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an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving, a pattern that is generally enduring and consistent across a variety of different situations.

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Personality

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Famous in psychology came up with the theory of the ID, EGO, and SUPER EGO. Theory was a work of genius

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Sigmund Freud

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translation=it or that everything biological instinctive - the part of personality that holds the drive for pleasure

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ID

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translation=I Conscious part of personality deals with how to get things done - real world, According to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.

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EGO

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acts as a self-critical conscience. Involves standards learned from parents/teachers. *contains rigid rules*

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SUPEREGO

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(Freud) mental mechanisms that develop as the personality attempts to defend itself, establish compromises among conflicting impulses, and allay inner tensions

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EGO Defense Mechanisms

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1. Whole purpose- reduce the stress and anxiety experienced by the ego 2. involve a denial or distortion of reality 3. all operate unconsciously

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General Characteristics of EGO Defense Mechanisms (3 parts)

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Staying focused on an earlier developmental stage where there are unresolved conflicts; in effect, remaining in some way at the current developmental stage rather than moving onto the next one when it would normally be time to do so

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Fixation

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Retreating to an earlier developmental stage where some energy has remained fixated; in effect, returning to an earlier, less stressful or anxiety arousing stage of development or type of behavior

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Regression

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Unconsciously driving anxiety-arousing thoughts or feelings or memories or impulses from your conscious awareness; thought by Freud to be the most basic ego defense mechanism, because in one way or another all of them keep uncomfortable material from reaching your conscious awareness

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Repression

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Disavowal of some reality factory, most often an external reality factor

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Denial

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Seeing your thoughts, feelings, traits, or impulses, often uncomfortable or undesirable ones, in someone else (and usually not in yourself)

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Projection

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Shifting threatening impulses to a safer, substitute object (Yelling at someone because you have been yelled at)

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Displacement

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A special form of displacement, in which a more positive, socially acceptable outlet for an impulse is used; thought by Freud to be the most mature of the ego defense mechanisms

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Sublimation

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Specifically, imitating parents early in childhood; more generally, imitation or living through someone else, usually someone who seems more powerful, capable, successful, ext.

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Identification

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Trying to undo or reverse regrettable acts and events through symbolic acts that can not actually change them

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Undoing

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Creating logical-sounding excuses or cover stories for behavior that is actually irrational; inventing self-justifications that mask your true motives

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Rationalization

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Switching unacceptable thoughts, feelings, or impulses into their opposites; often, presenting the exact opposite of your true self, even fooling yourself in the process

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Reaction Formation

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1 in 4 people suffer from a diagnosable psychological disorder

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How common are psychological disorders?

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1/2 of all people will encounter a psychological disorder within a lifetime

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How many people have a psychological disorder at some time during their lives?

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No

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Do a majority of people seek treatment for psychological disorders?

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (2013) Includes all psychological disorders and diagnosis. Provides a common language for all conditions

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DSM V

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American Psychiatric Association

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Who Published the DSM V?

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...

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How has the diagnosis of psychological disorders changed over time?

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Marked by emotional ATTENTION-SEEKING behavior in which the person needs to be the center of attention. The person with histrionic personality disorder is impulsive and melodramatic and may act flirtatious or provocative

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Histrionic Personality Disorder

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A disorder in which the person has a compulsive need to acquire objects and extreme difficulty in disposing of those objects.

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Hoarding Disorder

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a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by early elementary school of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

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Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD]

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YES

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Is ADHD over diagnosed?

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Yes extremely treatable with correct medication

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Is ADHD treatable?

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a psychological disorder that is usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially.

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Neurotic Disorder

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A psychologic condition in which anxiety is prominent and handled poorly - term is now out dated in the psychological community

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Neurosis

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A disorder involving profound disturbances in perception, rational thinking, or affect. (Zebra from hell example)

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Psychosis

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A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

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Psychotic disorder

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Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety and/or by maladaptive behaviors intended to reduce anxiety; these include generalized anxiety disorder; panic disorder; phobias (phobic disorder); obsessive-compulsive disorder; and post-traumatic stress disorder.

