Geology Test Review – Flashcards
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Pangea broke up at the end of which era?
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the mesozoic era
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Marble and quartzite are in which rock category?
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Metamorphic
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Which rocks indicate high grade(temp) or low grade (temp) metamorphism?
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index minerals. Slate to Schist to Gneiss
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Jovian planets are mostly made of what?
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Hydrogen and helium and ammonia
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Which is a ferromagnesian(dark) mineral
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Amphiboles,pyroxenes,olivines,garnet,biortie
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For a normal fault, the hanging wall moves in which way?
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Downward.
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The vast majority of rock forming minerals are silicate or nonsilicates?
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Silicates
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The person who first understood that unconformities meant large time gaps is?
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James Hutton
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Shear forces can produce what kind of faults?
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strike slip
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The earths inner core is made of what?
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NIckle and Iron and cobalt, pure metals
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The slowest seismic waves are?
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L waves
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A potentially good oil source rock is?
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Shale
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Folded rocks are produced by what forces?
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compression
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Small (fine) texture (crystals) in an igneous rock suggest?
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fast cooling. Aphanitic
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Sandstone is composed of whatt mineral?>
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Quartz and feldspar
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All silicate minerals contain which elements?
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Silicon and oxygen
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A type of chemical bond that shares electrons is called?
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covalent
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JD Rockefeller made his early fortune selling?
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Kersosene
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The earth is thought by geologist to be about how old?
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4.5 billion years old
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How are granite and rhyolie similar.. or different?
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Granites intrusive and rhyolites extrusive Both felsic and igneous
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A water table is associated with?
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Groundwater
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The hawaiian island are what kind of volcanoes?
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shield volcanoes
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The atlantic is apporximately how old?
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50 million years old
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Slate comes from what original rock?
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shale, mudstone siltstone
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Diogenesis would be most associated with which rock group?
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sedimentary
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Metamorphism may result from temperature and what?
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Pressure
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The vertical drop (slope) of a stream channel over a distance is called?
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Gradient
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Transgression has which rock type on top?
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limestone
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At a bend in a meandering stream, erosian occurs mostly where?
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Cut-bank/outside
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An anticline has rock beds that dip which way?
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away from center
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the geologic era we live in is known as the?
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cenezoic era
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The barnett shale is porous or permeable?
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Porous
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What feature is created when two lateral moraines join?
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Medial Moraine
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According to "plate tectonics" the pacific ocean is getting larger or smaller?
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smaller
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Transform faults are associated with?
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stike slip on a ridge. san andreas fault
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What is true about P waves?
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push waves, fastest, travel through liquids and solids, first to occur, body waves
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Where is rock material being destroyed back into the mantle?
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Trenches and subduction zones.
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The earths outer core is made of what?
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a liquid molten core of nickle and iron
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Strike slip faults exhibit what kind of movement?
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Horizontal and side swiping
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Oceanic crust is mostly made of?
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basalt
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A laser and mirror system on the moon is being used to measure what?
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the break up of africa from europe earth moon distance
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Ocean-Continent collision is occuring where?
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The andes mountains, west coast, Cali, San Andreas Rivera and cocas plates
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Radioactive elements with extra neutrons are called?
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isotopes
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oxidation and leaching are examples of?
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chemical weathering
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The hawaiian islands are moving towards?
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The alleutian trench
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What are the characteristics or properties of a mineral?
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Naturally occuring, non organtic, definate chemical composition, solid crystalline structure
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The last "global cooling" and glaciation occured when?
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20,000 years ago
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Magnetic reversals were first observed where?
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In Japan
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Ocean-ocean plate collision is occuring where?
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Japan, trenches, the alleutian
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The oceanic ridge system is the major site of what?
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underwater volcanoes in atlantic ocean
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Coal beings to be formed in which enviorments?
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Swampy enviorments
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What did the "allies" get at the end of WWII at Yalta?
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middle east
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Travertine and geyserite are associated with?
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Geysers
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Madame Curie contributed greatly to the understanding of?
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Radioactivity and dating
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If a rock layer dips 15 degrees to the east.. its strike is?
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north south
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The most probable cause or explanation of plate tectonic motion is?
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convection cells, heat boiling up
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earthquakes are responsible for?
