GPS120- Exam3 – Flashcards
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For the Byzantine Empire, which of the following was a negative impact of trade connections to the east?
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Outbreak of bubonic plague during Justinian's reign
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For what purpose did Constantine summon bishops to the Council of Nicaea?
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To bring unity to diversity of belief in disparate Christian commmunities
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For what reason did monasticism take rapid hold in northern Europe?
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Many believed that those lives had little in common with laypeople could best mediate the believer and God.
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How did Roman landowners in Gaul respond to the threat of peasant revolts and barbarian invasions?
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They allied themselves with Christian Goths to provide stability.
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In exchange for tax exemption, Constantine gave the Christian church:
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Responsibility for the urban poor
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In what ways was Christian Europe changing during the period from 1000 to 1300CE?
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New religious orders and universities arose, and the number of parish churches increased.
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The growth of early Christianity coincided with the appearance of what central figures in matters of faith?
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Martyrs
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What issue brought Christians into a Mediterranean-wide debate on the nature of religion?
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Obedience to God rather than to human rulers
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What replaced the political unity provided by imperial Rome after its collapse in Western Europe?
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The Christian church brought cultural unity centered on the authority of regional bishops under the bishop of Rome.
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What was the context for the foundation of early Christianity?
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A direct confrontation with Roman imperial authority
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What was the Hagia Sophia's symbolic importance?
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It represented the blending of Christian and imperial culture.
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Which of the following accurately describes Francis of Assisi and his followers?
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They preached the European believers should weep, confess their sins to their local priest, and strive to become better Christians.
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Which of the following accurately reflects the thought of Thomas Aquinas?
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He attempted to prove that Christianity was the only religion that fully met the aspirations of all rational human beings.
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Which of the following best summarizes the effect of the Crusades on the Southwest Asia?
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Muslim feelings hardened against the Frank and the millions of Christian who had previously lived peacefully in Egypt and Syria.
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Which of the following characterized Charlemagne's rule?
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His empire was smaller in both population and wealth compared to regimes of the Islamic world.
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Which of the following is one of the elements vital to the creation of Europe's Christian identity?
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The emergence of universities and a class of intellectuals associated with them
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Which of the following statements concerning Christian churches built after the conversion of Constantine indicates the structure of the religion?
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The spaces for the bishop and clergy were separate from the congregation
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Which of the following was a major cause of the Roman Empire's fall in the West?
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Overextension of the empire, leading to high taxes and constant demands for more manpower
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Which of the following was Emperor Justinian's most enduring legacy?
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Instituting a major reform and codification of Roman law
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Which of the following, in addition to the charisma of its leaders, was a reason for Christianity's growing success before Constantine's endorsement?
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The fit between the church's doctines and popular pre-existing beliefs and practices made conversion smoother.
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Who was the Christian bishop who argued that the "City of God" was represented by the universal Catholic Church?
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Augustine of Hippo
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Why did the rulers of Kievan Russia reject western European religious and political models?
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Orthodox Christianity spread to Kiev from Constantinople, and Russian trade ties were to the south adn east.
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Why was the capital of the Byzantine Empire established at Constantinople?
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Its strategic location on the Bosporus, which controlled the trade in the eastern Mediterranean.
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Why were the Spanish conquest of Toledo and the expulsion of Muslim forces from Sicily said to be more important than the Crusades?
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These campaigns marked turning points in relations between Christian and Muslim power in the Mediterranean.
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As Roman imperial structure began to fall apart, the Christian church began to step in to provide many of the services ad the common identity that had formerly been associated with the empire.
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True
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In the Christian West, the inheritor of the mantle of the Roman Empire was the Catholic Church.
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True
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The principal long-term effect of the Christian Crusade attacks on Jerusalem was to improve the standard of living for the millions who lived in Egypt and Syria.
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False
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The Sasanian Empire established a practice of religious tolerance that allowed Christian and Jewish populations to flourish in their empire.
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True
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In the Islamic world circa 1300 CE, which of the following provided unity?
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The Sufi movement offered unifying force within Islam, despite disapproval from the clerics.
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In what way were the Abbasid rulers similar to the Roman emperors?
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Both increasingly relied upon diverse populations far from the imperial center to fill their armies.
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Islam supplanted family, clan, and tribal communities and created a new community of believers that was called:
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the umma.
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The Barmaki family in Baghdad is characterized by which of the following?