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Anxiety Disorders

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An anxiety disorder in which the person is chronically, continually tense, anxious, and apprehensive, with a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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An anxiety disorder marked by short but unpredictable episodes of intense terror along with frightening bodily sensations

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Panic Disorder

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An intense irrational fear of something very specific 90% can be cured - easiest disorder to cure

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Phobic Disorder (Phobia)

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An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsession) and/ or actions (compulsions).

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

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an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience can lead to depression ending in suicide

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Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

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Mood Disorders

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A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

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Major Depressive Disorder

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Extreme depression countered by extreme manic happiness (formerly called manic-depressive disorder) runs in families - somewhat treatable with lithium

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Bipolar Disorder

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A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions 1% of the population has this

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Schizophrenia

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False perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality

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Hallucinations

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-False beliefs about external reality without an appropriate stimulus that cannot be explained by the individual's intelligence or cultural background

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Delusions

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Withdrawn from everyone and everything- catatonic state: zoned out no response to stimuli - catatonic frenzy:excited motor activity

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Catatonic Schizophrenic

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Disorganized refers to thought process - silliness, craziness, uncontrollable giggling to private inside jokes no one understands or knows about

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Disorganized Schizophrenic

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A type of schizophrenia that is dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur. Can be intelligent and sound reasonable - a danger not only to themselves but others (someone is "out to get them")

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Paranoid Schizophrenic

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Biological in origin - excess of dopamine (A Neurotransmitter) in the body

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Evidence for biological and genetic factors of schizophrenia?

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A neurotransmitter associated with movement, attention and learning and the brain's pleasure and reward system.

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Dopamine

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Maladaptive, inflexible, and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning; not reactions to specific stress or situations, but rather longstanding, deeply ingrained patterns that become part of the personality itself, manifesting themselves across many different times and situations

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Personality Disorders

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a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members; may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist formerly called Sociopathic or Psychopathic

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Antisocial Disorder

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-many may be involved in criminal activities -can be remarkably persuasive and talented in winning over peoples confidence -decreases in seriousness by middle age -no treatment -caused by a genetic factors or a history of serious childhood neglect

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Characteristics Antisocial Disorder

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A way of explaining others' behavior by either their disposition or their situation. Developed by Heider

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Attribution Theory

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assuming that another's behavior is due to personality factors, not situational ones saying some one is cranky because their naturally angry opposed to suggesting they've had a stressful day

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Dispositional Attribution

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Explaining behavior as being caused by external influences. Assuming someone is cranky because they have been through a stressful day

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Situational Attributions

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Perceived behavior is an additive function of dispositional causes and situational ones

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Heider's Theory

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The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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Fundamental Attribution Error

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Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

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Positive Reinforcement

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Beliefs and feelings that predispose our reactions to things, such as people, objects and products, events, ideas, ext.

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Attitudes

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No, attitude is a belief that may lead to behavior but more likely than not behavior will predict behavior

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Does attitude predict actual behavior?

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Positive behavior towards someone will create a positive attitude towards them ~ Negative behavior towards someone will create a negative attitude towards them

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How does the way we treat someone affect our attitude towards them?

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the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

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Foot-In-The-Door-Phenomenon

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a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, guiding the behavior of someone in that position

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Role

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Philip Zimbardo created a simulated prison study Done at Stanford; assigned a group of students to play either the role of prison guard or prisoner; prisoners were locked up in the basement of the psychology building, and the guards were put in charge of their treatment - students took their assigned roles perhaps too well, and the experiment had to be ended early because of the cruel treatment the guards were inflicting o the prisoners

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Zimbardo's Prison Experiment

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A condition that occurs after a period of negative consequences where the person begins to believe they have no control. acquiring a passive, hopeless, "giving up" response in the face of repeated pain or frustration, eventually not even taking advantage of opportunities to escape. ex: abuse, kidnapping

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Learned Helplessness

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If we have attitudes and values that tell us to act one way we will experience cognitive dissonance when we act in a way that does not agree (uncomfortable feeling)

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Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory

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if you give people a task they cannot do, they respond with something they can do People expect action from leadership even if action cannot be taken Ex: Governor of GA during snow storm- can't clear the roads, can speak on tv and try to calm people down

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Ossorio's Maxim

question

90% of all professionals not in accordance with the needs of the people their supposed to be serving but rather in accordance with their own needs

