question

1. The outer core of the earth is solid, and the inner core is liquid (true,false)

answer

false

question

2. The core of the earth is thought to be composed mostly of

answer

iron

question

3. The earth's mantle is composed mostly of

answer

olivine

question

4. The composition of the earth's mantle is closest to

answer

(Mg,Fe)2SiO4

question

5. The weight percentage of iron in the whole earth is greater than its percentage in the earth's crust(true,false)

answer

true

question

6. The oceanic crust is denser than the continental crust because it richer in iron(true,false)

answer

true

question

7. The average thickness of the earth's oceanic crust is closest to

answer

10 km

question

8. The name of the meteoritic rock type that is thought to represent the composition of the earliest, most primitive whole earth is

answer

chondrite

question

9. Among the types of chemical bonds, which produces the strongest bond?

answer

covalent

question

10. Among the types of chemical bonds, which one produces compounds that are soluble in water?

answer

ionic

question

11. Which of the following conditions is not a necessary part of my definition of a mineral?

answer

inorganic

question

12. The word that best describes how minerals grow is

answer

accretion

question

13. Which mineral group is most abundant in the earth's crust?

answer

feldspar

question

14. The longer the length of a chemical bond, the weaker that bond is(true,false)

answer

true

question

15. The brittle region of crust and upper mantle that surrounds the earth is called the

answer

lithosphere

question

16. Crystals tend to grow fastest at their

answer

corners

question

17. The temperature at the earth's center is actually higher than that predicted by the crustal geothermal gradient(true,false)

answer

true

question

18. The average geothermal gradient through the earth's crust is

answer

20C/km

question

19. The average geobaric gradient through the earth's crust is

answer

333bar/km

question

20. The smallest portion of a mineral that contains all of the chemical and structural information needed to reproduce the mineral in three dimensions is referred to as

answer

unit cell

question

21. Is the following relative hardness among these minerals correct

answer

calcite < fluorite < corundum?:yes

question

22. The weak and ductile region in the mantle is called the

answer

asthenosphere

question

23. The amphiboles and micas are different from most other rock-forming minerals because they contain

answer

H2O

question

24. The process that is thought to be closely linked with the movements of the lithospheric plates is

answer

convection in the mantle

question

25. Other than silicon (Si), what three cations (positively charged ions) comprise the pyroxenes?

answer

Ca, Fe, and Mg

question

26. Anorthite, albite, and orthoclase belong to what mineral family?

answer

Silicate

question

27. The composition of albite is expressed as

answer

NaAlSi3O8

question

28. How (by what method) is the crystalline structure of minerals determined?

answer

x-ray diffraction

question

29. On the basis of total volume of rock, where is most of the earth's heat generated?

answer

Mantle

question

30. According to the estimate cited in class, approximately how much of the earth's heat output is primordial; that is, is left over from the earliest stages of the earth's formation?

answer

20%

question

31. In crystalline materials, most of the unsatisfied electrical charge is concentrated at

answer

corners

question

32. Minerals of a group share the same general chemical formula and the same crystal structure(true,false)

answer

true

question

33. Calcite is the principal mineral in what rock type?

answer

limestone

question

34. Mineral species are represented by a unique chemical formula because they usually occur as pure, end-members that match that formula quite well(true,false)

answer

false

question

35. In mineralogy, a measure of the tendency of a mineral to hold together when struck with a blow or stressed by pressure is

answer

tenacity

question

36. The lithosphere of the earth includes

answer

crust and mantle

question

37. When bonded atoms are pushed closer than their normal bond distance, then they begin to repel one another because of

answer

the charge of their protons

question

38. The elements carbon (C) and silicon (Si) possess similar chemical properties because

answer

they lie in the same column of the periodic table

question

39. As far as you know at this point, the mean (average) density of the earth's lithosphere is lower than the mean (average) density of the asthenosphere(true,false)

answer

true

question

40. Diamond and graphite are as different as two minerals can be. The difference in their physical properties stems from their very different

answer

crystal structures

question

41. A substance is classified as metamict if

answer

its crystal structure has been destroyed by ionizing radiation

question

42. The type of tectonic boundary where one piece of lithosphere goes down beneath another is called

answer

a subduction zone

question

43. The special type of linear valley that develops at the center of a divergent plate boundary is called

answer

a rift

question

44. Which type of tectonic boundary offsets segments of the oceanic ridges, resulting in a zig-zag, or stitch-like pattern of the oceanic ridges segments?

