Govt Exam 2 – Flashcards

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A bicameral legislature is one that has
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two chambers or houses
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Which is the best description of the K Street Project?
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It was an attempt to place former Republican staffers in key lobbying positions to help ensure a large flow of corporate donations to the Republican Party.
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Which of the following is the best definition of a congressional caucus?
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unofficial groups of representatives or senators sharing similar interests or opinions
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The most common occupation among members of Congress before coming to Congress is
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lawyer
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The four joint committees in Congress are
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economic, taxation, library, and printing
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Gerrymandering refers to
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the manipulation of electoral districts to serve the interests of a particular group
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One reason why redistricting is controversial is that
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computer technologies allow legislatures to know statistically what kinds of people live where and this can be used to give one party an advantage over the other.
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As of 2012, how many women serve in the U.S. Senate?
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20
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The House Ways and Means Committee is one of the most important committees in Congress because
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it has jurisdiction over taxes, trade, and entitlement programs such as Social Security and Medicare.
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How long is the term of office for a U.S. senator?
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6yrs
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The process of allocating congressional seats among the fifty states is called
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apportionment
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In the House of Representatives, the majority leader
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is subordinate to the Speaker of the House
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Who is the Speaker of the House?
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The elected leader of the majority party in the House is the Speaker.
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Which statement about the membership of Congress is not true?
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Senators and members of the House are less likely than the population on the whole to be Protestants.
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Who has the most real power in the Senate?
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the majority and minority leaders
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The filibuster is likely to remain a feature of legislative politics in the United States because
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a sixty-seven vote majority is required to eliminate it
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Which of the following is the best definition of a constituent?
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It is a person who lives in the district represented by a member of the legislature
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The two presidents to be impeached by the House of Representatives were Bill Clinton and
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Andrew Johnson
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Approximately what percentage of proposed bills die in committee?
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95%
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Pork-barrel legislation
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deals with specific projects and their location within a particular congressional district
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What are the greatest dangers associated with a trustee model of representation?
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Representatives may become inattentive to the wishes and opinions of their constituents.
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Congress is a ______ legislature with ______ members.
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bicameral; 535
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Which of the following best explains the small number of women in Congress?
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Incumbency is a very powerful resource, and most incumbents have been men
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What did the Supreme Court declare in Miller v. Johnson?
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The racial composition of a district could not be the predominant factor when redistricting.
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Conference committees are
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temporary, involve members from both houses of Congress, and are charged with reaching a compromise on legislation once it has been passed by both the House and the Senate.
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The Congressional Research Service and the Government Accountability Office are examples of
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staff agencies.
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Which of the following statements about Congress's role in foreign policy is not accurate?
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The Constitution directs Congress to stay out of foreign affairs and concentrate solely on domestic politics.
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A vote on which 50 percent or more of the members of one party take one position while at least 50 percent of the members of the other party take the opposing position is called
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a party unity vote.
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Cloture is
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the process by which three-fifths of the Senate can end a filibuster.
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A filibuster allows members of the Senate to
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prevent a vote on a bill by speaking continuously on the floor.
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What did the framers mean to accomplish by indirect election of the president?
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to make the president responsible to state and national legislatures
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An executive order is
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a rule or regulation issued unilaterally by the president, with the status of a law.
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Why is the president's State of the Union address important?
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It is an opportunity for the president to set the legislative agenda by initiating proposals and directing public attention to the executive's goals.
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Which of the following statements about presidential pardons is false?
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George Washington declared amnesty to all Americans who fought for the British during the War for Independence
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______ powers are specifically established by the language of the Constitution.
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Expressed
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The first lady is an important resource for the president in his capacity as
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head of state.
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The office of the presidency was established by ___________ of the Constitution.
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Article II
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A signing statement is a(n)
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announcement the president makes about his interpretation of a congressional enactment he is signing into law.
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After the president and vice president, which office is next in the line of succession?
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Speaker of the House
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The last time Congress exercised its constitutional power to declare war was in
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1941.
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The National Security Council is composed of all of the following except the
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Speaker of the House.
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Which first lady was the first to seek and win public office on her own?
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Hillary Clinton
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What is required for Congress to override a presidential veto?
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two-thirds of both houses of Congress
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The formal group of presidential foreign policy advisers, established in 1947, is called the
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National Security Council
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According to the text, what are the three most common ways for a president to expand his base of power?