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The Barmakis were great patrons of the arts and learning, endowing mosques and schools.
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The emergence of which of the following demonstrates the cultural influences of Muslim merchants in Africa?
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Swahili language, which became the language of trade in East Africa
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The Prophet Muhammad had many components to his teaching: which of the following best represents the central idea of those components?
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That the Day of Judgement was imminent
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Turkic rulers in India hastened he absorption of Buddhism into Hinduism by which of the following actions?
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Depriving Buddhism of local spiritual leaders by destroying large monasteries
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What precipitated the unrest that led to the replacement of the Umayyads?
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The Umayyads discriminated against non-Arab converts to Islam.
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What spurred Islam's remarkably rapid territorial expansion under the "rightly guided" caliphs?
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Its warriors driven by religious enthusiasm and a desire to acquire the wealth of conquered territories.
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What was the impact of the Five Pillars of Islam on regional political structures?
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They created a doctrinal and legal structure for the empire.
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Which of the following accurately characterizes sharia law?
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Sharia law place the ulama at the heart of Islam as they, rather than rulers, became the lawmakers.
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Which of the following accurately describes Abbasid culture?
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The Abbasid encouraged mathematicians, who pioneered advances in arithmetic, geometry, algebra, and trigonometry.
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Which of the following accurately describes al-Khwarizmi's cultural legacy?
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He created a mathematical system based on modifying Indian digits to Arabic numerals.
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Which of the following accurately describes Ibn Sina's scholarship?
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Ibn Sina wrote the standard medical text used in both Southwest Asia and Europe for centuries.
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Which of the following accurately describes Islamic authority around 1000 CE?
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It ran out of energy at the fringes of Islam's reach, creating political fragmentation within the Muslim world.
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Which of the following accurately describes the origins of the Fatimid regime?
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The Fatimids began when a Shiite religious and military leader overthrew the Sunni ruler in Egypt.
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Which of the following accurately describes the reign of Abd al-Rahman III?
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He used an even-handed approach to governance that facilitated friendly relations among Muslims, Christians, and Jews.
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Which of the following accurately reflects slavery in Islamic society between 1000 and 1300 CE?
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Slaves served as seafarers, soldiers, domestics, and plantation workers.
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Which of the following best characterizes the role and position of women in early Islamic society?
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Women had a shifting status as patriarchy was only starting to emerge in the Arabian communities?
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Which of the following contributed to the Sufi's success in spreading Islam to common people?
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Living in communal brotherhoods and the emotional accessbility of their mystical practices
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Which of the following exemplifies the cultural diversity and blending that took place in the Delhi Sultanate?
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Multiple languages flourished, including Turkic, Persian, and many local Indian languages.
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Which of the following explains the success enjoyed by Turkish warlords in conquering sections of South Asia?
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They introduced their own culture while accepting local practices such as the varna system.
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Which of the following is a reason for the success of Islamic trading firms in the Mediterranean?
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They benefitted from a legal system that promoted a favoralbe business environment.
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Which of the following is an accurate description of Mecca before the introduction of Islam?
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Mecca contained a revered sanctuary where polytheistic Meccans worshiped
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Which of the following reflects the attitude exhibited by Muslim rulers toward Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians, as long as they accepted Islam's political rule?
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Non-Muslims were free to choose their own religious leaders and settle internal disputes.
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Which of the following shows the impact of Ibn Rushd's work outside of the Muslim world?
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His thinking about faith and reason heavily influenced Thomas Aquinas.
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Which of the following was the most successful Islamic state in India during the thirteenth century?
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The Delhi Sultanate
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Who, according to Shi'a, should succeed the Prophet?
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Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, and Ali's descendants
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Who, according to the Sunnis, should succeed the Prophet?
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The four rightly guided caliphs and then the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties
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Why might Ghana have been known in Baghdad as the land of gold?
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It was the terminus of major trans-Saharan gold-sal trade routes.
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Why were the Spanish conquest of Toledo and the expulsion of Muslim forces from Sicily said to be more important than the Crusades?
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These campaigns marked turning points in relations between Christian and Muslim power in the Mediterranean.
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Both Islam and Christianity are universalizing religions, but Islam united religious and secular authority while Christianity at first opposed the state's power.
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True
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The principal long-term effect of the Christian Crusade attacks on Jerusalem was to improve the standard of living for the millions who lived in Egypt and Syria.