answer

a transform

question

45. The highest mountain belts in the world are created by

answer

continental collision

question

46. The average geobaric gradient of the earth (rate of increase in pressure with depth) is greater than the geobaric gradient in the earth's crust(true,false)

answer

true

question

47. The thickest crust found on earth today lies beneath

answer

the Himalaya Mountains

question

1. H2O under high pressure lowers the melting temperature of most rocks(true,false)

answer

true

question

2. A dense cloud of hot ash and gases that descends rapidly down the slopes of some volcanoes is termed

answer

an ignimbrite

question

3. In general, the last mineral to disappear upon complete melting of a rock will be the first mineral to appear upon crystallization of that melt(true,false)

answer

true

question

4. Which of the following minerals is not normally present in granite?

answer

pyroxene

question

5. Which of the following minerals is not normally present in gabbro?

answer

quartz

question

6. The intrusive equivalent of an andesite is

answer

diorite

question

7. Among the rocks below, which one would be considered most mafic in composition?

answer

basalt

question

8. Among the rocks below, which one would be considered most sillceous in composition?

answer

rhyolite

question

9. The name of the rock type that constitutes most of the earth's mantle is

answer

peridotite

question

10. The process of igneous intrusion (upward ascent) by which a block of overlying rock that is surrounded by melt and subsequently sinks into the magma chamber is called

answer

stoping

question

11. Granite is more abundant that its volcanic equivalent because of what properties of granite-forming magmas?

answer

high silica, high viscosity

question

12. The viscosity of rhyolitic melt is higher than that of basaltic melt(true,false)

answer

true

question

13. In general, magmas of the composition of basalt erupt more violently and explosively than do those of andesite(true,false)

answer

false

question

14. The process most closely linked with the eruption of lava at the earth's surface is

answer

vesicultaion of gases or crystal settling

question

15. In general, rocks begin to melt at temperatures lower than the melting temperature of any individual mineral in the rock(true,false)

answer

true

question

16. In general, the compositions of natural melts are fairly close to the eutectics of the rocks from which they originate(true,false)

answer

true

question

17. The best definition of "eutectic" is

answer

the composition of melt at the solidus for a particular assemblage of minerals

question

18. Shield volcanoes form mostly from lavas of the composition of

answer

basalt

question

19. The classic shape of composite volcanoes, such as Mt. Fujiyama, is derived mostly from magmas of what composition?

answer

andesite

question

20. Magma that solidifies in vertical cracks and conduits forms igneous rocks that are referred to generally as

answer

dikes

question

21. Crystal settling is important for the separation of crystals and magma in what magma type?

answer

basaltic

question

22. In general, the more H2O that is dissolved in a magma, the higher its viscosity will be (all othercfactors of pressure, temperature, and melt composition as constants)(true,false)

answer

false

question

23. Magmas of very high viscosity are more likely to form

answer

plutonic rocks

question

24. At the initial instant of eruption of andesite volcanoes, the gases and particles are expanding at the rate of about twice the speed of sound(true,false)

answer

true

question

25. The first stage of eruption in a typical basalt volcano forms

answer

a cinder cone

question

26. The first stage of eruption in a typical andesite volcano forms

answer

a base-surge debris cloud

question

27. The melting temperature of continental crustal rocks crosses the geotherm at approximately what temperature and depth?

answer

800C, 30 km

question

28. The melting temperature of peridotite crosses the geotherm at approximately what temperature and depth?

answer

1800C, 100 km

question

29. An element is defined as incompatible if it is

answer

concentrated in melt over crystal

question

30. An element is defined as volatile if it is

answer

concentrated in vapor over crystal

question

31. During the process of fractional crystallization, incompatible elements are concentrated in

answer

melt

question

32. Among the elements or compounds below, which pair possesses the most compatible behavior?

answer

Fe and Mg

question

34. On the basis of equal volumes of rock, peridotite and continental crust can generate about the same proportion of granitic magma because the peridotite melts at higher temperature than the continental crust (true,false)

answer

false

question

1. This depositional environment is characterized by channel sands and broad, flat

answer

...

