Foundations Test 2 - Flashcards

Q: You know a tenured teacher who was recently fired for insubordination. She is suing her district for damages, claiming that she was not insubordinate and that the district\'s action had done irreparable damage to her good name, reputation, and integrity. This case is most likely to focus on...

the teacher\'s liberty interests under the 14th amendment

Q: state lotteries, a recently tapped funding source for schools,

contribute a minimal amount of a state\'s revenue for edu

question

When identifying and enforcing standards of conduct, teachers have...

answer

broad authority as interpreted by the courts.

question

Excessive punishment of students is in violation of...

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due process rights

question

You know a tenured teacher who was recently fired for insubordination. She is suing her district for damages, claiming that she was not insubordinate and that the district's action had done irreparable damage to her good name, reputation, and integrity. This case is most likely to focus on...

answer

the teacher's liberty interests under the 14th amendment

question

Extensive video surveillance can violate the student's ________.

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4th amendment protection against search and seizure

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The purpose of educational vouchers is to...

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provide a choice of schools for students

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With the US Supreme Court's recent emphasis on the reasonableness of school policies, more responsibility falls on

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school officials

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An individual who is prepared to function first as a young person and then as an adult is...

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socialized

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_______ programs often blur the line between private and public schools

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school choice

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Tenure protects teachers from dismissal except on ________ grounds.

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immorality, incompetence,and unprofessional conduct

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Which of the following statements best describes the nature of the governance and administration of public schools in the US?

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although the influence of the federal government has begun to increase in recent years, public edu is clearly seen as a responsibility of states and local districts.

question

Recent reform efforts in school funding, such as tuition tax credits, voucher plans, and choice plans are evident that ....

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there is growing attention to, and public support for, competition among schools so that parents can identify and support the best schools and exert more control over where children go to school

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as describes in chapter 7, a 1987 study led by 2 researchers concluded that an ideal high school should enroll _____ students to be most effective.

answer

250

question

desecration and integration are different in that only integration includes ...

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development of positive interracial contact

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the addition of a large Asian American population to big-city schools has caused districts with desegregation plans to ..

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devise a multiethnic plan

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recent changes have improved Title 1 by ...

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providing staff development for teachers, provide in-class assistance for low achievers, and eliminating pullout programs

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state lotteries, a recently tapped funding source for schools,

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contribute a minimal amount of a state's revenue for edu

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what is the primary purpose of assessing user fees in a school environment ?

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to offset shrinking revenues from traditional sources

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when questions arise about whether a teacher's right to free expression is protected, a major concern is whether the behavior is in question ...

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negatively affects the school's operation

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when signs of child abuse are recognized by a teacher,

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the teacher is required to report the abuse to the proper authorities

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civil rights leaders, like Dr. MLK, were sparked by _________ to challenge racial discrimination

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Brown vs Board of Edu

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Municipal overburden is a term used to indicate...

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high financial demands for a variety of public services

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A 4 yr old disadvantaged child living in the inner city would probably be eligible for ..

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Head Start

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Studies indicate that the problems children experience as a result of being classified or placed in a special class or program....

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none of these, the results are inconclusive

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When dealing with bullies, a school might best....

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apply behavioral contracts

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given the way large school districts and large schools have been organized in the past, the trend toward larger school districts and larger schools conflicts, at least in principle, with which of the following other trends in edu?

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the increasing urge on the part of educators to downsize schools and make districts organizationally leaner

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a parochial school teacher was fired without receiving any written info regarding the charges. this action is probably legal bc....

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a parochial school teacher does not necessarily have the same civil rights as a public school teacher

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problems with violence and delinquency are particularly acute among ____________

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African American males

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instructional leadership is a primary responsibility of the _____________ , who often collaborates with stakeholders to make "data-driven decisions"

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principal

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the typical school board member tends to

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be wealthier that the general population

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drug and alcohol use by teenagers in the US ___________ other industrialized nations

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far surpasses

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in the past decade, nearly _______ children have been killed in or around schools due to violent behavior

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200

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women currently constitute ________percent of college enrollment

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60

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in cases heard by courts, only ________rulings can be applied nationally.