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Carskadon's Law

question

To be a professional do not follow Carskadon's Law

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Carskadon's Corollary

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Adjusting our behavior or thinking to match a group standard

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Conformity

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Asked simple questions. Actors were used to purposely give wrong answer. We conform to seek social approval, or when we accept others opinions

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ASCH's conformity experiment

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Participants received explicit order from stern experimenter to administer electric shocks of increasing intensity when the learner makes errors in a word list; groups guessed they would only go up to 135V but 63% went all the way to 450V

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Milgram's experiment on obedience

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they were more likely to obey his orders if : He gave them orders on the phone rather than in person. When he introduced himself as "Doctor at Yale University." When the victim was de-personalized & distanced. When the victim was in the room and they saw the pain they couldn't do it.

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Milgram's Findings

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Nazi soldiers during the Holocaust

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Historic example of Milgram's experiment

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A phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values

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Deindividuation

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The presence of others arouses people - benefits those who are skilled - presence of people increases skill, does the opposite for the unskilled. Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

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Social Facilitation

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Tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

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Social Loafing

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When a group's prevailing attitudes are intensified by discussion and interaction within the group, especially if group members avoid interactions with people outside the group

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Group Polarization

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Harmonious but unrealistic and ill-advised thinking among members of a group, a phenomenon brought about by a combination of overconfidence and conformity **Studied by IRVING JANIS**

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Groupthink

question

Bay of pigs fiasco

answer

Examples of Groupthink

question

-realize wisdom of the many may not outweigh your own -as a leader present the issue not your opinion -assign someone to be devils advocate -periodically subdivide the group -seek outside opinion -take a cool off period to think over decisions

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How to avoid groupthink

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The case where a minority of group members influences the behavior or beliefs of the majority

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Minority Influence

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Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)

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Spotlight Effect

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Unjustifiable, usually negative, attitudes toward a group and its members, involving stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and predispositions to discriminatory actions toward them.

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Prejudice

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Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members

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Discrimination

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Generalized, usually overgeneralized, beliefs about a group of people

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Stereotype

question

White people... - eat casserole -wont discipline children - break out the shorts too early - treat pets like people - date lots of people - don't know how to curse -marry young - smell like wet dogs when it rains

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Stereotypes Blacks have about Whites

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Definition: implicit awareness, unconcious and automatic first thoughts and judgement associate negative emotions with certain groups

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Automatic (Implicit, Unconscious) Prejudice

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Prejudice provides an outlet for anger by people who are frustrated for various reasons Jews used as a scapegoat for issues in Germany

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Scapegoat Theory

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We hold most prejudice against those who are closest to us Christian religions are prejudice against each other

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Prejudice more common towards groups like us or different from us?

question

the greater difficulty people have in distinguishing between members of a different race compared to one's own race

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Other-Race-Effect

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Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory, particularly vivid examples of events

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Availability Heuristic

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We assume an event is more probable than it is in reality - fear of plane crashes because when they rarely happen they are blown up in the media

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How does the Availability Heuristic affect our perceptions of risk?

question

Childhood teaching that the world is just(fair) i.e. do good, get good / do bad / receive bad

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Just World Phenomenon

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Seeing something good happen to someone makes them more likable because we assume they have done good to deserve fortune and vise versa: seeing someone have a bad thing happen makes them less likable we assume "they deserve it" ex: Rape victims instead of accepting there is a possibility of danger in our lives we assume "she was asking for it"

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How does the Just World Phenomenon relate to prejudice?

question

The thought that any boy can grow up to be president - not a girl When asked who is smarter, mom or dad, a majority of people answer Dad Pay gap: Garbage men make more than day care workers

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Examples of Gender Prejudice

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Any physical, verbal, or social behavior intended to hurt or destroy

answer

Aggression

question

- Testosterone hypothesis: men are more aggressive b/c of high testosterone level i.e. take a bull (highly aggressive) and clip the source of testosterone - bull will become calm and cow like -Violent criminals have higher testosterone levels -Irritable, impulsive, can't handle frustration

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Aggression and Testosterone

question

Frustration (blocking people from achieving their goals) creates anger, and anger creates a readiness for aggression, depending on the situation

