Geology 1302 Exam #1
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Alfred Wegener inferred the existence of a supercontinent at an earlier time, which he named A. Pandora B. Pangaea C. Panama D. Panthalassa
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Pangaea
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Which of the following was not evidence for the hypothesis of continental drift? A. Glacial Deposits of Gondwana continents B. Fit of African and South American shorelines C. Paleomagnetic striping of the oceanic crust D. Fossil plant and animal distributions
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Paleomagnetic striping of the oceanic crust
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Most of the minerals present in Earth's crust belong to this mineral group: A. Carbonates B. Halides C. Native Elements D. Silicates
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Silicates
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Mars is an example of a ____________ planet A. Terrestrial B. Jovian C. Dwarf D. Doppler
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Terrestrial
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The inner core is A. Solid B. Liquid C. Gaseous D. Plasmatic
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Solid
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Astronomers can measure the movement of galaxies by observing the shift in the wave frequency from the source to the observer. This is known as the: A. Doppler Effect B. Planetesimal Effect C. Solar Nebula Effect D. Terrestrial Shift
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Doppler Effect
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Plate tectonic theory is based on the model that the Earth's ______________ is broken in a set of plates A. Asthenosphere B. Crust C. Lithosphere D. Mantle
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Lithosphere
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Scientists have determined the Earth's age to be about A. 65 million years B. 248 million years C. 543 million years D. 4.6 billion years
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4.6 billion years
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At a mid-ocean ridge spreading center A. the plates are moving past each other B. The plates are moving away from each other C. The plates are moving toward each other D. One plate is being subducted beneath another
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The plates are moving away from each other
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Ionic bonds occur when electrons A. Are transferred between atoms B. Are shared by atoms C. Have a neutral charge D. Move freely between several nuclei
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Are transferred between atoms
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During this process, sediments are bound together through the precipitation of minerals, such as calcium carbonate or silica: A. Cementation B. Compaction C. Evaporation D. Melting
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Cementation
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What type of minerals are calcite and dolomite: A. Carbonates B. Oxides C. Silicates D. Sulfates
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Carbonates
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For a neutrally-charged atom to become a positively-charged ion of the same element it must, A. Lose a proton B. Lose an electron C. Gain a proton D. Gain an electron
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Lose an electron
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The typical/average composition of continental crust is A. Granitic B. Peridotitic C. Basaltic D. Andesitic
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Granitic
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Among the evidence for the Big Bang origin of the universe is A. the brightness of our Sun B. expansion of the universe C. Cosmic background radiation D. B and C
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B and C
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What drives plate tectonics? A. Magnetic Reversals B. Mantle Convection C. Solar energy D. Volcanism
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Mantle convection
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The concept that identifies that the three basic groups of rocks can change into one another is called _________ A. The rock cycle B. The igneous Cycle C. The lithification cycle D. The geodynamo
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The rock cycle
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Rocks that have been changed from previously existing rocks through heat and pressure while in the solid state are A. Intrusive rocks B. Metamorphic Rocks C. Sedimentary Rocks D. Punk Rocks
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Metamorphic Rocks
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The oceans are part of the Earth's A. Biosphere B. Hydrosphere C. Lithosphere D. Atmosphere
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Hydrosphere
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The densest layer of the Earth is the A. Lithosphere B. Mantle C. Core D. Crust
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Core
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Clastic (detrital) sedimentary rocks are formed by the processes of A. Partial melting and solidification B. Deposition, Compaction, and Cementation C. Mineral inflation D. Deposition, melting, and subsequent recrystallization
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Deposition, Compaction, and Cementation
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The study of paleomagnetism is possible because: A. the magnetic minerals in rocks create Earth's magnetic field B. Most rocks contain no magnetic minerals C. The magnetic minerals in rocks disrupt Earth's magnetic field D. The magnetic minerals align with the Earth's magnetic field during rock solidification
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The magnetic minerals align with the Earth's magnetic field during rock solidification
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Isotopes of a given element have ____________ A. The same number of protons and the same atomic mass B. The same number of protons but different atomic masses C. Different number of protons but the same atomic mass D. Different numbers of protons and different atomic masses
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Different numbers of protons but the same atomic mass
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Which of the following statements about the asthenosphere is not true? A. It lies beneath the lithosphere B. It is mostly composed of iron C. It deforms in a plastic manner D. It acts like a lubricating layer allowing plates to move
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It is mostly composed of iron
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Which of the following rocks belongs to the group of clastic (or detrital) sedimentary rocks? A. Rock Salt B. Conglomerate C. Coal D. Rock gypsum
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Conglomerate
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Continental Crust is _______________ kilometers thick whereas oceanic crust is ____________ kilometers thick. A. 20 to 90, 5 to 10 B. 50 to 100, 200 to 400 C. 5 to 10, 20 to 90 D. 200 to 400, 50 to 100
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20 to 90, 5 to 10
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Which of the following concepts was developed earliest? A. Continental Drift B. Plate tectonics C. Seafloor Spreading D. All three concepts were developed at about the same time
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Continental Drift
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Quartz is composed of ___________. A. Silicon and Oxygen B. Silicon and Iron C. Iron and Oxygen D. Silicon and Aluminum
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Silicon and Oxygen
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The parallel alignment of elongated minerals in a metamorphic rock is an example of ________. A. Bedding B. Foliation C. Cementation D. Deposition
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Foliation
