Gprs and 3g Essay Example

in use today. 2G also saw the popularization of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and CDMA (Code division multiple access). CDMA was initially known as cdmaOne or IS-95 and utilized spread spectrum technology with no assigned frequency per user. Consumers accepted CDMA due to its ability to connect an increasing number of subscribers. GSM, originally intended for Europe, remains a widely-used service around the world.

TDMA technology was used in the development of iDEN for the US and Canada, as well as PDC for Japan during the 2G era. This period also introduced digital data services including internet access on mobile devices, texting, and sharing multimedia content.

The purpose of 5G was to link the gap between 2G and 3G, with GPRS being the primary standard for 2.5G. The arrival of 3G marked a significant breakthrough in Mobile Computing.

With the emergence of 2G mobile technology came a significant increase in functionality, which quickly gained widespread popularity. However, the industry is currently being revolutionized by the latest technological advancement - 4G - being developed in Japan, which promises to provide data rates of up to 20Mbps.

To better understand how mobile technology has evolved over time, see the table below outlining key differences in applications and data rates between systems such as 1G, 2G and 3G:

GPRS, which operates

at 6kbps, was the initial high-speed digital data service offered by cellular companies. It employs GSM technology and leverages the GSM network to facilitate the transfer of TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and the Internet Protocol) based data. Its primary attribute is its persistent "Always On" network capability.

The development of GPRS was in response to the need for faster data rates among mobile users, surpassing what was available with 2G technologies. This advancement significantly impacted the market by enabling new services such as Value Added Services (VAS), E-commerce, and on-the-go Internet access. A key attribute of GPRS is its rapid speed, facilitating instantaneous connectivity from any place.

GPRS, which provides speeds of up to 115 kbps, relies on packet switching for its efficient use of available capacity. Unlike circuit switching, which allocates capacity to individual users, packet switching shares overall capacity among users. When packets are transmitted over a link, it is safer to use combined channels to prevent data bursts.

Both GSM and GPRS are technologies that work together using the same base stations. By adding GPRS packet service entities to the existing GSM network, these two technologies can remain compatible. There are three types of GPRS devices available: Class A allows for voice and data sessions simultaneously in both modes, while Class B operates in both modes but cannot handle simultaneous calls. Lastly, Class C is only active in one mode at a time. Across various industries, GPRS has numerous applications.

With its versatility, GPRS technology caters to the demands of various entities such as individuals, businesses, and industries. It enables mobile communication services such as accessing emails and the internet while on-the-go, sending

text messages, sharing videos and files. Furthermore, users can acquire cost-effective value-added services.

The Mobile Industry offers various updates through SMS or downloads such as Sports, weather, and news updates. Additionally, it is a significant market for E-commerce where users can buy, sell and trade goods, indulge in financial trading via GPRS and manage their banking needs like funds transfer and balance inquiries while on-the-go.

The popularity of GPRS advertising is due to its large user base and demographics. As such, advertisers naturally target GPRS-based content to end users. Various devices, including smartphones with voice and video capabilities, PDAs such as O2 and Palm Pilot series, and handheld communication devices support GPRS terminals for wireless mobile access.

Connecting a GPRS-supported phone through a PC card can provide access. One advantage of GPRS for users is the "always on" feature. This feature lets them check their email and browse the Internet frequently with ease.

One way to enhance experiences is by utilizing applications such as Messengers and Chat/conference clients. Additionally, speed is a major advantage with promising speeds of 172. kbps, but realistically delivers up to 40kbps which is still acceptable in practical use.

GPRS coding schemes are classified into CS-1 to CS-4 based on their error detection and correction abilities. CS-1 offers the highest level of error detection and correction and prevents excessive data retransmission. It operates at half code rate, producing 24 output bits for every 12 input bits, with a throughput of 9.

CS-2 employs a 2/3 encoder and is suitable for high-quality channels, delivering a maximum throughput of 13.4 kbps. In contrast, CS-3 uses a 3.

The data throughput can reach up to 15.6kbps when using 4

coders. CS-4 is used in situations with high signal strength and low interference levels, with a maximum possible throughput of 21 for this mode.

The user data is transmitted through CS1, CS2, CS3, and CS4 using one timeslot at a rate of 4 kbps. The timeslot has transmission rates of 9.05 kbps, 13.4 kbps, and 15 kbps.

Displayed in the GPRS Architecture Figure is information about transmission rates and packet distribution. The Mobile Station sends three packets at different rates to two base stations. These rates are: 6 kbps, 21.4 kbps, 8 Timeslot, 72.4 kbps, 107.2 kbps, and 124.8 kbps.

The Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) delivers defragmented packets that have been received from one base station for packets 1 and 2, and packet 3 from another. The EDGE technology acts as a bridge between GPRS and UMTS, which was originally known as GSM 384.

EDGE obtained its name from its data transmission rate of 384 Kbps and was developed to achieve higher rates than GPRS. Although viewed as a transitional technology between GPRS and UMTS, EDGE offers wireless multimedia, email, and a GSM extension that is convenient for 3G users on GSM. With a throughput capacity 3-4 times higher than GPRS, it's been sarcastically dubbed "GPRS on steroids." The coding and modulation scheme (MCS) ranges from MCS-1 to MCS-9, with varying speeds.

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3G, which is also referred to as 2.5G/2.75G, was eagerly awaited and launched as the next version of 2G. It enables rapid access to IP-based services and represents a continuation of this technology.

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) developed IMT-2000 to include global

roaming as a crucial aspect. UMTS, which emerged from 3G technology, is the standard used in Europe and Japan, competing with CDMA2000. The objective of 3G is to provide a common and standardized radio transmission standard.

Global roaming enables mobile phones to connect with local cellular networks worldwide, ensuring compatibility regardless of geographic location. The speed of 3G services depends on the environment and user movement, with high mobility users traveling at speeds over 120kph able to achieve 144kbps and moderate mobility users experiencing different rates.

When in an outdoor environment, a speed of 384 kbps can be attained at speeds less than 120kph. However, in low mobility surroundings, a speed of up to 2Mbps can be attained. A unique feature of 3G systems is that users are charged based on channel usage and not the duration of the call. This advantageous attribute is significant in today's internet-driven society as it provides more bang for the buck, offers user-friendly billing, and allows access to a plethora of wireless services. The main objective of 3G was to attract the general public.

The arrival of 3G technology in mobile phones had a worldwide impact and caused a great excitement. Mobile phones equipped with 3G capabilities quickly became popular and will serve as the foundation for upcoming smartphones. Amongst the many emerging areas of interest in 3G networks, video calling is believed to be one of the most innovative. For this feature to be utilized, both individuals must possess a phone that is 3G enabled and equipped with Video Calling support. Video calling is highly advantageous for conducting video conferences in business settings.

The cost of 3G service is a common concern

for consumers and industry professionals, as not all mobile operators offer support for this technology, resulting in high prices. This lack of growth in the 3G market is a significant drawback, as the service is widely popular but expensive.

Although there has been negative feedback regarding inadequate marketing and limited compatibility with handsets, the advantages of 3G surpass its disadvantages. The benefits include its usefulness in public services such as remote safety monitoring and geographical locators, commercial applications like wireless connectivity, e-mail access, and video conferencing, as well as personal uses like receiving news and weather updates, downloading e-books, watching mobile videos and music on demand. It is important to mention that 3G is not restricted to broadband.

3G is a versatile technology that covers multiple domains, such as global roaming, multimedia capabilities, and high-quality video playback. Its services are diverse and tailored to fit the requirements of various consumers. 3G was introduced with several industry-approved standards and systems, including W-CDMA, UMTS, FOMA, and HSDPA.

UMTS, a broadband packet-based transmission technology, is an essential component of 3G. It incorporates text, voice, and video transfer at data rates surpassing GPRS or EDGE. The data rate for UMTS is up to 2 Mbps. It was created using the GSM standard and is based on the "always on" feature of GPRS, another derivative of GSM. Other related standards include GAN (Generic Access Network), HSPA+ (HSPA Evolution), HSOPA (High Speed OFDM Packet Access), and TD-SCDMA (Time Division-Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access). UMTS is a natural progression from GPRS and EDGE, which have dominated mobile communications for quite some time now.

The direct connection of UMTS with the mobile multimedia wave allows users

to enjoy the same capabilities regardless of their location. Reports from the industry forecast that by Q1 2007, there will be around 100 million customers using UMTS/WCDMA. Jean-Pierre Bienaime, Chairman of UMTS Forum, calls this year "incredible" for both 3G and WCDMA and estimates that all technologies combined will have over 275 million worldwide subscribers by the end of 2007. It is projected that WCDMA will comprise roughly three-quarters of a global 3G subscription total nearing 800 million by the end of this decade.