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the US supreme court

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before school officials can search a student, there must be ...

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reasonable cause

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teachers can help improve or increase students' aspirations by encouraging them to participate in....

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extracurricular activities

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Local school districts have been delegated powers and duties by the

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state government.

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School board members are usually selected by

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election by community members.

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The typical school board member tends to

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be wealthier that the general population

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Authority for approval in the hiring of new teachers rests with the

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school board.

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Which of the following countries has a nationwide educational system?

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GB, France, Japan

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The day-to-day operation of a school district is determined by the

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superintendent.

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A school board member is placed through ______________ in over 95% of the cases nationwide.

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election by the public

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Which of the following statements best describes the role of the local school board?

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Although they have the legal right to make decisions about the operation of public schools, school boards generally leave the day-to-day operation of schools to professional educators.

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Jan was just hired as school district superintendent, and her duties are many and varied. Which of the following duties is likely to be the most relevant to her ability to keep her job?

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informing and advising the school board on policy matters

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Instructional leadership is a primary responsibility of the _______________, who often collaborates with stakeholders to make "data-driven decisions."

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principal

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Walden Primary School has just instituted school-based management. Which of the following activities will now be particularly important to Susanne's effectiveness as school principal?

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collaborating with teachers and other school staff

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The "Chicago plan" is an example of which type of reform?

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community control

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An elected community school board functioning in conjunction with a central school board is an example of

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community control.

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The combination of a number of smaller school districts into one or two larger ones is called

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consolidation.

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The merging of school districts has been resisted by some communities because they did not want to

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close schools.

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When comparing large and small school districts, it is probably most realistic to argue that

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although large school districts may realize some financial efficiency, they generally suffer from a higher degree of bureaucratic constraints.

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Some studies indicate that compared with large high schools, small high schools have

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better attendance rates, improved grades, more student responsiveness

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_________________ is (are) a key component of the No Child Left Behind Act.

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Parent involvement

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Given the way large school districts and large schools have been organized in the past, the trend toward larger school districts and larger schools conflicts, at least in principle, with which of the following other trends in education?

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the increasing urge on the part of educators to downsize schools and to make districts organizationally leaner

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Educational opportunities for all citizens, with responsibility shared with various community institutions, is an example of

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community edu

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As described in chapter 7, a 1987 study led by two researchers concluded that an ideal high school should enroll ___________students to be most effective.

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250

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Changes in the ways and means of operating schools in a state must be made through the

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school codes

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The functioning of the state department of education is most directly affected by the actions of the

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state board of edu

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Some of the largest school districts in the nation enroll ____________students in more than ___________ schools.

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990,000; 1,200

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Implementing the laws of the state legislature is the responsibility of the

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state department of education.

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The chief state school officer is the chief executive of the

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state school board

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When considering school reform, which federal law has had the largest impact on reform since the wave of school reforms in 1957?

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No child left behind

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Private and parochial schools are not exempt from state legislation concerning

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health standards

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Among the nonpublic schools, the share of nonreligious, independent schools in recent years has

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increased

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Which of the following statements best describes the nature of the governance and administration of public schools in the United States?

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Although the influence of the federal government has begun to increase in recent years, public education is clearly seen as a responsibility of states and local districts.

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How many levels are there in the United States educational system?

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4

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________________ programs often blur the line between private and public schools.

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school choice

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The level of government that pays the highest percentage of total school revenues is the

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state level

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In a recent survey, local school boards responded that their number one concern was ___________________.

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budget/funding

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The level of government that relies on the property tax as the main source of income is

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the local level

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The property tax rate is expressed in

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dollars

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Which tax makes up more than 75 percent of local school revenue?

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property tax

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______________taxes suggest that the greater the income or property worth, the more one should pay in taxes.