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tsunamis
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An example of a clastic sedimentary rock is?
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conglomerate, breccia, sandstone and shale
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The most abundant minerals that make up the earths mantle are?
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silicate minerals that are enriched in iron and magnesium
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Gabbro is what kind of rock?
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intrusive mafic igneous rock
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Which feature is most associated with a confied aquifer?
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recharge area or aquatard
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Which is associated with physical weathering of rocks?
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wind, water, and striations
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The moon is thought to have been created by what process?
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Collision history
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The seven sisters are what king of companies?
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Oil companies
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Los Angelas is moving in what direction?
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northwest
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Pangea began to break up approximately how many years ago?
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180 or 200 million years ago
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P waves from earthquakes
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Primary waves- "push-pull" waves first to be recorded, smallest, travels through liquids and solids
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The subsurface location of an earthquake is known as the?
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Focus
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Active centers of earthqueake activity are located at?
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epicenter faults
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Old faithful is associated with what kind of events?
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geysers and groundwater. underwater that gets heated
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The densest (heaviest) part of the earths interior is probably the?
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core
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What was used as evidence for contiental drift by wegner?
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The continental jigsaw puzzle, fossil match across seas, Rock types and geologic features, Ancient climates
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The Hawaiian Islands form at a?
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Hot spot
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Which mountain range is thought to be due to contient-continent collision?
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The himalayas and appalations
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Which continent listed below is currently breaking up like pangaea?
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Africa in the Great Rift Valley
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Which ocean is the youngest (most recently formed)?
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The Atlantic ocean
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Which body of water listed below is expanding in size?
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Atlantic
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Tums and Rolaids are manufactured from which mineral or rock>?
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Aragonite, talk, chalk
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The radius of the earth (distance to the center) is approximately how many miles?
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3,959 = 4,000
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If erosian levels off (erodes) a dome (anticline), one would find what age rocks?
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Older rocks toward middle
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If the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall, the fault is a ?
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reverse fault
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If a rock unit dips 5 degrees to the north, its strike is?
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east west
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The San andreas is what type of fault?
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transform fault or right lateral strike slip fault
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Abudand fossil evidence began to appear about how long ago?
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600 million years ago
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Diaosaurs roamed the earth dring what geologic time era?
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mesozoic era
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Which technique was first used to detect the mid ocean ridge system?
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echo sounders, sonar
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What two factors help insure a good groundwater aquifer?
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recharge area and aquatard
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Bowen contributed greatly to understanding of what?
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sequence of which mineral crystallize from a magma bowen reaction series
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Half life is associated with which minerals?
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radioactive
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How many seismic stations are required to locate an epicenter?
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3
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Which type of steam is not in equilibrium with sediment and water flow?
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braided steams
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Which seismic waves do no travel through liquids?
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S waves
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Slate indicates a high or lower metamorphism than schist?
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lower
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The longest continupus mountain system found on the earth is where?
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mid atlantic ridge
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Texaco and Gulf oil companies formed from wells drilled near what city in texas?
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beaumont
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What "cartel" was formed mostly of middle east countries?
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OPEC
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Which country slammed into asia to form the himalayans?
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India
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The west side of the Pacific ocean is dominated by?
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giant valleys called trenches (ring of fire)
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Eventually hawaii will end up where?
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alleutian treanch
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Iceball or snowball earth occured during what geologic time period?
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paleozoic
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At a bend in a meandering steam, eroison occurs mostly?
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at a cutbank, on the outside
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What feature is created when two lateral moraines join?
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Medial Moraine
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A potentially good groundwater reservoir rock (aquifer) is?
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clay - 50% permabiblity sand, gravel
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A water table is most associated with?
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unconfined aquifers
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Aretes, horns and moraines are associated with?
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Glaciers
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The earths mantle is mostly made of what kind of minerals?
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olivine, pyroxine, and silicate materials enriched in iron and magnesium
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A gentle shallow coastline with barrier bars is on which u.s. coast?
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EAST COAST
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The veritcal drop (slope) of a steam channel over a distance is called?
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Gradient
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The energy for the hydrologic cycle comes from?
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THe SUN
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What forces produce reverse faults?
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Compression
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To be a good source for groundwater, a rock must posses both?
