HIST 1320 FINAL – Flashcards
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Leonid Brezhnev
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Nixon's Soviet counterpart.
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"summits"
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Nixon's meetings with Brezhnev.
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SALT
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Landmark arms-control treaty that froze each country's arsenal of missiles capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
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The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
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Banned the development of systems designed to intercept incoming missiles, so that neither side would be tempted to attack the other without fearing devastating retaliation.
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"De'tente"
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(cooperation) Era of "peaceful coexistance" that replaced the hostility of the Cold War.
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"enemies list"
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Nixon's list that included reporters, politicians, and celebrities unfriendly to his administration.
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Watergate
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June 1973, five former employees of Nixon's reelection committee took part in a break in at Democratic Party headquarters.
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Judge John J. Sircia
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Before whom the Watergate burglars were tried, determined to find out who had sponsored the break in.
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Washington Post Journalists
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Published investigative stories that made it clear that persons close to the president had ordered the burglary and then tried to "cover up" White House involvement.
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Tape Recordings
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Nixon taped coversations in his office. The Supreme Court unanimously ordered Nixon to provide the tapes -- a decision that reaffirmed the principle that the president is not above the law.
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House Judiciary Committee
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Voted to recommend that Nixon be impeached for conspiracy to obstruct justice. Nixon became the only president in history to resign.
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Nixon's Presidency Remains a Classic Example of...
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The abuse of political power.
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Prohibited racial discrimination in employment, institutions like hospitals and schools, and privately owned public accomodations such as restaurants, hotels, and theaters. It also banned discrimination on the grounds of sex. It did not address the right to vote in the South.
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Selma, Alabama
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Site of Martin Luther King Jr.'s voting rights campaign in January 1965. A city where less than 3% of black residents had been allowed to register to vote. King attempted to lead a march from Selma to Montgomery. When the marchers reached the bridge leading out of the city, state police assaulted them with cattle prods, whips, and tear gas. Compelled Johnson to support the Voting Rights Act.
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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Allowed federal officials to register voters.
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"Reaganomics"
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Ronald Regan's economic policies. Curtailed the power of unions, dismantled regulations, and radically reduced taxes.
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Reagan's Stance on Taxation
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Violated the priciple of the right to earn your own keep and keep what you earn.
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Tax Reform Act
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Reduced the tax rate on the wealthiest Americans.
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Progressivity
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Idea that the wealthy should pay a higer percentage of their income in taxes than other citizens.
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"supply-side economics"
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What Reagan's economic program was known by proponents.
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"trickle-down economics"
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What Reagan's economic program was known by critics.
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Why "Reaganomics" was one of the most important policies by the Reagan Administration
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It initially produced the most severe recession since the 1930's.
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Stonewall Bar in New York's Greenwich Village
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Moment of "gay liberation," 1969 police raid on the bar, a gathering place for homosexuals. Rather than bowing to police harassment, as in the past, gays fought back. Five days of rioting followed, and a militant movement was born.
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Cesar Chavez
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Lead a series of nonviolent protests including marches, fasts, and a natl. boycott of California grapes, to pressure growers to agree to labor contracts with the United Farm Workers union (UFW).
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The sit-in at Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960
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A. reflected mounting frustration at the slow pace of racial change.
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By the end of 1960, some 70,000 demonstrators had taken part in sit-ins across the South to protest:
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B. segregation
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During the Bay of Pigs invasion:
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A. the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) failed to topple Fidel Castro's regime.
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The Cuban Missile Crisis:
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A. brought the United States and the Soviets to the brink of nuclear war.
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Regarding civil rights during his presidency, John Kennedy:
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C. was reluctant to address the movement's demands until 1963.
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The Great Society:
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A. included Lyndon Johnson's crusade to end poverty in America.
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Malcolm X:
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C. insisted that blacks have economic and political autonomy.
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The New Left:
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C. called for a democracy of citizen participation.
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The counterculture of the 1960s can best be described as:
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A. a rejection of mainstream values.
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In the Feminine Mystique, Betty Friedan:
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C. focused on the emptiness of consumer culture and the discontents of middleclass women.
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Radical feminists:
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A. argued that the "personal is political."
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The gay liberation movement:
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E. ended with the successful Stonewall riot.
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Chicano farm workers found a powerful advocate in:
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B. Cesar Chavez.
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The American Indian Movement:
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C. demanded greater tribal self-government.
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The Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision:
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A. created a woman's constitutional right to an abortion.
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In 1972, Congress passed Title IX, which:
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C. banned gender discrimination in higher education.
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In a historic move, in 1972 President Nixon opened diplomatic relations with:
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B. China.