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party support, popular mobilization, and administrative control
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The president has the power to appoint which of the following positions?
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cabinet secretaries
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Which executive agency has the least discretion, as a result of very detailed congressional legislation?
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the Internal Revenue Service
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The Office of Management and Budget is important because
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its personnel are an integral part of virtually every conceivable presidential responsibility, such as overseeing regulatory proposals, reporting on agency activities, and preparing the national budget.
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When Dwight Eisenhower sent federal troops into Little Rock High School in 1957, it demonstrated that
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the president may make unilateral use of the emergency powers to protect states against domestic disorder.
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In United States v. Nixon, the Supreme Court
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required Nixon to turn over secret tapes to Congress.
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The power to declare war is given to ______ under the Constitution.
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both houses of Congress
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The turning point in American politics toward a president-centered government came about during the administration of
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Franklin Roosevelt.
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The Environmental Protection Agency was created in 1970 by
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an executive order.
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When are the president's partisan ties most important?
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in dealing with Congress on legislative matter
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In undertaking the campaign against the Taliban in 2001, George W. Bush
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sought and received congressional authorization for the bombing but not a declaration of war.
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The president's expressed powers include all of the following except
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partisan
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What is the primary constitutional task of the vice president, besides succeeding the president in case of death, resignation, or incapacitation?
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to cast tie-breaking votes in the Senate
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The rise of the national convention was important because it
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gave the presidency a mass popular base that would eventually support and demand increased presidential power.
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Which president began the era of greater presidential control over the budgeting process?
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Franklin Roosevelt
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The ______ asserted that the president could send American troops into action abroad only in the event of a declaration of war or other statutory authorization by Congress, or if American troops were attacked or directly endangered
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War Powers Resolution of 1973
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Executive privilege refers to
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the claim that confidential communications between a president and close advisers should not be revealed without the consent of the president.
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Which of the following statements about congressional oversight of the bureaucracy is most accurate?
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While the number of oversight hearings has increased over time as the bureaucracy has expanded, the extent of oversight does depend somewhat on which party controls the White House.
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Which of the following statements best describes the trend in government secrecy since 2001?
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The number of classified documents has increased substantially since 2001 while the pages of material that have been declassified has declined sharply.
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The USA PATRIOT Act
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allows the attorney general to detain any foreigner suspected of posing a threat to internal security.
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Public bureaucracies are powerful because
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legislatures, chief executives, and the people delegate vast power to them to make sure a particular job is done
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At its peak in ______, the federal bureaucracy had ______ employees, not including military personnel
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1968; 3 million
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What was the chief bureaucratic flaw identified by the 9/11 Commission?
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There was a lack of communication between the domestic and foreign security agencies.
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Which of the following is the best description of an iron triangle?
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the stable relationship between a bureaucratic agency, a clientele group, and a legislative committee
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Which of the following is not a federal department entrusted with providing national security?
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Police
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Individual members of Congress can discover questions of public responsibility when engaged in
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constituent case work.
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Which of the following is not a task of the Treasury Department?
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setting interest rates
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Devolution describes a process through which
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the federal government is downsized by delegating the implementation of programs to state and local governments
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The response to the Department of Homeland Security's color-coded terror-level warning system reveals
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that bureaucratic agencies, like politicians, must pay attention to public opinion
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Making permanent cuts in existing agencies is often difficult because
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most agencies have a supportive constituency that will fight to reinstate any cuts that are made.
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The "virtual fourth branch of government" refers to
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government contracting
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According to the text, what would be the most likely outcome if the federal government were to cease all economic regulation?
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The marketplace would fall into chaos
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The most significant example of devolution in recent decades has been in the area of
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welfare policy
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The ______ is the center of military policy and management
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Joint Chiefs of Staff
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What is an independent agency?
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an agency that is not part of any Cabinet department
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Which statement about regulatory agencies is correct?
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No new regulatory programs have been established since the 1970s.
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The head of a department is called the
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secretary
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The concept of oversight refers to the effort made by
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Congress to make executive agencies accountable for their actions
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Congress was attempting to strike a balance between the need for secrecy in national security and the right of individuals to know what their government is doing when it passed the ______ Act.
