best explains why the portuguese dominated the Indian ocean sea lanes?

answer

the portuguese mounted small cannons on their vessels to bombard ports and rival ships

question

which of the following allowed the spanish to defeat both the aztec and inca empires?

answer

both empires suffered internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the spanish

question

the establishment of colonies in the americas provided europeans with what advantages in global trade?

answer

european products that were not esteemed in Afro-Eurasia could be sold in the americans

question

what was the primary reason for the rapid increase in the importation of africans in Brazil and Caribbean?

answer

africans were used as labor for sugar plantations

question

what sparked martin luther's challenge to the catholic church?

answer

he was disgusted with corrupt church practices such as the selling of the indulgences

question

the protestant reformation encourages the growth of nationalism in europe by encouraging people to...

answer

identify their religion with their local state and language

question

in the council of trent, the catholic church responded to the challenges posed by the protestant reformation in what way?

answer

the church sought to reform clerical corruption

question

what circumstances permitted the english and dutch to expand their trade in asia and the americas?

answer

they took advantage of Spain's bankruptcy cause by religious and dynastic wars

question

which of the following was a way in which the spread of protestant beliefs contributed to protracted warfare in europe?

answer

common people took up arms to defend their religious beliefs and practices instead of leaving warfare to the soldiers

question

*** in what way was the rule of Mughals under akbar different from that of contemporary european monarchs?

answer

akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions instead of attempting to force religious conformity

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which of the following accurately describes a change in China's economy during the Ming dynasty?

answer

silver money replaced barter in China's internal markets

question

what was a similarity between the ming and mughal dynasties?

answer

both were able to limit european traders to port cities

question

what characterized the portuguese presence in Macao?

answer

the Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with china

question

in what way did the spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit?

answer

Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the americans to china, and then chinese goods to europe

question

what advantage was provided by the english east india company's royal charter?

answer

it gave exclusive rights to import east indian goods in england

question

what impact did the european presence in the indian ocean and south china sea have on Asian dynasties?

answer

the european presence enhanced Asian rulers wealth and might

question

*** what led european countries other than spain and portugal to turn to cultivation in order to extract wealth from their american colonies?

answer

little mineral wealth was found in the English, France, or Dutch colonies

question

what, according to mercantilist thinkers, was the purpose of colonies?

answer

to enrich the states that had founded them

question

which of the following was a consequence of the increasing wealth in European states?

answer

european states grew rich enough to wage almost unceasing wars against one another

question

what role did europeans play in the slave trade?

answer

Europeans remained in coastal enclaves, depending on indigenous political and trading networks to bring them slaves

question

what factors made the Safavid empire the most unstable for the large muslim states?

answer

weak rulers and internal divisions

question

what helped to destabilize the Ottoman empire?

answer

Mughal invaders took over large amounts of Ottoman territory in the eastern part of the empire

question

what was a consequence of the political and economic disorder in the Ottoman empire?

answer

the Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy

question

during the 17th century, rising levels of global commerce increased prosperity in the ming and mughal empires but also led to...

answer

a decline in centralized state control

question

the ming dynasty's administrative and economic difficulties were evidence by:

answer

failure to respond effectively to natural disasters

question

which of the following strategies contributes to the early success of the Qing dynast?

answer

they presented themselves as upholders of familial values and traditional chinese culture

question

I'm what way did the Canton system seek to control of trade?

answer

it requires european traders to have chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees

question

for what reason did the Tokugawa shoguns expel a lll foreign traders except for the Dutch?

answer

the dutch were protestants and did not proselytize

question

how did the dutch merchants contribute to the development of European commerce?

answer

they established a stock exchange, banking system, and system for insuring cargoes

question

which of the following prevented english monarch. such as Queen Elizabeth I, from establishing an absolute regime?

answer

english monarch were legally requires to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds

question

why did the european wars eland into global confrontations?

answer

conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier religion religious territorial struggles

question

what was the global effect of the seven years war?

answer

great Britain emerged as the worlds strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pup european powers against one another

question

what undermined both the ottoman and mughal empires?