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False
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Under the Abbasids, internal divisions led to gradually increasing Shia political power.
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False
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Jesus teaches that Jewish law
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should be taught, but its spirit is more important than its letter
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Who wrote the Sermon on the Mount, and when was it written down?
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Followers associated with the apostle Matthew less than a century after Jesus' death
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What is the basic moral principle of the parable of the good Samaritan? Why would it have been so provocative to the audience?
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The basic moral principle of the parable of the good Samaritan is thou should be a good neighbor. Another moral principle from this is to treat others the way you want to be treated. It would have been so provocative to the audience because in that time period, people seen as dead were also seen as dirty. A Samaritan is known to be a clean person, in that society it it unusual to see a upper class man help a lower class man who is seen as dirty.
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Why do the scholars from the documentary film From Jesus to Christ refer to this emerging religion as the Jesus Movement instead of Christianity in its early years?
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It is the Jesus Movement because Christianity as a belief system distinct from Judaism did not yet exist. In fact, Jesus and his followers viewed themselves as Jews.
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Confucius might criticize which aspect of Jesus' teachings?
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Jesus' focus on one's relationship with God.
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What criticisms does he make of those referred to as hypocrites, Pharisees, and the teachers of the law?
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Jesus hated the way hypocrites prayed in the middle of the streets to try to get attention from other people. He looked down on them in the way they carried themselves, acting like praying was not personal, while the number of words and how open the prayers was does not matter to God. Jesus said that one should go to their room and pray silently where nobody can hear them.
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What did Jesus and Socrates share in common?
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Both were sentenced to death by states which felt threatened by their teachings.
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Why are there so many different images of Jesus in the Gospels?
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There are so many different images of Jesus in the Gospels because just like any other story in time, communication is key. One person can view the same situation as someone else who sees it completely different. Using word of mouth to share stories has a more likely chance of being changed from a couple words to a couple different details of how an event could have happened. Each gospel was written at different times by different people for for different audiences and purposes.
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Based on the two sermons, which one of the following reflects a rule of conduct Jesus encouraged people to follow?
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"Love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you."
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What is a key component of the good life according to Jesus?
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Forgiveness of others' transgressions
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The Sermon on the Mount advances which of the following ideas?
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Forgiveness and reconciliation rather than retribution should define social interactions.
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How would you summarize "the good life" as Jesus might have defined it?
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I would summarize "the good life" as Jesus may have defined it to be respectful to all people. To treat others, including your enemies, the way you would want to be treated. Jesus may have defined it as being righteous and not be hypocritical.
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According to the Quran, under what circumstances is the use of war and violence justified?
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To defend oneself against another's aggression
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What attitudes toward non-Muslims do these passages suggest?
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Passive, Tolerance
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Which of the following behaviors does the hadith encourage?
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Charity for the less fortunate
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How do these hadiths reflect or build on the teaching of the Quran in Document 9.1?
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These hadiths build on the teachings of the Quran by showing that everyone is equal. Those who are poor should be seen and treated like the rich, and everyone else in society.
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Which of the following reflects a view of marriage expressed in the sharia?
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Marriage is based on the consent of both parties.
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In what ways do these selections draw on and apply the teachings of the Quran and the hadiths?
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The selections continuously draw that all people fo the community are equal under one religion. For marriage, everyone is seen as good for one another no matter the social standing except for slave owners and slaves.
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As expressed by the thirteenth-century Sufi poet Rumi, where can God be found?
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In one's heart
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Which of the following reflects the religious sensibility expressed in the poetry of the thirteenth century Sufi poet Rumi?
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"By speech and by silence and by fragrance, catch the scent of the king everywhere."
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How does it differ from the approach to Islam reflected in the sharia?
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The Sharia is a book of laws in which Muslims must follow if they want to be a part of the ideal society of Islam. Sufis are more about the personal relationship with the divine being outside of their own body.
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Which of the statements express Ibn Battuta's criticism of the people he encountered?
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"... their women show no bashfulness before men and do not veil themselves."
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What might historians learn from this document about the nature and extent of Islam's penetration in this West African empire? What elements of older and continuing West African cultural traditions are evident in the document?
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From this document, historians can see the changes in the religion as it spread throughout the countries. As Islam grows, it will adapt to the community it surrounds. The way women carry themselves is an obvious way of life that changed. In this document it is seen that women were half naked, and not covered from head to toe.