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Freedom of Information
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Ronald Reagan's inability to dismantle the Department of Education reflects the power of
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iron triangles
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In order to change the level of national economic activity and defend the value of the dollar in international trade, the federal government
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manipulates interest rates
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The Freedom of Information Act is designed to
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make more national security documents available to the public.
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Which of the following is an agency created by Congress to assist it in overseeing the federal bureaucracy?
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General Accounting Office
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Bureaucracy, literally translated, means
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rule by offices and desks.
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Which of the following is not part of the Justice Department?
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the Internal Revenue Service
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The first regulatory agencies established by Congress were
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independent regulatory commissions.
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The Constitution
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is almost completely silent on the rules regarding how political parties must go about selecting a candidate to run for any elective office.
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How many party systems has the United States had since 1789?
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6
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The "Era of Good Feelings" was
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the period of one-party politics from the collapse of the Federalist Party until the 1830s.
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A "safe district" is
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a district where a majority of voters identify with their member of Congress's party.
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Third-party candidates are better off under what system of election?
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proportional representation
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Party activists are ______ to contribute time, energy, and effort to party affairs and ______ to hold more extreme views than the party's rank-and-file voters
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more likely; more likely
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What were the most common favors political bosses distributed to loyal party members during the era of political machines?
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jobs
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During the 1980s, under the leadership of Ronald Reagan, which two groups did the Republican Party add to their coalition?
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religious conservatives and working-class whites
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An individual's psychological attachment to one party or another is called a party
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identification
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Which of the following parties originated from internal mobilization?
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Jeffersonian party
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Third parties in the United States typically represent
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social and economic interests that are disregarded by the two major parties for certain reasons.
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Who elects the chairperson for the Republican and Democratic national committees?
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the president if the party controls the White House, or the party committee if the party does not control the White House
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The New Deal coalition was severely strained and ultimately broken apart by
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the Vietnam War and the issue of civil rights
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Which system develops when the winner of an electoral race obtains more votes than any other candidate?
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the plurality system
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Issues such as the environment, health care, retirement benefits, and taxation are on the political agenda in the United States because
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contemporary political parties mainly compete for the support of middle-class Americans and these issues are important to the middle class.
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One important cause of the United States' two-party system is
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single-member electoral districts
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Which of the following statements about contemporary American politics is most accurate?
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While political elites are highly polarized, most Americans are moderates in terms of public opinion.
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The first party system was characterized by conflict between the ______ and the ______.
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Federalists; Jeffersonian Republicans
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During the nineteenth century, party machines depended heavily on ______ in order to reward loyal party supporters.
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patronage
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Which of the following is not accomplished at a party's national convention?
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nomination of Senate and House candidates
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Which of the following is the best definition of soft money?
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money contributed directly to political parties and other organizations for political activities that are not regulated by federal campaign spending laws
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Political scientists disagree over whether an electoral realignment occurred in 1968 because
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no one party clearly dominated the national government after the election
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From 1896 to 1932, the ______ Party was the nation's majority party.
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Republican
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Which of the following transpires when one party controls the presidency while another party controls one or both houses of Congress?
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a divided government
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A party's platform is best understood as a
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negotiated agreement between the party's various factions.
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The Populist Party appeals to which of the following groups?
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Western mining interests, small farmers, and urban workers
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______ are nonprofit independent groups that receive and distribute funds to influence the nomination, election, and defeat of a candidate.
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527 Committees
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Which famous American, in his farewell address, encouraged his fellow citizens to shun partisan politics?
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George Washington
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What issue led to the demise of the Whig Party?
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slavery
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State ballot access laws, such as registration fees and petition requirements, have the effect of
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reducing the number of third-party and independent candidates who can run for office.
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House members requirements
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25 years old, 7 yrs citizenship (Must be a resident in residing state)
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Senate members requirements
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30 years old, 9 yrs citizenship (Must be a resident in residing state)
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Occupation of Members of Congress
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Atypical occupations; Overrepresent law and business; Underrepresent labor.
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Religion of Members of Congress
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All major religions are represented, however, most tend to be Protestant
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Education of Members of Congress
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Highly educated, over 90% have advanced degrees
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Income of Members of Congress
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above average
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House members average age
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51
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Senate members average age
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58
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The Congress is bicameral meaning...
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has 2 legislative houses or chambers, the House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate
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House has how many members elected from single member districts?
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435
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Senate has how many members?