answer

the influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic economy

question

how did europe's cultural exchanges with the americas and pacific compare with its exchanges with china and islamic world?

answer

unlike cultures in china and the islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans

question

in what way did the Islamic world in the period between 1500-1780 change from its earlier pattern of cultural development?

answer

the islamic world developed three distinctive cultural traditions centered on the Mughal, Ottoman, and Safavid empires

question

why did Ming China escape the sectarian warfare that ravaged Europe?

answer

the chinese believed it was the emperor, rather than any other religious group, that help the mandate of heaven, so no sect was favored over the others

question

what led the Japanese to consider how to control and integrate foreign learning?

answer

earlier foreign ideas rarely traveled beyond coastal regions, but by the eighteenth century, expanded networks of exchange facilitated their spread throughout the country

question

what were some of the broader consequences of the Enlightenment?

answer

the expansion of literacy and the spread of critical thinking

question

Francis Bacon's method of scientific inquiry asserted ...

answer

conducting experiments was the only was that humans could begin to understand the workings of nature

question

which of the following did Adam Smith see as a valid reason for creating an economy with less government regulation?

answer

he believed that free and fair competition provided the best opportunity to produce wealth

question

which of the following did Captain Cook and Christopher columbus have in common?

answer

both changes local ecologies by introducing european flora and fauna to unfamiliar environments

question

which of John Locke's ideas formed the basis of the declaration of independence?

answer

a social contract, binding both ruler and ruled

question

what accurately characterizes both the american and french revolution?

answer

both introduced republican forms of government

question

what accurately describes the political revolution against the Spanish monarchy in the 19th century latin america?

answer

it was crushed by the colonial elite, who used their spanish identity to justify their control

question

what accurately indicates the process by which the salve trade was ended in the North Atlantic?

answer

britain posted a naval squadron off the coast of West Africa to prevent any slave trade north of the equator

question

what effect did the end of the Atlantic slave trade have in Africa?

answer

slavery increased within africa to provide labor for commercial crops such as palm oil and cloves

question

what accurately describes global trade in the mid 19th century?

answer

people increasingly worked to produce goods they could sell in the global market instead of producing subsistence crops

question

how did britain's political and social environment contribute to the industrial revolution?

answer

it allowed merchants and industrialists to invest heavily in such inventions as steam power

question

how did the industrial revolution effect Europe's relationship with other parts of the world?

answer

europe became more powerful economically by exporting more goods than it imported

question

what explains why China did not become the epicenter of the industrial revolution?

answer

the Qing did not foster experimentation or create the links between the thinkers and investigators

question

what method was used by Tsar Nicholas I to maintain absolute rule in Russia?

answer

he expanded the secret policy and enforced censorship

question

during 18th and 19th centuries how did India's traditional trade patterns change?

answer

India became an importer of British goods such as cotton textiles, and an exporter of raw materials

question

how did trade relationship between china and europe change in the early 19th century?

answer

the balance of trade between china and europe was reversed

question

the leaders of 18th and 19th century Islamic revitalization movements sought to reestablish the glory of Islam through which practice?

answer

establishing new religiously based governments in lands already under Muslim control

question

the impetus of Mohammad Ibn al-Wahhab's Islamic reform movement was a reaction to ...

answer

polytheistic beliefs that had taken root among some muslims

question

*** which of the following groups was most attracted to Wahhabi Islam?

answer

people who felt threatened by new commercial activities and the increasing pace of intellectual change

question

how did the status of Islam in West Africa change after the establishment of the Sokoto caliphate?

answer

it changed from a minority religion to the majority religion

question

why did small scale settlements in southern africa give way to larger states during the early 19th century?

answer

larger states were better equipped to compete for limited land and resources

question

during 19th century, what led to a crisis in southern africa?

answer

pressure from the growing population

question

what is a similarity between the goals of Hong and Shaka?

answer

they believed that lack of harmony was caused by foreign rule

question

what was a reason for the collapse of the Taiping Rebellion?

answer

it failed to attract strong support from the landed gentry and other elite groups

question

In Restoration-period Europe, what was a goal of liberal thinkers?

answer

supporting the individuals right to speak, think and act as they chose

question

what way did the 19th century nationalists goals prove destructive in the 20th century?