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Frustration-Aggression Principle

question

40% of all violent crime includes alcohol 75% of all spousal abuse included alcohol

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Alcohol and Aggression

question

Physical pain, emotional attack Hot temperatures and bad smells Global warming may create an increase in crime world wide Social isolation

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Stimuli that can trigger frustration / aggression

question

Absence of a father in the home -> increased aggression ***NOT affected by social standing, education, or race 1960 only 10% of kids grew up in single parent homes 1997 30% of kids grew up in single parent homes during this time period (1960-1997) violent crime tripled (keep in mind this could be caused by several other factors)

answer

What is the family factor most related to aggression?

question

as young as 14 months children imitate whats on TV

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When do children begin imitating models on television?

question

-The average american kid spends more time watching TV than they spend in school -2/3 of all american homes have 3 or more TVs -2/3 of TV characters are male -only 1% of people on TV are hispanic

answer

Television important info

question

YES

answer

Does watching violence increase aggression?

question

The idea that releasing aggressive energy, either through fantasy or through actual behavior, relieves and reduces aggressive urges; that we will "blow off steam" by venting our emotions

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Catharsis Hypothesis

question

The idea that some women invite or enjoy rape and get "swept away" while being "taken"

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Rape Myth

question

A study done showing sexual violence to college boys made them more likely to: -believe the rape myth -say they would rape if they could get away with it -accept men seducing 12 year old girls

answer

Effects of viewing sexual aggression in movies / on TV

question

The tendency for a witness to an emergency to be less likely to help a stranger in need if other witnesses are present

answer

Bystander Effect

question

Demonstrates the bystander effect - is not a true story** -Kitty Genovese murder- Girl coming home for working the late shift. Had a feeling she was being followed. Fumbling with keys to get into the apartment building. Insane man jumps out of the shadows and stabs her and rapes her. 38 people heard her scream and saw what happened, and nobody helped her. So, they guy came back, stabs and rapes her again, and leaves her dying on the doorstep

answer

Kitty Genovese Murder

question

Physical or geographical nearness - creates likeness - dating, friendships, ect

answer

Proximity definition and effect

question

Repeated exposure o new stimuli increases our liking for them ex: song played repeatedly on the radio - we begin to like it

answer

Mere Exposure Effect

question

Generally we are attracted to those who are like us in interest, goals, and ambitions Online dating works by matching similarities not differences

answer

Do opposites attract?

question

Single most important factor in first impressions we attribute positive characteristics to attractive people - we assume they are healthy / happy -more socially skilled/more friends -highly intelligent/good job prospect

answer

How important in physical attractiveness?

question

Men say looks are most important Women say looks are not most important (not their true belief)

answer

Importance of physical attractiveness Men vs. Women

question

- smooth and symmetrical features takes 2/10 of a second to determined attractiveness

answer

Universal characteristics of attractive men and women

question

Weight is the largest discrimination

answer

Which is greater racial, gender, or weight discrimination?

question

- overweight women make on average $7,000 less a year -less likely to be hired, more likely to be fired -children dislike overweight people -discrimination against those who hangout with overweight people -negative thoughts are attributed -2/3 of body weight is genetic

answer

Weight Discrimination

question

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship rarely last forever

answer

Passionate Love

question

A milder, more stable form of love than passionate love the is marked be feelings of mutual trust, dependability and warmth deeper and long lasting involves a sense of equality of investment in the relationship

answer

Companionate Love

question

The tendency to get used to (adapt to) stimuli and notice them more in terms of how they change ex: notice our pay when we get a raise

answer

Adaptation Level Phenomenon

question

Comparing ourselves to people better off than we are rather than to people worse off. we see ourselves as less off when we focus only on those with more than we.

answer

Relative Deprivation

question

1. does not connect to wealth 2. take control of your time 3. act happy 4. seek work and pleasure that engage your skills 5. exercise 6. get enough sleep 7. give priority to close relationships 8. focus beyond yourself 9. count your blessings often - write them down 10. nurture your spiritual side faith=purpose

answer

10 Keys to Joy

question

Those who feel good give the most to others Good people are not happy Happy people are good The most unselfish thing to do is to focus on your own happiness it will improve life for those around you.

answer

Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon

General Psychology Unit 3 Carskadon – Flashcards

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