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100
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How many members of senate are designated to each state?
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2 per state
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House is elected every...
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2 years
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Which chamber of congress is thought to be "closer to the people"?
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The House
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Members of House are distributed based on...
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population
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Members of Senate are elected by...
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state-wide constituencies for six year terms in staggered elections
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One-third Members of_____ are elected every two years.
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Senate
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Senate Representation is based on States..
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States, so Delaware has as many Senators as Texas
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Senate has Popularly been elected since 1913 because of ..
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17th Amendment
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Lawmaking in the U.S. requires the action of both..
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chambers and the President
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The U.S. system embodies...
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the separation of powers and the system of checks and balances
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Sole legislative power is vested in the ...
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the U.S. Congress, consisting of a House and a Senate
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According to the Constitution, members of Congress are required to meet how many times a year?
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once a year
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Protected speech provisions ...
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cannot be questioned about debates off the floor of Congress.
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Members of Congress ...
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Set their own salaries (27th Amendment)
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Duties and Powers of Congress are listed in which Article ?
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ONE
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Taxing..[Duties and powers of Congress]
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(shall originate in the House)
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Revenue provision.. [Duties and powers of Congress]
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(power of the purse)
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Power over Courts and the President...[Duties and powers of Congress]
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[Duties and powers of Congress]
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Override presidential vetoes...[Duties and powers of Congress]
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[Duties and powers of Congress]
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Power of impeachment...[Duties and powers of Congress]
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(House)
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impeachment trials....[Duties and powers of Congress]
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(Senate)
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The basic organization in Congress...
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a committee
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Committees tie..
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the Congress to the people and their interests
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Committees affect..
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- Election prospects: serves reelection motives - The fortune of the parties (Democrats and Republicans) - Flow of information among members and between members and the public - Flow of benefits - Flow of legislation in the respective houses
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Why are committees the center of Congress?
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- This is where work is accomplished - Convey information about issues, legislation, agendas, etc. - Create opportunities for advocacy, position-taking, credit-claiming, etc. - Serve as forum for distributional debates: Who gets what? -These are forums for agenda setting
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House has how many standing committees?
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20
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House has how many select committees?
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2
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House has how many subcommittees?
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90+
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Senate has how many standing committees?
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17
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Senate has how many select committees
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4
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Senate has how many subcommittees
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70+
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There are how many joint, House-Senate committees
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4(J)
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Which chamber stays in session the most?
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Senate
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Institutionalization
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The process by which rules, and structures takes shape and are incorporated into the existing practices of a governmental body or other existing institution
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What are the major parts of institutionalization?
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-Size of staff -Workload -Leadership -Norm
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Why does congress have rules?
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Organize the flow of business on the floor — to get things done • Rules divide the workflow of legislating and doing the publics' business • Protect majority and minority rights in the legislature
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Senate norms
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- Apprenticeship • Concentrate on Senate rather than publicity • Specialize in relevant issues to constituents and committees • Act courteously toward colleagues • Extend reciprocity to colleagues • Defend Senate, loyally
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House Norms
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• Build friendships • Important work is done in committees • Procedural rules are essential and should be preserved • Members should not criticize each other on the floor • Members should be willing to trade votes • Members should specialize in committee or policy areas • Freshmen should serve apprenticeship
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Why not the "Textbook Congress?"
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• Bill proposals and ideas come from multiple sources • Writing laws is complex • Bill referrals and scheduling are strategic • Floor debates are complex and governed by rules • Conference committees and interchamber bargaining • President has a role throughout the process
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Textbook View
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- Bill is introduced in a chamber of Congress • Presiding officer of the chamber refers the bill to committee(s) • Committee(s) holds hearings, marks up, and reports a bill back to the floor • Floor debates and passes the legislation • Legislation is sent to the other chamber where this process is repeated • Once the legislation passes both chambers, it is sent to a conference committee to iron out any differences in the legislation passed by each chamber. Or the chambers pass one version. • Both chambers approve the same piece of legislation and it is sent to the president for approval
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House Rule X
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sets out the jurisdiction of the committees and the precedents for referrals.
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Union Calendar {House}
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bills that raise or spend money
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House Calendar {House}
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all other major legislation
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Private Calendar is a type of {House}
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House calendar
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Corrections Calendar{House}
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2nd and 4th Tuesdays of each month
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Senate Rules are more so..
