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Rock or Mineral is chemically altered to a new material or dissolved away. ex: Oxidation, acid rain

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Chemical Weathering

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Rock or Mineral is broken down into smaller pieces. ex: abrasion

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Mechanical Weathering

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Mechanical weathering can ____ to chemical weathering

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expose more surface

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Chemical weathering can ____, making mechanical weathering easier.

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weaken rock

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___ surface area means more surface available for weathering.

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More

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Weathering rates are affected by:

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Shape, Climate, and Material being weathered.

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____ weather most rapidly

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warm, wet climates

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Is the layer of weathered, unconsolidated material that contains organic matter and is capable of supporting plant growth

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Soil

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Soil is made up of

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Mineral matter, air, water, and organic matter

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Factors Controlling Soil Formation

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Parent material, slope, living organisms, climate, time.

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___ is the source of weathered mineral matter

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Parent material

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__ the relief or topography of the land surface.

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Slope

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__ plants and animal cycle organic matter and nutrients in the soil

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Living Organisms

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controls the extent of chemical vs. mechanical weathering.

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Climate

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controls the extent of weathering and horizon development

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Time

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Soil in Arkansas

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Alfisols, Ultisols, and Vertisols

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medium to high in plant nutrients and clay, form in forests

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Alfisols

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highly weathered soils, low in plant nutrients, hight in clay

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Ultisols

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Al soils in Arkansas have ___ in common

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Clay

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can increase rates of soil erosion.

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human activity, clear cutting, farming, intense agriculture

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are to reduce soil erosion

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Contour plowing, windbreaks, terraced crops, crop rotation, and plant grasses

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start out as loose sediment (like sand,silt, and rock pieces) that is often weathered remains of other rocks.

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Sedimentary rocks

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Is deposited and over time gets pressed and cemented together

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Sediment

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Sedimentary Rocks produced from _____ or accumulated biological matter.

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weathering products of preexisting rocks

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Sedimentary rocks tell us about what Earth was like when the ___.

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sediment was deposited

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precipitation from low-temperature aqueous environments

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Chemical

question

Weathering and erosion of preexisting rocks.

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Detrital or Clastic Rocks

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living organisms

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Organic

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Order of events or objects from first (oldest) to last (youngest). ex: she is older than he is.

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Relative Time

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Age of events or objects expressed numerically. ex: she is twenty-one and he is nineteen.

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Absolute Time

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Contact separates overlying younger layers from tilted older laters.

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Unconformities

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Sedimentary layers deposited on older metamorphic or igneous rocks that have been exposed at surface.

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Nonconformity

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Inclusions/xenoliths help us understand relationship to igneous intrusions

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Relative Age

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As minerals crystallize in magma, they include some radioactive (unstable) isotopes in their structure.

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Isotopic Dating

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How old is Earth

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4.6 Billon Years

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Body of running water confined to a channel and moving downhill under the force of gravity (regardless of size)

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Stream

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Streams are fed by water from __.

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Drainage basin

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boundary between water that drains into Oceans.

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Divide

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the volume of water flowing past a given point in a set amount of time.

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Discharge

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is Distance over time

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Velocity

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Discharge affects

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Stream velocity

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Is water beneath the surface

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groundwater

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the percentage of rock or sediment that consists of voids or openings

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Porosity

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the capacity of a rock to transmit fluid through pores and fractures

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Permeability

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boundary between saturated and unsaturated zone

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water table

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pore space filled with air (possibly with some water)

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unsaturated zone

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pore space completely filled with water

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saturated zone

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when new water is added, raising the water table, it is called

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Groundwater Recharge

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the rate of water flowing through the ground and out is called

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Groundwater Discharge

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saturated rock or sediment through which water can move easily and yields water sufficient to meet specific needs

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Aquifer

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layer of rock that impedes groundwater movement

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Aquitard

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water table is above ground water because aquitard holds grown water deeper underground

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Confined aquifer

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only partially filled with water (has a water table)

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Unconfined aquifer

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groundwater contributes to surface water, water table above channel

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Gaining stream

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stream contributes to groundwater, water table is lower than surface of channel

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Losing stream

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How do humans affectedly use groundwater?

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by drilling wells (hole from surface to zone of saturation) and pumping water out of them.

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Any landscape shaped by dissolution of soluble bedrock. Typically forms in limestone or dolostone.

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Karst

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"Where do streams deposit sediment? forms opposite a cut bank in a stream meander

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Point Bar

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Where do streams deposit sediment? common in braided streams, bar located within stream (not at edge)

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Mid-channel bar

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sediment deposited at the mouth of a river as the speed of the river decreases.

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Delta

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sediment deposited at the foot of mountains as speed river decreases

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Alluvial Fan

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form when stream cuts into underlying rock layers, downward erosion dominates-steep, typically near headwaters

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Bedrock Channels

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Form when stream forms in previously-deposited sediment, lateral erosion dominates, stream has low gradient

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Alluvial Channels

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Often associated with melting glaciers, lots of sediment, steeper bed, variable discharge

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Braided Streams

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How do floods affect us?

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Flood erosion can remove upper sediment layers, stream bars, and human structures, pollute water supply and kill crops, and block roads

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associated with snow melting

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Seasonal flooding

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What can we do to prevent damage from floods?

answer

Floodplains can be very large and have fertile soil, but can be dangerous places to build, artificial levees to help contain river, channelization of river helps water flow without flooding, appropriate zoning of land around river and allowing river to flood naturally

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changes the physical and chemical character of a rock

answer

Weathering

question

removal of rock pieces

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Erosion

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movement of the rock pieces

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Transport

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Weathering ____ so that it can be eroded an then transported away.