question

deposits of silt distributed laterally on either side of the channel sands

answer

fluvial planes and lowlands

question

2. This depositional environment is characterized by coarse gravels and economic deposits of dense minerals

answer

fluvial mountainous terranes

question

3. An economic deposit formed entirely by a sedimentary process is known as a(n)

answer

placer

question

4. This depositional environment is characterized by a mixture of abundant fine-sand, silt

answer

...

question

and the fossil shells of marine animals that thrive in shallow tidal areas

answer

lagoon

question

5. This depositional environment is composed almost entirely of the cemented remains of animal shells

answer

reef

question

6. This depositional environment is characterized by finely-laminated black clay, with layers of chert and occasional lenses of submarine debris flows

answer

deep marine

question

7. This depositional environment is characterized by well-sorted and well-rounded quartz

answer

...

question

sand

answer

beach

question

8. Submarine debris flows form a deposit known as a(n)

answer

turbidite

question

9. In a water suspension, clay minerals tend to be transported farther than quartz clasts of the same weight(true, false)

answer

true

question

10. In general, which of the following properties of ordinary silicate rock or mineral clasts is the most important factor affecting sediment sorting and transport in streams

answer

clast size

question

11. The density of average silicate rocks and minerals is closest to

answer

2.5-3.5gm/cc

question

12. The grain size of sediment deposited generally decreases as the topographic slope

answer

...

question

decreases (true,false)

answer

true

question

13. The volume of sediment deposited generally decreases as the topographic slope

answer

...

question

decreases (true,false)

answer

false

question

14. Which of the following minerals is a common sedimentary cement?

answer

mica

question

15. Which of the following minerals is a common sedimentary cement?

answer

iron oxide

question

16. In a marine delta, the contact between topset and foreset deposits is a useful indicator of

answer

former sea level elevation

question

17. In a marine delta, the topset deposits are finer-grained than the foreset deposits (true, false)

answer

true

question

18. In a marine delta, the topset deposits are fluvial, whereas the foreset deposits are

answer

...

question

marine (true, false)

answer

false

question

19. Salt diapirs originate from

answer

evaporites

question

20. The majority of sediment is deposited

answer

in marine environments

question

21. A sedimentary rock formed by the lithification of pebbles would be called

answer

conglomerate

question

22. Most stream sediment is deposited during periods of increasing flow velocity(true,false)

answer

false

question

23. A typical product of the weathering of feldspar is

answer

clay (kaolinite)

question

24. Chemical weathering occurs because most ordinary minerals are more soluble in neutral solutions than in acidic solutions (true,false)

answer

false

question

25. The volume change when water freezes to ice is close to

answer

+9%

question

26. Plants are important agents of

answer

both chemical and mechanical weathering

question

27. In the near-surface environment, water gets access to rock via a system of

answer

joints

question

28. Porosity is a measure of

answer

void space

question

29. Permeability is a measure of

answer

fluid flow

question

30. When unconsolidated sediment becomes lithified, porosity normally

answer

decreases

question

31. If the directional pressures applied to a rock body are such that PX > PY > PZ, then the stress on the rock would be measured by

answer

PX - Pz

question

32. The term "pressure solution" refers most closely to

answer

enhanced solubility of mineral grains at their points of contact

question

33. When pressure-solution operates, mineral material is

answer

dissolved in regions of high pressure and deposited in regions of low pressure

question

34. In their metamorphic cycle, most metamorphosed rocks record

answer

the peak metamorphic condition

question

35. Foliation in a metamorphic rock is most likely to be expressed by

answer

mica

question

Figure 1 is labeled with several regions of metamorphism (facies), each of which has a name. In Questions 36-40, associate the different metamorphic conditions with its correct facies name.

answer

...

question

36. The metamorphic facies A represents

answer

zeolite

question

37. The metamorphic facies B represents

answer

greenschist

question

38. The metamorphic facies C represents

answer

amphibolite

question

39. The metamorphic facies D represents

answer

eclogite

question

40. The metamorphic facies E represents

answer

blueschist

question

41. The protolith of amphibolite is

answer

basalt

question

42. The protolith of marble is

answer

limestone

question

43. The protolith of muscovite (mica) schist is

answer

shale

question

44. Which of the following minerals is NOT a common green constituent of greenschist?

answer

gamet

question

45. Hydrothermal metamorphism affects approximately what percentage of the oceanic

answer

...