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Informal
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Calendar of Business
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Senate Calendar
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• Executive calendar (for treaties, nominations)
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Senate Calendar
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Hold
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request by a Senator to be notified when a piece of legislation or an issue is to be considered. It is enforced by the threat of a filibuster.
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Filibuster
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threat or the eventuality where a member fails to yield the floor and engages in continual debate
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Cloture
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Vote on ending in debate. Requires a 3/5 5 majority, unless on a rule change, when a 2/3 is required
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Committees are...
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Bipartisan
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2/3 of all votes in a given year could be called _____ votes.
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Party:
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Ideology
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members harbor ideological positions. 90% of all roll calls can be explained by a division based on race and economic politics.
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President
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2/3 to 3/4 of presidential positions become law
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The president Must be a ________, at least ___ years old and a U.S. resident for __years
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natural born citizen, 35, 14
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President is limited to how many terms by the 25th Amendment
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2
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Impeachment of President
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House impeaches; Senate convicts with a 2/3 majority vote
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Succession is in the 25th Amendment. The "succession amendment" resulted from ____ presidency
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FDR's presidency
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Who can declare war?
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Only Congress
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Presidents duties?
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-Commander in chief -legislator -executive -chief diplomat/head of state
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Formal Powers
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(based explicitly on Constitution)
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Informal Powers
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(based on Constitution, congressional action, history)
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President can take one of 4 actions on any bill:
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- Sign bill — Bill becomes law • Refuse to sign bill — bill becomes law if Congress is in session for the next 10 days • Veto bill — Bill is returned to the originating house with explanation. Bill does not become law, but can be made law by a 2/3 majority in each house • Pocket veto — Bill does not become law. Congress cannot override the veto but can attempt to pass the bill in the next session
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EOP includes
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the White House Office (WHO) and 10 other offices
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Invisible Primary:
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From the last election to the start of the Iowa caucus
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Primaries and Caucuses:
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Select delegates for he party national conventions. This is how the party nominee is chosen.
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General Election
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nominees run to win electoral college votes state-by-state.
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In an Invisible Primary
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- Candidates have to build support and momentum • Need to raise money to show credibility • Have to build a campaign organization across the country to win delegates for the nomination • Stake out policy positions and win the support of key party groups
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Caucuses:
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Meetings of local party supporters to select state delegates who then select delegates for the national party convention. Delegates are pledged to vote for a particular candidate.
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Primaries
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Open or closed elections to select delegates to national conventions.
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Primaries and Caucuses are...
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These are the means used to select delegates for the GOP and Democratic conventions
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Bureaucracy
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-Organization and officials charged with planning and implementing policy. -Officials (often unelected) employed by government to provide policy services, government functions and public goods.
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Who can remove officials?
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The president
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Bureaucratization
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Rotation in office and the spoils system, which were intended to democratize the administration, led instead to this
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Pendleton Act
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-Provides the basis of the modern civil service even though it put only 10 percent of federal jobs under the merit system. • Authorize the president to extend coverage by executive order — presidents did so for purely political reasons • When presidents left office, they extended civil service protections to those that they had appointed
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Clientele Agencies
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the new departments was established to serve the particular clientele indicated by its title
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Non-Cabinet Agencies
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- Independent Executive Agencies: report to President (CIA) • Independent Regulatory Agencies: do not report to President (FCC, FEC, SEC) • Government Corporations: TVA, USPS, Amtrak
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Presidential appointments require..
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Senate approval
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The president's primary control instrument is...
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the Office of Management and Budget
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The Office of Management and Budget
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Oversees agency budgets and rule making and assembles the annual budget for all government agencies that the president is required to submit annually to Congress
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Are created by Congress, funded by Congress and staffed by people appointed by Presidents
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Bureaucrats
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Bureaucrats are...
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Political Actors
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What are the 2 different models of oversight for Committees?
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• Police Patrols: Active pursuit of bureaucratic waste and oversight • (Used More) Fire Alarms: Waiting for problems in policy making and implementation to arise and then reacting
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Policy Systems
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Result of oversight process and congressional reelection motives is a symbiotic relationship.