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progressive

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Asbury Elementary School needs an after-school child-care center. Of the following types of revenue, which is best suited (and perhaps easiest to attain) for support of this project?

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user fees

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Differences in the total expenditures per pupil vary among districts in each state primarily because of differences in revenue generated from

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property tax

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Municipal overburden is a term used to indicate

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high financial demands for a variety of public services.

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Low-income families would consider a sales tax on food to be a

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regressive tax

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Property tax accounts for more than ______________of school funding nationwide.

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77%

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What is the primary purpose of assessing user fees in a school environment?

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to offset shrinking revenues from traditional sources

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State lotteries, a recently tapped funding source for schools,

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contribute a minimal amount of a state's revenue for education.

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To accurately determine the degree of support a state gives education, one must look at the per-pupil expenditure and the

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per capita income.

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Differences in local revenues from one school district to another, and subsequent uneven contributions to funding for public schools, can best be explained by differences in

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property values and the rate at which real estate is taxed.

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If adjacent school districts have dramatically different levels of funding for education on a per-pupil basis, this can probably best be explained by differences in

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the value of property, and the taxes assessed on real estate, within the districts.

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Some of the largest growing populations of students are ___________, who often require additional funding per student in order to provide services.

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ELL, studends in poverty and students with disabilities

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As the proportion of people over sixty-five increases, it is likely that there will be

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increasing resistance to school budget increases.

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Districts with a high number of students with special needs would lobby for state educational funding based on the

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weighted student plan.

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Currently, ____________states have sales tax that contributes to the public school system.

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46

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Many state courts have ruled that inequities in educational expenditures in districts throughout the state are

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unconstitutional

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School financing arrangements are most vulnerable to being declared unconstitutional in

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State 4, where there are substantial differences in districts' average spending per student.

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Your state is trying to implement a hotly contested new finance plan that would transfer funds from wealthy districts to poor ones. Those who support the plan probably base their arguments on which of the following issues?

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equity

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State court decisions affecting financial support of public education have sent the message that

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the level of financial support for public education clearly does make a difference in the quality of education.

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The largest portion of revenue for the schools is generated from _____________________.

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personal income tax

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Given the history of federal funding of education, it is most accurate to say that

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federal funding of public education has generally been tied to special projects, special legislation, or issues of national concern such as desegregation and, more recently, academic achievement.

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The shift from categorical grants to block grants in the 1980s resulted in

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funding decisions shifting from the federal level to the state level.

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The No Child Left Behind requirement that teachers be highly qualified is frustrating to state and local school authorities because

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federal funding to states has lagged behind what the states need to cover the cost of implementing the requirements.

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Taxpayer resistance has called for educators to be more

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accountable for the success of programs.

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Teachers and administrators are being held accountable for their actions because of pressure primarily from

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parents

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Additional taxes that can be applied to education include

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excise, gift tax, severance tax, and corporate income tax.

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When parents send their children to private schools, tuition tax credits would

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allow parents to claim a tax deduction for part of the tuition.

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Recent reform efforts in school funding, such as tuition tax credits, voucher plans, and choice plans, are evidence that

answer

there is growing attention to, and public support for, competition among schools so that parents can identify and support the best schools and exert more control over where their children go to school.

question

The purpose of educational vouchers is to

answer

provide a choice of schools for students.

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One of the increasing trends in funding for education is the growth of the ___________ population, who may no longer have a vested interest in increasing taxes for school.

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senior citizen

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Research data on student performance in large and small classes indicates that student performance is

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better in small classes.

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The school infrastructure consists of the

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physical facilities of the school.

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Elementary and secondary education represents approximately ______percent of the nation's annual gross domestic product.

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4

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The _____________ Supreme Court declared that the entire state educational system of funding schools with property tax was unconstitutional, which prompted significant reform.

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Kentucky

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One of the driving forces behind the federal government increasing funding for education was the __________________.