question

crust?

answer

80%

question

46. In a typical magmatic-hydrothermal metal deposit

answer

copper and iron are deposited closest to the source of heat, gold and silver are

question

farthest from the source of heat

answer

...

question

47. During magmatic-hydrothermal contact metamorphism, initially anhydrous minerals are metamorphosed to hydrous minerals (true, false)

answer

true

question

48. During magmatic-hydrothermal contact metamorphism, elements that may eventually form ore deposits behave in what chemical fashion?

answer

incompatible

question

49. During prograde metamorphism, the water content of the metamorphic minerals

answer

...

question

generally increases with metamorphic grade (true, false)

answer

false

question

50. During the history of uplift for most metamorphic rocks, retrograde metamorphism does not occur to any appreciable extent (true, false)

answer

true

question

51. Figure 2 shows a block diagram of two

answer

...

question

metamorphic rocks of identical composition. Which

answer

...

question

arrow, A, or B, points in the direction of increasing

answer

...

question

metamorphic grade?

answer

A

question

52. A fracture that has been filled with quartz or calcite, and may sometimes include

answer

...

question

minerals like galena, sphalerite, and pyrite, is referred to as

answer

a vein

question

53. Ore deposits formed on the sea floor are referred to by what terms?

answer

black smoke and chimneys

question

54. Figure 3 shows two mica grains in different orientations with respect to directed

answer

...

question

pressures, whose magnitudes are shown by the lengths of arrows. If pressure solution occurs, then the likely result will be

answer

mica A will dissolve and mica B will grow

question

1. Which period is the oldest jurassic, silurian, permian, cretaceous?

answer

silurian

question

2. Which period is the youngest jurassic, silurian, permian, cretaceous?

answer

cretaceous

question

3. Which period is the Cenozoic jurassic, silurian, tertiary, devonian?

answer

tertiary

question

4. Which period is not in the Paleozoic carboniferous, silurian, triassic, devonian?

answer

Triassic

question

5. Which eon is the older proterozoic or archean?

answer

archean

question

6. The lower boundary of the Cambrian is now placed at

answer

542 Ma

question

7. The Chicxulub meteorite impact occurred approximately how long ago?

answer

65 Ma

question

8. Which era contains the "age of dinosaurs" proterozoic, mesozoic, paleozoic, cenozoic?

answer

mesozoic

question

The Figure 1 above shows a schematic geologic map.

answer

...

question

9. Which rock is younger, Sedimentary rock or Metamorphic Rock?

answer

gneiss

question

10. Which fault is younger?

answer

fault a

question

11. In the radioisotope system of 235U, the daughter isotope is

answer

207 Pb

question

12. In the radioisotope system of 40K, the daughter isotope is

answer

40 Ar

question

13. The mineral that is most commonly used to obtain dates based on the uranium-lead method is

answer

zircon

question

14. The mineral the is most commonly used to obtain dates based on the thorium-lead method is

answer

monazite

question

15. In radiometric dating, the "decay constant" is

answer

the time required for half of a large population of radioactive atoms to decay to their daughter products.

question

16. In the radioisotope system consisting of 87Rb, 87Sr, and 86Sr, 86Sr is the

answer

non-radiogenic isotope of the daughter product

question

17. In the radioisotope system consisting of 87Rb, 87Sr, and 86Sr, 87Sr is the

answer

radiogenic daughter isotope

question

18. Among the common radioactive isotope systems used for dating geologic events, the one with the shortest half-life is (40K-40Ar, 238U-206Pb, 87Rb-87Sr, 14C-14N)

answer

14C-14N

question

Figure 2 shows a typical plot of isotope ratios used to deduce the ages of rocks. Questions 19 - 23 pertain to this diagram.

answer

...