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breaks down a rock

question

Mechanical Weathering Process

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Ice wedging/Frost action, Root wedging, Temperature changes, Abrasion, Mechanical exfoliation/Pressure release

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expansion of water as it freezes wedges apart rocks

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Ice Wedging

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Small rock particles carried by wind and water can slowly wear away other rocks

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Abrasion

question

cause rocks to expand/contract; that stress can cause fracturing

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Temperature Changes

question

pressure release causes rocks to fracture as they try to expand

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Mechanical Exfoliation (unloading)

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Mechanisms of Chemical Weathering

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Oxidation, Dissolution, Hydrolysis

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atomic bonds are broken and atoms are carried away in solution (in water)

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Dissolution

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chemical reaction with water

answer

Hydrolysis

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Weathering rates are affected by

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Shape, climate, and material being weathered

question

conical area of lowered water table forms around active well (use faster than recharge)

answer

Cone of depression

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occur where water flows from below ground to the surface

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Springs

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Pumping out water weakens rock/sediment, Ground sinks from weight of overlying rocks.

answer

Subsidence

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greatest subsidence in US

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San Joaquin Valley

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Caves form because _____ in (acidic) water

answer

limestone is soluble

question

Degassing of the water when exposed to air causes the ions to precipitate forming ___.

answer

Speleothems

question

ceiling, holds "tite"

answer

Stalactite

question

ground

answer

Stalagmite

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Aquitard layers can create a confined aquifer under pressure, wells drilled in this aquifer would flow readily to the surface.

answer

Artesian Wells

question

Good Aquifers are

answer

-sandstone, conglomerate, well-jointed limestone, sand and gravel, highly fractured volcanic rock

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Atmosphere

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Air, most sediments produced by weathering in air, sand and dust transported by wind

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Hydrosphere

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water is primary agent in sediment production, transportation, deposition, cementation, and formation of sedimentary rocks

question

Biosphere

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life (plants/animals), biological activity sometimes key to formation, petroleum and coal resources have biological origin

question

Unsustainable farming practices facilitated soil erosion during drought, no plants to help hold down soil, large dust storms.

answer

Dustbowl

question

thinner, inclined bedding within horizontal bedding layers

answer

Cross-bedding

question

perserved evidence of biological activity, not the organism itself. Are found in sedimentary rocks

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Trace fossils

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visible layers within rocks, usually horizontal

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Bedding

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Classified by grain size, grain angularity, grain sorting

answer

Detrital/Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

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Grain size (Gravel), Grain description (About pea-sized) Rock name is

answer

Conglomerate

question

anything before 544 million years ago, when hard-shelled animals became common. Many rocks during this time ar metamorphic, is the eon from 4.6 billion years ago. Banded iron formations deposited

answer

Precambrian

question

there is so much limestone in Arkansas because SE Arkansas consistently was

answer

below sea level

question

Clay and Silica deposited to later form shale

answer

Chattanooga Shale

question

Were plants underwater and once they deposited their stems would turn into fossils leaving "life saver" looking rings together

answer

Crinoids

question

measure number of parent isotope, measure number of daughter product

answer

Half life

question

abundance of life with hard shells that are easily preserved

answer

Cambrian explosion

question

End of Cretaceous

answer

dinosaur extinction

question

Is the term coined in 2000 by Nobel Prize winning atmospheric chemise Paul Crutzen.- Changes in climate, starts with onset of farming and established communities, 8000 years ago. AKA wants to name this time period this

answer

Anthropocene

question

widening a valley by erosion of streamed- creates floodplain

answer

Lateral erosion

question

straight, smooth water flow

answer

Laminar Flow

question

uneven, mixing water flow

answer

Turbulent Flow

question

outside of river ben where erosion occurs

answer

Cut bank

question

meander cutoffs, looks like a U

answer

Oxford Lakes

question

deepening a valley by erosion of streamed

answer

Downcutting

question

G= Change in the elevation of the stream Over length of the stream

answer

Stream Gradient

question

when sediment layers are deposited, they are deposited in flat, horizontal layers.

answer

Original Horizontality

question

sedimentary layers are deposit so that the oldest layers are on the bottom and the youngest layers are on top

answer

Relative Age-Superposition

question

Layers of sedimentary rocks originally extend in all directions, but may be broken up later

answer

Relative Age-Lateral Continuity

question

Fossils occur in specific orders (through you may not always find all of them) because man species were alive only at certain times

answer

Relative Age- Faunal Succession

question

a disrupted sequence of rocks is older than the disruption

answer

Relative Age-Cross cutting relationships

question

help us understand the relationship to igneous intrusions

answer

Relative Age-Inclusions/xenoliths

question

largest extinction event in Earth's history

answer

Permian-Trassic Boundary

question

sediment that would later become ____ is deposited: shells of marine organisms and silica-rich sediment

answer

Boone formation

question

During the Cretaeous age (100 million years ago) in mudstone

answer

Arkansas Dinosaur Trackway

question

Rising sea level causes ____: limestone, shale, sandstone (in that order)

answer

Transgressive sequence

question

Dropping sea level causes ___: sandstone, shale, limestone (in that order)

answer

Regressive sequence

question

Occurs in the early Pennsylvanian (315 million years ago)

answer

Ouachita Uplifting

question

where is most of the organic material in soil

answer

plants

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