answer

the nationalist goals of different groups proves incompatible with one another

question

what did Marx and Engels believe would be the outcome of the conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat?

answer

a victory by the proletariat that would result in the destruction of capitalism, the end of private property, and the eventual withering away of the state

question

what did the groups that eld the 1848 revolutions in europe have in common?

answer

they shared a desire for independent nations and to overthrow the existing elites

question

what was a common factor in the Shawnee, Maya, and Indians rebellions against colonial control?

answer

the use of prophecy and charismatic leadership

question

the Shawnee prophet Tenskwatawa was similar to Hong Xiuquan in what way?

answer

both had religious visions and embraced a strict moral code

question

how did the outcome of the War of 1812 hasten the ethnic cleansing of native americans east of the Mississippi?

answer

the british withdrew their support from south of the great lakes, leaving the Shawnee at the mercy of land hungry american settlers

question

what change did the british east india company make in its approach to ruling India during the 1840s?

answer

it annexed more land and stripped native aristocrats of their privileges

question

what event sparked the great rebellion of 1857?

answer

a rumor that cow and pig fat had been used to grease the cartilages used in soldiers' rifles

question

how did the peasants show their divergence from the indian elite in the great rebellion of 1857?

answer

peasants attacked both indian and british people and places that represented their oppression

question

what characterized the British counterinsurgency effort in India?

answer

the British responded brutally, villages were destroyed and leaders were tied to cannons and executed

question

how did the british change their approach of ruling India after 1857?

answer

india came under the British crowns direct control

question

how did the development of nation-states contribute to the spread of imperialism?

answer

the conquest of new territories was seen as a measure of a nation-state's strength

question

what was a method that dominant elites used to spread their values and institutions throughout the nation-state?

answer

broadening public education in the national language

question

what attitudes created tension between the concept of nation-state and colonial empire?

answer

colonies were seen as subordinate to their mother countries, often with no representations of their governments

question

how did the U.S's understanding of itself change after the Civil War?

answer

its sense of national identity, and the strength of the national government, grew stronger

question

what hampered the implementation of the nationalistic idea that the location of "the people" should form the basis for setting national boundaries?

answer

there was no agreement as to who "the people" should be

question

what developments contributed heavily to the growth of nationalism in 19th century europe?

answer

the expansion of literacy and the periodical press

question

what kind of states resulted from the unifications of Germany and Italy?

answer

states with persistent interval divisions and centralized power wielded by their monarchs

question

in what way did the 2nd industrial revolution lead to greater global economic integration?

answer

necessary raw materials such as rubber, copper, oil, and bauxite were not readily available in the North Atlantic states and had to be imported from overseas

question

what reflects charles darwin's key scientific theory?

answer

species evolved under the pressure of natural selection

question

how did social darwinists use the idea of "survival of the fittest"?

answer

to justify strong nations domination of weaker ones

question

which british colony served as a model for later European endeavors by developing the colony's infrastructure to maximize profit from trade?

answer

india

question

what was the general goal of imperial powers, such as Great britain in the 19th century?

answer

to force their colonies to buy their manufactured goods while exporting staple commodities

question

which of the following was an important unintended consequence of the european partition of Africa in the late 19th century?

answer

boundary lines drawn by europeans divided existing African ethnic, linguistic, cultural, and commercial units among several different colonies

question

why did the europeans colonize africa?

answer

to acquire personal power and imperial glory

question

after revolts in several of their african colonies, what changes did the europeans make in their colonial structures?

answer

more efficient administrations began to provide health care and education to the colonized people

question

after the spanish and american war, american expansionism increasingly involved...

answer

turning nominally independent countries into dependent states

question

in response to Commodore Perry's arrival in Edo Bay, how did young japan elites plan to modernize?

answer

they planned to adopt western technology, while maintaining japanese culture

question

what was a similarity between russia and japanese attempts to modernize in the late 19th century?

answer

for both, key aspects of industrialization were state sponsored

question

what was the ultimate result of China's unwillingness to change its political and economic systems?

answer

vulnerability to external aggression ands internal instability

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