Bienaime, a member of the UMTS Forum, predicts that global cellular subscriptions (inclusive of 2G and 3G technologies) will exceed 4 billion by 2010; nearly twice the current global penetration levels. By the end of this decade, it is estimated that approximately one-seventh of all mobile subscriptions globally will consist of UMTS/WCDMA connections with around 600 million connections. The majority of this growth is expected in regions such as Latin America, Eastern Europe, China and India which have low population density and limited fixed line connectivity and PC penetration. The cost-effective voice and data services provided by 3G/UMTS (with its high-speed enhancements HSDPA and HSUPA) offer an attractive alternative for these areas. Moreover, expansion into 3G LTE (Long Term Evolution) may further increase the popularity for UMTS/3G services.

The 3G cellular network, W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), has higher data rates compared to UMTS thanks in part to its use of CDMA rather than TDMA like GSM networks. In 2001, NTT DoCoMo, a Japanese mobile operator, introduced FOMA (Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access) as a 3G service and developed compatible handsets for it.

Despite the inadequate battery life of previous handsets, the introduction

of the 900i series revolutionized the market. This series implemented HSDPA technology, which is an abbreviation for High-Speed Downlink Packet Access or High-Speed Downlink Protocol Access, and operates on a UMTS-based 3G cellular network. Its objective is to improve UMTS data rates and it currently stands as the most prevalent mobile technology due to its ability to provide speeds up to 1.

The speed of 3G can range from 8Mbps to 14.4Mbps and it has a capacity for mobile TV and over 30 Gigabytes of data per month. It is crucial to anticipate the future of this technology despite its permanence.

Research into 4G, the successor of 3G, is primarily led by Asia. Japan has already begun exploring this innovative technology that combines wireless mobile and access. Global investment in research for post-3G technologies is projected to exceed $50 billion within the next half decade. However, despite its potential, it is unlikely that 4G will replace 3G anytime soon as the latter still features enough capabilities to keep users engaged until the former becomes available.

4GMF regards Open Wireless Platform Architecture-based 4G as a major development in Wireless Communications. While the marketing approach of 3G has faced criticism, there is strong promotion of 4G. Nevertheless, the utilization of UMTS and W-CDMA applications in expanding 3G networks has brought about significant advancements in mobile communications. It is anticipated that Asia will become the worldwide center for 4G, with industry leaders relocating or enlarging their operations in this area.

The demand for easily accessible multimedia applications on mobile phones has increased over time, leading to a greater need for stronger connectivity and higher data rates from 0G to 3G. Tech companies

have adjusted their technologies to meet these demands in order to satisfy consumers. While it took some time for 3G technology to become popular, it is now the preferred choice due to its improved capabilities.

Asian tech giants in Japan and China are receiving funding from global business corporations to advance innovation beyond 3G. The future of mobile communication looks bright with the introduction of 4G, which offers faster data and download speeds, improved connectivity, and cost-effectiveness. The industry has grown due to the influence of 3G and GPRS on mobile communications, resulting in new technologies vying for dominance in providing superior mobile computing solutions.

Having a multitude of options is a desirable outcome for the industry, as it ensures users' contentment with the final product. For further reading on the topic, see [1]Silicon Brief Website: Before 3G Wireless Networks [Online] http://www.silicon-press.com/briefs/brief.before3g/index.tml and [2]Juha Korhonen-Introduction to 3G Mobile Communications.

The text cites sources including Artech House Publishers from 2001, Andrew S. Tanenbaum's "Computer Networks" fourth edition from 2003 with Pearson Education and pages 152-166 included, and the online "CISCO Mobile Wireless Gateway GPRS Support Node Configuration Guide." The citation includes for a paragraph.

The GPRS Whitepaper is accessible online at http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios124/124cg/hmwg_c/mwgovr.pdf [5].

The following is information on a study conducted regarding GPRS intelligent networking and its related services. The study was conducted by Wang Jing, Liao Jianxin, and Xu Tong and can be found in the Communication Technology Proceedings from the 2003 International Conference on ICCT. The paper can be accessed at com/warp/public/cc/so/neso/gprs/gprs_wp.pdf and is located in Volume 2, Issue, from April 9-11, 2003 on pages 1678-1682.

The article "Evolution to 3G Services" was published in the 2003 International

Conference on 3G Mobile Communication Technologies (No 494), covering pages 78-82. Jean-Pierre Bienaime presented at the TU-BDT Regional Seminar for Africa on Fixed Mobile Convergence and Guidelines on the smooth transition of existing mobile networks to IMT-2000 for Developing Countries in Nairobi, Kenya from May 9-12, 2005. Geoff Varrall and Roger Belcher's work on 3G Handset and Network Design was published in February.