question

19. In Figure 2, the line defined by the points AED is termed

answer

the isochron

question

20. In Figure 2, the isotope ratios actually measured in the rocks (some long time after the rocks formed) are denoted by points

answer

C and D

question

21. In Figure 2, when the rocks in question were first formed, their initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio would have been represented by

answer

A

question

22. All of the radiogenic daughter isotope contained by the rocks in Figure 2 formed after the rocks crystallized (true, false)

answer

true

question

23. The slope of the line AED

answer

remains constant

question

24. The determination of radiometric ages relies on data from what type of instrument?

answer

mass spectronmeter

question

25. Figure 3 shows a vertical sedimentary sequence. This sequence would reflect

answer

a marine transgresssion

question

26. Erosional unconformities are most likely to form during periods of

answer

continental subsidence

question

27. The CO2 content of the Cretaceous atmosphere was high because of

answer

widespread volcanic eruptions

question

28. In the Cretaceous, tropical forests containing over 100 species of trees per acre extended north and south from equatorial regions almost to the Arctic and Antarctic circles (true, false)

answer

true

question

29. Which of the following attributes is not desirable in a good index fossil widely distributed across common geologic environments, short-lived in evolutionary time, narrowly restricted to very localized environments, distinctive visual markings?

answer

narrowly restricted to very localized environments

question

30. The principal use of a facies fossil lies in

answer

defining the environment in which the fossil once lived

question

31. The extinction of the dinosaurs occurred across what geologic period boundaries?

answer

cretaceous-tertiary

question

32. Animals with hard shells first appeared in abundance near the beginning of which period?

answer

cambrian

question

33. The shells of most marine animals (excluding planktonic radiolaria) were and still are composed of

answer

calcite or aragonite

question

34. Marine animals probably obtained the ability to precipitate shells because of a relatively sudden increase in the amount of what element in their environment?

answer

oxygen

question

35. The likely source of the element referred to in (34) above was

answer

photosynthesis by blue-green algae

question

36. Which of the following data sources is not found in the "clay layer" at the Cretaceous boundary?

answer

diamonds

question

37. The meteorite impact that is thought to have finally extinguished the dinosaurs (or at least hastened their departure) is located at

answer

Chicxulub, Yucatan, Mexico

question

38. In a normal fault, the rock on the upper side of the fault surface moves

answer

down

question

39. The tectonic regime or environment in which normal faults are prevalent occurs where

answer

lithospheric plates are under extension

question

40. The prevalent fault motions in subduction zones are

answer

reverse faults

question

41. The type of rock motion illustrated in Figure 4 (when viewed in cross section, not map view) that produces (apparent) folds in rocks is termed

answer

passive-slip

question

42. The type of rock motion illustrated in Figure 5 that produces folds in rocks is termed

answer

flexure-slip

question

43. Folds are usually developed in regions where rocks are undergoing

answer

compression

question

44. Earthquakes originate where rocks possess

answer

elastic properties

question

45. The energy associated with earthquakes is released during

answer

elastic rebound

question

46. The descriptions of damage and human perceptions that describe the intensity of an earthquake are measured by

answer

the modified Mercali scale

question

47. The measure of the total energy released during an earthquake is referenced to

answer

the Richter scale

question

48. The velocity of seismic waves (P or S) increases as the density of rocks

answer

increases

question

49. P-waves travel faster than S-wave (true, false)

answer

true

question

50 The mechanical deformation (change of shape or volume) of rock is a measure of

answer

strain

question

(1) What percentage of the earth's volume does the crust comprise (constitute)?

answer

2%

question

(2) What percentage of the earth's volume does the mantle comprise (constitute)?

answer

82%

question

(3) What percentage of the earth's volume does the core comprise (constitute)?

answer

16%

question

(4) Explain convection

answer

how does it work, and what materials and conditions are necessary for convection to operate?:Mostly vertical transfer of heat and mass caused by density instabilities resulting from hotter, less dense material beneath colder, more dense material. If the medium is fluid, then the density contrast will cause hotter, less dense material to rise, and colder, more dense material to sink in a gravitational field.

question

key concepts

answer

relations of density to temperature, mass transfer in a gravitational field, heat source from below, fluid (or plastic) medium is necessary.

question

(1) Which of the following formulas is a correct representation for the composition of olivine?