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Bureaucrats most important political relationship is with
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Congress
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Iron triangles
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narrowly focused subgovernments controlling policy in their domains — not visible to the full Congress, the president, and the public at large
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issue networks
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"amorphous, ever-changing sets of politicians, lobbyists, academic and think-tank experts, and public interest entrepreneurs"
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Constitutional Basis for Courts
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Article III Section 1
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Constitution only creates which Court?
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The Supreme Court
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Courts are a primary example of...
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federalism
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The Supreme Court and lower courts as well as state courts exist to settle....
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cases or controversies
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Most Cases are in
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State Courts
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Original jurisdiction
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the power to hear a case for the first time
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Appellate jurisdiction
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the power to review a lower court's decision
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Civil case decisions are based on..
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standard is a "preponderance of the evidence"
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Appeals decisions are based on..
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based on the dispute and application of law
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TX judges are..
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Elected
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District courts:
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Hear federal criminal and civil cases
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Specialized Federal Courts:
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congressional or legislative courts: • Tax Court • Patent Court • Military Courts
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Appellate Courts
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appeals from lower courts, federal agency rulings
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Supreme Court:
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appeals from state Supreme Courts and federal appellate courts
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Twelve circuits
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federal judicial districts PLUS a federal circuit that grants appeals from specialized federal courts
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Supreme Court Jurisdiction
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-Mainly hears appeals • Has original jurisdiction on a small set of items: • Cases involving foreign ambassadors or diplomats • Cases with a state as a party: example — the Ellis Island dispute • Congress cannot expand the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court (Marbury v. Madison 1803)
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Determination of the jurisdiction of appellate courts is done by either...
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statute or discretion
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In the Supreme Court...
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Four out of nine judges need to grant cert to review a case
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SCOTUS
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• Left: Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, Kagan • Center: Kennedy • Right: Roberts (Chief Justice), Alito, Scalia, Thomas
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What are thresholds for SCOTUS?
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- MUST BE A TRUE CASE OF CONTROVERSY. The court gets to choose its own jurisdiction. This is the idea of justiciability or whether a case is nonjusticable. (Political questions doctrine) • ADVERSENESS: the case must have opposing interests on each side • The case cannot be about ADVISORY OPINIONS. The Court can only offer a judgment about the existence of rights when it is presented with a situation or clarification STANDING TO SUE: Parties to a suit must show standing: "a legally protected interest, an injury that is real rather than abstract and hypothetical." (Fisher, 100). Congress may determine part of the Court's jurisdiction via rules of standing • MOOTNESS: the case cannot be moot. The results of the case must have an actual effect. • RIPENESS: the matter has to be ready to be decided cannot be brought too early. The parties to the case must show that they have looked to other venues for resolution.
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Marbury v. Madison
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• Marbury emerges as a matter of political dispute • Marbury had been appointed Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia by President John Adams but whose commission was not subsequently delivered • Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to force the new Secretary of State James Madison to deliver the documents • Marbury sues to get his commission which had been held up by Jefferson and Madison *While on the surface it appeared that Jefferson and his party had won, Marshall had opened the door to power for the Court in the form of judicial review
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what are the 3 "issue eras"
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-Nation vs. state authority • Government regulation of the economy • Civil Rights and liberties
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Nation V. State
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Under Marshall, the Court favored national authority when it conflicted with states' rights
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Burke (18th century):
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A body of men united forpromoting by their joint endeavors the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed
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Downs (20th century):
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A team of men seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duty constituted election
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Party Organization
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Dedicated to electing the party's candidates
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Party in Government
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An alliance of current officeholders cooperating to shape public policy
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Party in the Electorate
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Composed of those voters who identify with the party and regularly vote for its nominees
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Our system of elections, where only a single winner is chosen by..
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plurality vote
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An alternative to the American system is one based on..
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proportional representation
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First Party System (1790-1824)
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• Creation of national parties in government
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Second Party System (1824-1860)
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Basic party organizational structures set
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• Third Party System (1860-1894)
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• Republican party and the rise of party machines
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• Fourth Party System (1894-1932)
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• Fall of party machines
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• Fifth Party System (1932-?)
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• New Deal coalition
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• Sixth Party System (c. 1950s-1960s?)
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• Southern realignment and the rise of polarization
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Hamilton Faction was a..
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(Federalists)
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Jefferson and Madison Faction
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(Anti-Federalists, Democratic-Republicans)
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Dealignment
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Reduction in party identifiers into 1980s but increase in party identifiers since then
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