Fundamentals Exam 1 -TAMUCC – Flashcards
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Justice
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Fairness and is used frequently in discussion regarding access to health care resources
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Fidelity
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Agreement to keep promises
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Benificence
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Taking positive actions to help others; do good
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Nonmalficence
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Avoidance of harm; Do no harm
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Ethics
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Distinguishing between right and wrong
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Morality
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Behavior in accordance with customs or tradition. Usually reflecting personal or religious beliefs
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Autonomy
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Refers to the freedom to make decisions free of external control Respect for this refers to the commitment to include patients in decisions about all aspects of care.
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Advocate
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A person who speaks up for or acts on the behalf of the patient, protects the patient's right to make his or her own decisions, and upholds the principle of fidelity.
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Feminest Ethics
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Focuses on the nature of relationships, especially those where the is a power imbalance or point of view that is ignored or invisible.
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Utilitarianism
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The greatest good for the greatest number of people
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Consent
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The client's approval (or that of the client's legal representative) to have his or her body touched by a specific individual. They are legal documents that indicate the client's permission to perform surgery, perform a treatment or procedure, or give info to a third party.
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Living Will
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Can be changed (as long as the pt. is not declared legally incompetent or lacks the capacity to make decisions)
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Assault
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Any action that places a person in reasonable fear of harmful, imminent, or unwelcome contact. No actual contact is required for this to occur. Ex: Verbal
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Battery
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Any intentional touching without consent. This is physical
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Restraints
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Anything that will restrain the pt. Try least invasive first.
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When can restraints be used? *Select all that apply* a. Only to ensure the physical safety of the pt or other pts. b. When less restrictive interventions are not successful. c. Only on the written order of a health care provider. d. Whenever the nurse feels they are necessary.
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A, B, C
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Libel
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A published false statement that is damaging to a person's reputation. EX: Writing false information in the chart.
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Slander
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The action or crime of making a false spoken statement damaging to a person's reputation
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Negligence
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Conduct that is lacking in care; care provided by non-professionals
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Standard of care
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Deviation from what a reasonable person would do in the same situation.
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Malpractice
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Professional negligance; Professional actions by professional people; Failure to act in a reasonable manner as a person with the same education experiences would in the same situation.
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What are incident reports used for?
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As a means of identifying risk situations and improving client care.
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Veracity
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The principle of truth telling, and it is grounded in respect for persons and the concept of autonomy
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T or F. Carbs are the main source of energy
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True
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What are the two types of carbs?
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Simple and Complex
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Simple carbs
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Glucose, fructose, galactose
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Complex carbs
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Fiber; exist naturally in grains, potatoes; Increasing fiber intake deters constipation and enhances appetite
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What is the normal value for total serum protein? a. 19-38 b. 3.5-5/2 c. 6-8
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C
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What is the normal value for albumin? a. 19-38 b. 3.5-5/2 c. 6-8
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B
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What is the normal value for Pre-Albumin? a. 19-38 b. 3.5-5/2 c. 6-8
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A
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HDL Cholesterol
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"Good" cholesterol; Male levels: >40 mg/dl ; Female levels: >50 mg/dl General recommendation is >60 mg/dl
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LDL
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"Lousy" or "Bad" Cholesterol; <100 mg/dl
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Total Cholesterol
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Calculation: LDL+HDL+ (1/5) Triglyceride. Goal: <200 mg/dl
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BMI Greater than 30 means what? a. Overweight b. Obese c. Normal d. Underweight
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B
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BMI that is 25-30 is what? a. Overweight b. Obese c. Normal d. Underweight
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A
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BMI that is <25 is what? a. Overweight b. Obese c. Normal d. Underweight
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C
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BMI that is <18.5 is what? a. Overweight b. Obese c. Normal d. Underweight
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D
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What is Esophageal Dysphagia?
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It's where the food stops in the esophagus. Caused by narrowing of esophagus. Signs and Symptoms are: Heartburn, chest pain.
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What is Oropharyngeal Dysphagia?
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It is difficulty moving food to back of mouth to swallow. Liquid is more of a problem. Signs/Symptoms: Drooling, choking, coughing during or after meals, pocketing of food between teeth and cheeks, weight loss
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What is a stressor?
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Physical stress, injury, infection
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Stress effects on body
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Signals the SNS, dilates pupil, increases HR, CO, BP, blood flow to skeletal muscles, glucose, Respiratory rate, dilates brochiolars, increases mental activity
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Critical Thinker
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Considers what is important in each clinical situation, imagines and explores alternatives, considers ethical principles, and makes informed decisions about the care of patients.