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porosity and permability
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what forces produce normal faults?
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tension
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unconformities in the rock record represent what?
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a gap in the geologic record
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The person most responsible for determining the properties of radiation/half-life is?
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ernest rutherford Madame curie
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The alps with a lot of folded rocks are probably dominated by which type of faults?
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reverse faults
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Which type of faults probably dominate the area around Las Vegas in the rockies?
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Normal faults
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How do geologist measure the orientation of tock layers?
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strike and dip
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What foces produce stike slip faults>
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Shear forces
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Most of our fresh water is found where?
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glaciers
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When glaciers form and grow, the global ocean level goes?
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Down
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What kind of fault is produced when the hanging wall moves up the fault plane?
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Reverse fault
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Dinosaurs really flourished on the earth during which time era?
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mesozoic
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Which type of stream is in equilibrium with sediment eroison and water flow?
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meandering
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Large oil deposits are often found in anticines or synclines?
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anticline
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The san andreas fault is what kind of fault?
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Right lateral strike slip fault or transform fault
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For anticlines, the rock layers dip?
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away from the center
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Also, for anticlines what rocks are in the middle?
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oldest
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For synclines, the rock layers dip in what direction?
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towards the center
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Which terms are associated with folds?
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anticlines, synclines, domes and basins, and monoclines
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How many Pleistocene glacial advances can we document?
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4
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Synclines always have rocks that dip which way?
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towards the center
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Which radiation is used to detect the radioactive decay from uranium?
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gamma rays
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Abundant fossil evidence starts to appear in the rock record about?
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600 million years ago
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many species died at the end of the paleozic era due to?
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meteroites or ice age
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What would the strike be for a rock dippng 20 degrees to the north?
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west to east
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Half life is a measure of the decay of uranium to produce which element?
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lead
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Where is the largest mass of ice on earth currently located?
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Antartica
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isotopes have varying numbers of?
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neutrons
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Which is the oldest geologic era?
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PreCambrian
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A water table is associated with confined or unconfined aquifers?
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unconfined
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The geological era meaning "recent Life" is?
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cenozoic
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Anticlines and synclines are produced by what kind of forces?
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Compressional
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What is associated with glaciation?
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Plate tectonics, variations in earths orbit, variations in composition of atmosphere, changes in the refelctivity of earths surface, ocean circulation, and ocean currents
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Rock layer continuity, similar lithologies, cross cutting fossils are used for?
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Ageing rocks
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On the San Andreas fault, Los angeles is moving to the?
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North west
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In the oil business the 7 sisters are?
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R.D shell, BP, Texaco, gulf, chevron, mobil
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The great lakes were formed from?
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Glaciers
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Which state is a giant geological basin (syncline)?
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Michigan
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Which of these is associated with dip slip faults?
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Reverse faults, normal faults, detachment faults, thrust faults
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Texture size and minerals is associated with naming which rocks?
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sedimentary
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Meteroites are thought to have their orgin from where?
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Asteroids
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The moons interior is solid or liquid?
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solid
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As magma undergoes quick cooling, the size of the crystals that form is?
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Smaller
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The position of an element on the periodic table is determined by the?
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protons
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about how many minerals are found on the earth?
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4,000
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A sedimentary sequence of sandstone over shale over limeston indicates?
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regression
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Which is the most likely orgin for coal?
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Swamps
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A rock showing slow cooling exhibits what kind of texture?
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Large crystals, intrusive, phaneritic
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Changes due to temp, pressure and fluids are associated with which rock group?
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metamorphic
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What evidence might geologist use to know an ocean was present in Fort Worth?
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oil under us
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Which sedimentary rock contain mostly calcite?
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limestone
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The higest form of hardened coal is?
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Anthracite
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Howard Hughes Sr. invented what?
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Rotarty bit
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The barnett shale produces gas because it is rich in what?
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Methane
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The chart of mineral crystallization sequence from a magma was constucted by?
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Bowen
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Which kind of soils are most likely found in Utah?
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Pedocals
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What is a metamorphic rocks index minerals?
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Slate, phyllite, schist and gneiss
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Igneous rocks are classified (named) primarily on the basis of?
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the size of cystals, extrusive and intrusive
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The early geologist who said, "present is the key to the past" was?
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James Hutton