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Under the policy of Vietnamization, the U.S. military:
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C. attempted to shift the burden of fighting to South Vietnamese soldiers.
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In 1976, Jimmy Carter won the presidential race in part because he:
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A. promised never to lie to Americans.
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President Carter's foreign policy emphasized:
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E. human rights as a diplomatic priority.
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In order to protect U.S. interests, the Carter Doctrine declared that the United States would:
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D. use military force, particularly in the Persian Gulf.
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During the 1970s, evangelical Christians:
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B. significantly increased in number, as they became more vocal.
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The Equal Rights Amendment:
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A. passed Congress but failed to achieve ratification by the required 38 states.
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The opponents of the ERA defined freedom for women as:
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C. residing in the roles of wife and mother.
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Who were the Redstockings?
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D. a radical feminist group
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The Reagan Revolution:
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D. included cuts to government programs and regulation
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Ronald Reagan's economic policy focused on:
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A. tax cuts.
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Reagan's economic policies:
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E. resulted in a rise in economic inequality.
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The 1980s could easily be called the second:
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A. Gilded Age.
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In foreign policy, Reagan:
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E. vigorously denounced the Soviet Union during his first term and initiated the largest military buildup in American history.
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By the end of 1991, Soviet attempts at economic reform had created chaos, and the:
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B. Soviet Union dissolved, ending the Cold War.
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Operation Desert Storm:
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A. quickly drove the Iraqi army out of Kuwait.
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In 1992, Bill Clinton secured the Democratic nomination for president because he:
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C. combined social liberalism with elements of conservatism.
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Who did Clinton appoint to head the panel on health-care reform?
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C. Hillary Clinton
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The 1994 Contract with America:
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C. included the promise to cut government spending and end affirmative action and was the brainchild of Newt Gingrich.
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Clinton ended:
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D. welfare, replacing it with grants of money to states and strict limits on how long recipients could receive assistance.
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Bill Clinton's foreign policy centered on:
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A. elevating human rights to a central place in international relations.
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During the Balkan crisis, President Clinton:
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D. supported NATO's efforts by deploying American planes and ground troops.
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Because of the 1965 changes in immigration laws, thirty-five years later the immigrant population in the United States:
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B. increasingly came from Asia and Latin America.
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The battles that raged throughout the 1990s over moral values were called:
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B. culture wars.
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At the end of the twentieth century, the Christian Coalition:
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A. was a major force in Republican Party politics.
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The term "pay gap" refers to the difference in:
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C. pay rates between men and women.
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The 1995 truck bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma City was organized by:
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C. a far-right private militia group.
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In 1998, Congress brought impeachment charges against President Clinton because he:
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E. lied about his extramarital affair before the grand jury.
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The 2000 presidential race between George W. Bush and Al Gore was:
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A. finally decided by the Supreme Court.
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In response to the terrorist attacks on Washington, D.C., and New York City on September 11, 2001, President Bush:
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B. declared a war on terrorism.
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During his first year in office, George W. Bush:.
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E. persuaded Congress to enact the largest tax cut in American history.
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Operation Enduring Freedom was launched in October 2001:
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A. against Afghanistan, because it was harboring Osama bin Laden.
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What made Bush's 2002 "National Security Strategy" fundamentally different from previous American policy?
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D. It advocated the use of preemptive war.
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Early in 2003, President Bush announced that the United States would go to war against Iraq:
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C. because it was believed that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction.
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Which of the following statements about Saddam Hussein turned out to be true?
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C. He was a horrible tyrant who ruled Iraq ruthlessly.
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The USA Patriot Act:
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B. expanded the rights of law enforcement agencies to conduct secret searches and detain suspected aliens.
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After the September 11 attacks, who authorized the National Security Agency (NSA) to listen to domestic telephone conversations without a court warrant?
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D. President Bush
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What happened at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq?
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D. Under the supervision of U.S. military personnel, many prisoners were mistreated, humiliated, and tortured; some even died.
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The Republican Congress response to Hurricane Katrina was:
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D. to cut funding for Medicaid, food stamps, and other social programs to pay for relief.
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Which statement is true about illegal immigrants?
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D. They mostly work as domestic, construction, and agricultural workers.
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What made Barack Obama's presidential campaign "the first political campaign of the twentyfirst century"?
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A. its widespread use of the Internet to raise money and communicate directly with voters.
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The combination of a faltering economy, increased military spending, and the 2001 tax cuts produced a rapid rise in budget deficits at both the national and state levels by 2003.
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True
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The war in Iraq was widely supported by the global community, as seen through the widespread rallies of support, especially in Europe.
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False
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Today, most scientists do not consider global warming a serious situation
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False
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