GEO 101 Chapters 6-9 – Flashcards
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What is the unifying theme of Sub-Saharan Africa?
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Similar livelihood systems and shared colonial experience
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Great Escarpment
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The edge of the continent's plateau in Southern Africa
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What is the Sahel?
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A zone of ecological transition between the sahara to the north, and the wetter savannahs forests to the south
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Sub-Saharan Africa desertification the most severe
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the Sahel
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primary biofuels in Sub-Saharan Africa
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Wood and Charcoal used for household goods
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What parts of Sub-Saharan Africa may receive more rainfall in the future according to climate change models?
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Highland east Africa and equatorial Central Africa
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What is the most populous country in Sub-Saharan Africa?
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Nigeria
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In what part of Sub-Saharan Africa are the highest rates of HIV/AIDS found?
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The southern portion of the region (?)
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Why is there concern about the tsetse fly in Sub-Saharan Africa?
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spreads sleeping sickness to humans, cattle, and some wildlife.
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What are the elements/characteristics of apartheid?
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system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced through legislation by the National Party (NP) governments - from 1948 to 1994- Apartheid was developed after World War II by the Afrikaner-dominated National Party and Broederbond organisations and was practiced also in South West Africa
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How are indigenous African religions generally classified?
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animist
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How many Africans were transported to the Americans as slaves from the 1500s until 1870?
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Half a million (?)
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What role did disease play in European efforts to colonize Africa?
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europeans were susceptible to malaria and other diseases that flourished in the tropics
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What countries received African territory in the Berlin Conference?
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Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Portugal, and Spain
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What is an internally displaced person (IDP)?
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is someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders. They are often referred to as refugees, although they do not fall within the current legal definition of a refugee.
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Where in Sub-Saharan Africa has the deadliest ethnic and political conflict in the region occurred?
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Democratic Republic of the Congo
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What Sub-Saharan African territory declared independence in the 1990s but has yet to be recognized as independent by any other nations?
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South Africa
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What states in Sub-Saharan Africa successfully seceded from their parent states (and what were their parent states)?
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Eritrea/Ethopia South Sudan/Sudan
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What country is the unchallenged economic powerhouse in Sub-Saharan Africa?
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South Africa
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According to the UN, what percentage of African children is enrolled in primary and secondary school?
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75%
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By what name is the region of Southwest Asia and North Africa most commonly known?
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Middle East
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What countries are located in the Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia and North Africa?
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Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey
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In what country is the Aswan High Dam located?
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Egypt
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In what country are Makkah (Mecca) and Medinah located?
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Saudi Arabia
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Why is the island of Socotra considered unique?
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The environment evolved in isolation. It is home to hundreds of plants that are not found anywhere else in the world.
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What does OPEC stand for?
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
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What are the environmental problems facing Southwest Asia and North Africa?
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deforestation and degradation are commonplace-- also vulnerable to drought-- air and water pollution-- problems with sewage and waste disposal-- national parks have been established for tourism (?)
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What countries comprise the Maghreb of Southwest Asia and North Africa?
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The northern parts of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia
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By what name is the eastern Mediterranean region of Southwest Asia and North Africa known?
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the Levant
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The location of the population in Southwest Asia and North Africa is most often dependent on access to what?
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oil
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What is the approximate population of Southwest Asia and North Africa?
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800 million
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What are the recent migration patterns found in Southwest Asia and North Africa?
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employment and political
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What religions arose in Southwest Asia and North Africa?
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Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
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In which city of Southwest Asia and North Africa are there important religious sites for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam?
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Jerusalem
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What ethnic group of Southwest Asia and North Africa is an example of a nation without a state?
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Kurds
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What two countries took the early lead in colonizing North Africa?
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...
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What group was displaced by the creation of Israel?
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Palestinians
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What country of Southwest Asia and North Africa has the largest known oil reserves in the world?
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Saudi Arabia
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What countries of Southwest Asia and North Africa have diversified economies and are not reliant on oil?
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Turkey and Israel
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Which country in Southwest Asia and North Africa has taken steps to join the European Union?
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Turkey
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How many countries are in Europe?
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42
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How many countries are in the European Union?
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27
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What factors explain the environmental diversity of Europe?
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The complex geology of this western extension of the Eurasian land mass has the newest, as well as the oldest, landscapes in the world. Europe's latitudinal extent from the Arctic to the Mediterranean subtropics affects climate, vegetation, and many human activities. This latitudinal control is modified by the moderating influences of the Atlantic Ocean, as well as the Baltic, Mediterranean, and Black Seas. The long history of human settlement has transformed and modi-fied Europe's natural landscapes in fundamental ways over thou-sands of years.