answer

(Mg,Fe)2SiO4

question

(2) What is approximate volumetric percentage of oxygen in olivine?

answer

86%

question

1. From the surface of the earth, the depth to the top (upper surface) of the core is closest to

answer

3000km

question

2. The lithosphere of the earth includes both crust and mantle (true,false)

answer

true

question

3. The process by which inanimate objects grow is best described as

answer

accretion

question

4. Which meteorite class is believed to represent the average composition of the whole earth?

answer

chondrite

question

5. On average, the crust beneath the ocean basins is thicker than the crust that

answer

...

question

comprises the continents (true, false)

answer

false

question

6. On average, the crust beneath the ocean basins is denser than the crust that

answer

...

question

comprises the continents (true, false)

answer

true

question

7. The principle method by which a substance is determined to be crystalline or

answer

...

question

amorphous is termed

answer

x-ray diffraction

question

8. Most of the mineral families are determined according to their

answer

anions

question

9. Most of the rock-forming minerals belong to which family?

answer

silicates

question

10. In general, the shorter the distance of separation between two chemically bonded atoms,

answer

the stronger the bond will be

question

1. In class, I gave you two pairs of terms that complement those below to describe the textures and emplacement of igneous rock-forming magmas. Complete the table with the four terms in question.(8 pts)(2 pts ea in correct vertical position)

answer

...

question

3. Name the three most abundant minerals in granite

answer

quartz, Na-feldspar or plagioclase, alkali feldspar or K-feldspar

question

4. Name the three most abundant minerals in gabbro

answer

Ca-feldspar or plagioclase, pyroxene or augite, olivine

question

5. For each "phaneritic" rock on the left, give its "aphanitic" equivalent on the right (gabbro, granite, diorite)

answer

basalt, rhyolite, andesite

question

6. Magma (liquid) of granitic composition is less viscous than magma of gabbroic

answer

...

question

composition (true / false)

answer

false

question

7. Magma (liquid) of granitic composition is richer in silica than magma of gabbroic composition (true / false)

answer

true

question

8. Magma (liquid) of granitic composition is more mafic than magma of gabbroic

answer

...

question

composition (true / false)

answer

false

question

9. Magma (liquid) of granitic composition has a lower gas content than magma of

answer

...

question

gabbroic composition (true / false)

answer

false

question

10. Magma (liquid) of granitic composition freezes at a lower temperature than

answer

...

question

magma of gabbroic composition (true / false)

answer

true

question

(1) Magmas of the composition of basalt normally form what type of volcano?

answer

shield

question

(2) The classic, steep-sided shape of volcanoes like Mt. Fujiyama in Japan are composed

answer

...

question

mostly of

answer

andesite

question

(3) The flows of thin, runny, ropy basalt are referred to as

answer

pahoehoe

question

(4) In general, eruptions of basalt are more violent than eruptions of andesite (true/false)

answer

false

question

(5) The process that drives volcanic eruptions is most closely associated with

answer

vesiculation

question

(6) An ignimbrite is best described as

answer

a dense ash cloud that flows along the ground

question

(7) The addition of H2O to ordinary rocks at high pressure

answer

lowers their solidus temperatures

question

(8) The addition of H2O to magmas (molten silicate material) at high pressure does what?

answer

lowers their viscosity

question

1. A typical product of the weathering of feldspar is

answer

clay(kaolinite

question

2. This depositional environment is characterized by channel sands and levees, and broad, flat deposits of silt distributed laterally on either side of the channel sands.

answer

fluvial planes and lowlands

question

3. The volume change when water freezes to ice is close to

answer

+9%

question

4. An economic deposit formed entirely by a sedimentary process is known as a

answer

placer

question

5. In a normal graded bed how does the grain size change?

answer

the grain size of sediment increases from top to bottom

question

6. This depositional environment is characterized by finely-laminated black clay, with layers of chert and occasional lenses of submarine debris flows.

answer

deep marine

question

7. Submarine debris flows (landslides) form a deposit known as a(n)

answer

turbidite

question

8. In general, which of the following properties of ordinary silicate rock or mineral clasts is the most important factor affecting sediment sorting and transport in streams?