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In which of the following subsystems is the Earth's magnetic field generated? A. Atmosphere B. Biosphere C. Hydrosphere D. Geosphere
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Geosphere
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Studies involving paleomagnetism documented A. Changes in Earth's gravitational field B. How the inner core has evolved C. How the mineral magnetite has varied through time D. How Earth's magnetic poles have varied through time
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How Earth's magnetic poles have varied through time
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Which of the following igneous rocks crystallizes at the Earth's surface? A. Basalt B. Gabbro C. Granite D. All of them
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Basalt
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New oceanic crust is created at ____________. A. subduction zones B. Deep-Sea Trenches C. Mid-ocean ridges D. Transform Boundaries
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Mid-ocean ridges
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One of the most general conclusions to be drawn from plate tectonic theory is that: A. Earth is gradually gaining heat B. Earth's geography has continually changed C. Earth is slowly expanding D. Earth's rotation is speeding up
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Earth's geography has continually changed
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Aphanitic rocks are A. Fine-Grained B. Medium-Grained C. Coarse-grained D. Fragmental
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Fine-Grained
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Magnetic stripes on the seafloor are roughly ___________ the ridge axis along which they were created. A. Parallel to and Symmetric About B. Perpendicular to and symmetric about C. Parallel to, but not symmetric about D. Perpendicular to, but not symmetric about
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Parallel to and symmetric about
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Which of the following igneous rocks has the same chemical composition as granite? A. Andesite B. Basalt C. Gabbro D. Rhyolite
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Rhyolite
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Weathering and erosion near the Earth's surface create the materials for A. Magma B. Metamorphic Rocks C. Igneous Rocks D. Sedimentary Rocks
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Sedimentary Rocks
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Which is not part of the definition of a mineral? A. Inorganic B. Shiny C. Naturally Occurring D. Solid
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Shiny
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Ocean crust is youngest at A. Subduction zones B. The edges of continents C. The crests of mid-ocean ridges D. Ocean trenches
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The crests of mid-ocean ridges
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The process by which loose sand from a beach or desert is converted into a solid rock called sandstone is an example of A. Lava B. Evaporite C. Lithification D. Metamorphism
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Lithification
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The East African Rift is an example of a ____________ plate boundary A. Convergent B. Divergent C. Transform D. Hotspot
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Divergent
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The Red Sea is an example of A. A volcanic crater lake B. An ocean basin between converging plates C. An early stage of ocean basin formation D. A lake formed in a graben
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An early stage of ocean basin formation
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You are hiking in a desert and you notice an area covered with white sedimentary deposits. You taste the deposits and they taste salty. This is most likely an example of A. An evaporite B. A metamorphic rock C. A pyroclastic rock D. A volcanic rock
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An Evaporite
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A scientific hypothesis that stands repeated testing can be elevated to a scientific _________. A. Truth B. Invention C. Theory D. Idea
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Theory
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Metamorphism taking place adjacent to a body of magma (a pluton) or beneath a lava flow from heat and chemically active fluids: A. Regional Metamorphism B. Shock Metamorphism C. Contact Metamorphism D. Burial Metamorphism
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Contact Metamorphism
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The Earth's major layers are (from outermost to innermost) __________. A. Inner core, Outer Core, mantle, Crust B. Outer core, inner core, mantle, crust C. Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core D. Crust, outer core, inner core, mantle
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Crust, Mantle, Outer Core, Inner Core
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Our solar system, like all solar systems, evolved from: A. A Black Hole B. A solar nebula C. A redshift D. Planetesimal Collision
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A solar nebula
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Which of the following igneous rock categories has the highest silica content? A. Felsic B. Intermediate C. Mafic D. Ultramafic
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Felsic
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Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma solidifies A. on the Earth's surface B. within the Earth's crust C. on the sea floor D. outside of volcanoes
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Within the Earth's crust
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The division of the Earth that exists below the crust, and above the core, is the A. Innersphere B. Lithosphere C. Mantle D. Convection Center
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Mantle
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A strong chemical bond in which electrons are shared rather than transferred or exchanged (HINT: An example is the bond in diamond): A. Covalent Bond B. Metallic Bond C. Orogenic Bond D. Ionic Bond
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Covalent Bond
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Saturn is an example of a _________________ planet. A. Terrestrial B. Jovian C. Dwarf D. Doppler
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Jovian
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Our solar system is part of the _______________ galaxy. A. Pluto B. Black Hole C. Asteroid D. Milky Way
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Milky Way
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The Earth's core is probably A. Composed of rock with high silica content B. Hollow C. Molten Throughout D. Composed mostly of iron and nickel
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Composed mostly of iron and nickel
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Which of the following is not true of minerals? They are/have A. crystalline B. organic C. naturally occurring D. definite chemical composition
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organic
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Sedimentary rock formed by inorganic precipitation from evaporating water (for example, rock salt and rock gypsum): A. Evaporite B. Lava C. Coal D. Extrusive Rock
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Evaporite
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An explanation for some natural phenomenon that is testable and is supported by a large body of evidence (e.g., plate tectonics) is called a/an A. Invention B. Transgression C. Principle D. Theory
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Theory
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Which of the following igneous rock categories has the lowest silica content? A. Felsic B. Intermediate C. Mafic D. Ultramafic
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Ultramafic