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In what part of Europe is the region's unquestionable focus of intensive agriculture, large cities, and major industrial activities?
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the European Lowland
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What does the European Union do?
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The European Union was formed to help trade. The currency of the EU is the Euro. But not every country uses it.
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What is the population of Europe?
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739.2 Million (?)
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in what part of Europe is air and water pollution the worst - Eastern or Western Europe?
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western
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What are the sources of Europe's environmental problems?
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Air and Water pollution
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What is the most striking characteristic of Europe's demography?
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Lack of natural growth
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What does the Schengen Agreement do?
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People can move freely within the EU countries.
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What event has been an important cause of the surge of immigration to European countries since the beginning of the 1990s?
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World War II
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What three historical eras are represented in European city landscapes?
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medieval, renaissance-baroque, and industrial
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What are the characteristics of the medieval European landscape?
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is one of narrow, winding streets, crowded with three- or four-story masonry buildings with little set-back from the street. This is a dense landscape with few open spaces, except around churches and public buildings, where public squares or parks are clues to historical medieval open-air marketplaces.
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90% of Europe's population speak languages from what three groups?
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Germanic, Romance, Slavic
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What two great splits occurred within Christianity?
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into eastern and western churches
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What was the Cold War?
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an ideological struggle between the US and the former Soviet Union that lasted from 1946-1991, and included Soviet occupation of several European countries
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Which of the former Yugoslav republics have actually achieved membership in the EU?
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...
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What is the currency of the European Monetary Union?
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euro
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What EU countries do NOT use the common currency (euro)?
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united kingdom
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What countries are within the Russian Domain?
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Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, and Armenia
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Which body of water in the Russian Domain is the world's largest reserve of freshwater?
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Lake Baikal
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Why is the city of Chernobyl well-known?
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Site of the world's worst nuclear accident
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What is the primary source of pollution damaging Russia's Lake Baikal?
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Pollution from pulp and paper facilities
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What helps us to understand the geographies of climate, vegetation, and agriculture of the Russian Domain?
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the northern latitudinal position of the Russian Domain
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What is the dominant climate type in the Russian Domain?
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Continental
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What country in the Russian Domain has historically provided the better agricultural areas in the region?
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Ukraine and in European Russia south of Moscow
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Between what two bodies of water are the Caucasus Mountains located?
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Black Sea & the Caspian Sea
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In what part of the region are the highest population densities in the Russian Domain found?
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the southeastern part of the region
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What has become of the policy of Russification within former Soviet republics since the collapse of the Soviet Union?
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It has been reversed, greater numbers of russians are leaving these areas because of stricter citizenship language requirements and returning to russia
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What are the characteristics of the demography of Russia today?
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rising death rates among middle-aged males
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What language group dominates in the Russian Domain?
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Slavic
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What was the policy of the former Soviet Union regarding religion?
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severely discourage and even persecuted religious practice
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What is the largest non-Christian religion (based on the number of believers) in the Russian Domain?
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Islam (?)
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What two countries were the primary rivals in the Cold War?
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U.S. and Soviet Union
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What did glasnost call for?
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called for increased openness and transparency in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union.
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What was one of Putin's early political moves?
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...
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What is the primary destination for Russian petroleum products?
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Western Europe
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autonomous areas
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minor political sub-units designed to recognize special status of minority groups within existing republics
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balkanization
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Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
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choke point
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a geographical feature on land such as a valley, defile or a bridge, or at sea such as a straight which an armed force is forced to pass, therefore greatly decreasing its combat, in order to reach its objective.
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exclave
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a portion of a country geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory.
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hydropolitics
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The interplay of water resource issues and politics
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Iron Curtain
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symbolized the ideological conflict and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolized efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the west and non-Soviet-controlled areas.
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fjord
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A long narrow inlet from the sea between steep cliffs or hills, created by glacial erosion
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irredentism
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The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state.
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kleptocracy
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a state where corruption is so institutionalized that politicians and bureaucrats siphon off a huge percentage of a country's wealth
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medina
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is a modern city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia, and the capital of Al Madinah Province.
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mikrorayon
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large, state-constructed urban housing projects built during the Soviet period in the 1970s and 1980s
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physiological density
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The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.
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refugee
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A person who has to leave his or her country to find safety.
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swidden
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an area of land cleared for cultivation by slashing and burning vegetation.
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taiga
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Biome in which the winters are cold but summers are mild enough to allow the ground to thaw
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transhumance
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The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.