answer

clast size

question

9. The density of average silicate rocks and minerals is closest to

answer

2.5-3.5gm/cc

question

10. The grain size of sediment deposited generally decreases as the topographic slope decreases (true/false)

answer

true

question

11. The volume of sediment deposited generally decreases as the topographic slope decreases (true/false)

answer

false

question

12. Which of the following minerals is a common sedimentary cement?

answer

quartz

question

13. In a marine delta, the contact between topset and foreset deposits is a useful indicator of

answer

former sea level elevation

question

14. The majority of sediment is deposited in

answer

marine environments

question

15. Most stream sediment is deposited during periods of increasing flow velocity(true/false)

answer

false

question

16. Porosity is a measure of

answer

void space

question

1. The term "pressure solution" refers most closely to

answer

enhanced solubility of mineral grains at their points of contact

question

2. When pressure-solution operates, mineral material is what?

answer

dissolved in regions of high pressure and deposited in regions of low pressure

question

3. In their metamorphic cycle, most metamorphosed rocks record

answer

the peak metamorphic condition

question

4. Foliation in a metamorphic rock is most likely to be expressed by

answer

mica

question

6. The most likely protolith of amphibolite is

answer

basalt

question

7. The most likely protolith of muscovite (mica) schist is

answer

shale

question

8. Contact-hydrothermal metamorphism affects approximately what percentage of the oceanic crust?

answer

80%

question

9. In a typical magmatic-hydrothermal metal deposit what is normally deposited near what sources?

answer

copper and iron are deposited closest to the source of heat, gold and silver are farthest from the source of heat

question

10. During magmatic-hydrothermal contact metamorphism, initially anhydrous minerals are metamorphosed to hydrous minerals (true/false)

answer

true

question

11. During prograde regional metamorphism, the water content of the metamorphic minerals generally increases with metamorphic grade (true/false)

answer

false

question

12. During the history of uplift for most regional metamorphic rocks, retrograde metamorphism does not occur to any appreciable extent (true/false)

answer

true

question

13. Submarine hydrothermal vents issuing from the sea floor produce features that are termed

answer

black smokers and chimneys

question

1. Choose from the formulas at the right and write the letter (a - f) that correctly associates the mineral with its composition (olivine, calcite, magnetite, anorthite, muscovite, orthoclase)

answer

in order-(Mg, Fe)2SiO4, CaCO3, Fe3O4, CaAl2Si2O8, KAl3Si3O10(OH)2, KAlSi308

question

2. Choose from the rock types on the right and write the letter (a - c) that correctly associates intrusive and extrusive rocks with their respective counterpart of the same composition (diorite, basalt, granite)

answer

in order-andesite, gabbro, rhyolite

question

3. Choose from the rock types on the right and write the letter (a - b) that correctly associates the correct magma type (basalt or rhyolite) with the properties (more silicic, more mafic, more viscous, more gas content, formed at lower temperature and pressure, formed by partial melting of the mantle)

answer

rhy. is more silicic, bas. is more mafic, rhy. is more viscous, rhy. is more gas content, rhy. is formed at lower temp and pres, bas. is formed by part. melt.

question

4. Choose from the rock types on the right and write the letter (a - c) that correctly associates the protolith (starting rock) with its likely metamorphic product (amphibolite, muscovite schist, eclogite, slate, marble, blueschist)

answer

in order-basalt, shale, basalt, shale, limestone, basalt

question

5. In Figure 1, associate the rock type with its probable environment of formation (black shale, limestone, fossil siltstone, orthoquartzite, sand/mudstones)

answer

black shale-a deep marine deposit, limestone-a shallow reef deposit, fossil siltstone-a shallow lagoon deposit, orthoquartzite-a beach deposit, sand/mudstones-a fluvial deposit

question

6. The depositional sequence in Figure 1 corresponds to what?

answer

a marine transgression

question

7. Which period is the oldest(jurassic, silurian, permian, cretaceous)?

answer

Silurian

question

8. Which period is the youngest (jurassic, silurian, permian, cretaceous)?

answer

cretaceous

question

9. Which period is in the Cenozoic (jurassic, silurian, tertiary, devonian)?

answer

tertiary

question

10. Which period is not in the Paleozoic (carboniferous, silurian,triassic,devonian)?

answer

triassic

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