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What is urine that remains in the bladder after voiding? a. Retention b. Residual Urine c. Bladder Scan
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b
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What is it called when there is a distended bladder due to nerve impulses not being perceived of muscle fibers unable to function? a. Retention b. Residual Urine c. Bladder Scan
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A
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It is used for postvoid residual; measure 10 min after voiding. a. Retention b. Residual Urine c. Bladder Scan
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C
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What is oliguria?
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Production of abnormally SMALL amount of urine.
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What is the perineum/perineal area?
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The region of the body below the pelvis and between the legs, includes the anus, and in females, the vagina
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What is micturition?
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Contraction and relaxation of the walls of the bladder.
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What is Polyuria?
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Production of abnormally LARGE amounts of urine.
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What is Anuria?
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Failure of the kidneys to produce urine
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What is Nocturia?
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Waking up in the middle of the night to urinate
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What is Urinary retention?
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Inability to completely or partially empty bladder.
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What is Hesitancy?
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Trouble starting urination
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What is Urgency?
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Sudden compelling urge to urinate.
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What is Dysuria?
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Painful urination
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What is Hematuria?
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Blood in urine
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What is Noctural Enuresis
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Bedwetting
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What is Specific Gravity?
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How concentrated the urine is.
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What is the normal urine output?
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100mL/hour; 1200-1500 mL/day
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< 30 mLs/hour or lack of urine output for more than 15 minutes means what?
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Abnormal= You want to notify the doctor IMMEDIATELY.
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What does urinary incontinence mean?
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Leaking urine.
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What are the types of urinary incontinences? *Select all that apply* a. Stress b. Urge c. Overflow d. Functional
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All of the above
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Stress Incontinence
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Leak urine when you laugh, sneeze, cough or exert pressure on the bladder.
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Urge Incontinence
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Also called: Overactive bladder. When you have a sudden and intense urge to urinate, even if you have just emptied your bladder. In other words, you have an urgent need to get to the bathroom and may not get there in time and you leak urine
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Overflow Incontinence
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You are not able to empty your bladder appropriately therefore you have leakage once the bladder is full... dribbling of urine
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Functional Incontinence
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When physical problems such as dementia prevent you from getting to the bathroom on time (LTC pts)
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What are some interventions for urinary incontinence?
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1. Assist pt in voiding. a) warm water over perineal area. b) assume normal position. c) Privacy. d) Power of suggestion. (running water while the pee) 2. Pelvic floor exercises/Kegel exercises. 3. Timed voiding/ bladder training-Complete a chart of the times you urinate and the times you leak. You observe patterns and then plan to empty your bladder before an accident would likely occur. Retrain your bladder by gradually increasing the time between bathroom visits 4. Catheter
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What are some considerations for older pts. when it comes to urination?
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Decreased ability of kidneys to concentrate urine and decreased bladder capacity = nocturia Decreased muscle tone of bladder = increased frequency Decreased bladder contractility & stasis= increased frequency of UTI Changes in cognition and mobility (in some)= increased incontinence issues
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What is peristalsis?
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The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestines creating wavelike movements that push the contents forward
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What is digital removal? Do you have to have a dr. order?
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Using your fingers (digits), to remove the stool. Yes, you have to have a dr. order.
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What are HYPOactive bowel sounds?
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HYPOmotility of GI tract -> constipation
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What are HYPERactive bowel sounds?
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HYPERmotility of GI tract -> Diarrhea
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What is the lab reference range for K+ (potassium)? a. 5-25 b. 3.5-5.5 c. 3.5-5.7 d. 4.6-6
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3.5-5.5
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What is the lab reference range for Na+ (sodium)? a. 98-107 b. 138-148 c. 8.2-10 d. 70-110
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138-148
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What is the lab reference range for Cl- (chlorine)? a. 98-107 b. 3.5-5.5 c. 31-41 d. 0.6-1.5
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98-107
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What is the lab reference range for CO2? a. 0.6-1.5 b. 3.5-5.5 c. 3.5-5.7 d. 31-41
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31-41
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What is the lab reference range for BUN? a. 138-148 b. 5-25 c. 0.6-1.5 d. 98-107
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5-25
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What is the lab reference range for Cr? a. 3.5-5.5 b. 0.6-1.5 c. 70-110 d. 98-107
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0.6-1.5
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What is the lab reference range for Gluc? a. 4.6-6 b. 31-41 c. 8.2-10 d. 70-110
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70-110
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What is the lab reference range for Ca++? a. 70-110 b. 0.6-1.5 c. 8.2-10 d. 5-25
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8.2-10
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What is the lab reference range for Alb? a. 3.5-5.5 b. 3.5-5.7 c. 0.6-1.5 d. 4.6-6
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3.5-5.7
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What is the lab reference range for HbA1c? a. 3.5-5.7 b. 3.5-5.5 c. 4.6-6 d. 8.2-10
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4.6-6