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launch of the Sputnik satellite in 1957

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Most cases involving elementary or secondary education are filed in which courts?

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state

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Those who are opposed to the concept of government-supported religion would find support for this notion in the U.S. Constitution's

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establishment clause

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Citizens are guaranteed the right of free speech and expression in the U.S. Constitution's

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free exercise clause

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The property interests of tenured teachers for continued employment are based on the

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14th Amendment

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Teachers who have tenure

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cannot be dismissed without cause.

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The rules and principles that a district must follow when attempting to dismiss a tenured teacher are mandated by the

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due process guidlinws

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In cases involving teachers' freedom of expression, courts have considered

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the behaviors and the results

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Extensive video surveillance can violent the student's __________________.

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fourth amendment protection against search and seizure

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When questions arise about whether a teacher's right to free expression is protected, a major concern is whether the behavior in question

answer

negatively affects the school's operation.

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If a high-school student is injured in a classroom science experiment, the teacher is most likely to be found negligent if

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the students had received no instruction in how to conduct the experiment.

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An elementary school requires students' parents to sign a consent form prior to any field trip or activity off the school grounds. Legally, such consent forms can be used to

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inform parents of their children's whereabouts during an activity.

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A friend of yours who teaches in a public elementary school has been fired for incompetence, and he is contesting the district's action. He is most likely to get his job back if

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his district did not document attempts to help him improve.

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The law regarding confidentiality of student records also applies to _________________.

answer

test scores, parent info, and grades

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You know a tenured teacher who was recently fired for insubordination. She is suing her district for damages, claiming that she was not insubordinate and that the district's action has done irreparable damage to her good name, reputation, and integrity. This case is most likely to focus on

answer

the teacher's liberty interests under the Fourteenth Amendment.

question

When signs of child abuse are recognized by a teacher,

answer

the teacher is required to report the abuse to the proper authorities.

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An instructional media teacher who regularly videotapes copyrighted TV programs for use by classroom teachers in his middle high school is violating copyright laws if he

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makes the tapes without an advance request from one or more teachers.

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Teachers need to be familiar with the legal principle of fair use when

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photocopying materials for classroom use.

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Organized and mandated prayer and Bible readings are ________________.

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not allowed in a public school

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A parochial school teacher was fired without receiving any written information regarding the charges. This action is probably legal because

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a parochial-school teacher does not necessarily have the same civil rights as a public-school teacher.

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The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that expression of unpopular views by students is

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allowed if it is not disruptive.

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Outside of the classroom environment, teachers are expected to behave ______________.

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in an exemplary manner and model

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When considering freedom of expression, teachers who supervise student publications should

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identify specific criteria for what can be approved for printing.

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Court rulings indicate that when they are establishing dress codes for students, schools should

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determine the educational purposes for any such restrictions.

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Court rulings indicate that before a student is suspended, the student should be

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given notice of the suspension and provided a hearing.

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As a result of Goss v. Lopez, students are seen as having a property interest in their education. Because of this,

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students cannot be suspended without due process.

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Before school officials can search a student, there must be

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reasonable cause

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A vice principal has good reason to believe that a certain pocket of a student's book bag contains a handgun. He searches the pocket and finds bullets, but no gun. From a legal standpoint, he probably

answer

has reasonable suspicion to search the bag more extensively.

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When identifying and enforcing standards of conduct, teachers have

answer

broad authority as interpreted by the courts.

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A state's view on teacher strikes is that __________________.

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most prohibit it

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The ultimate authority for prohibiting corporal punishment rests with the

answer

state

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Excessive punishment of students is in violation of

answer

due process right

question

With the U.S. Supreme Court's recent emphasis on the reasonableness of school policies, more responsibility falls on

answer

school officials

question

Tenure protects teachers from dismissal except on _____________grounds.

answer

incompetence, immorality and unprofessional conduct

question

As a result of the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, access to a student record is available to

answer

students parents

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In cases heard by courts, only ______________rulings can be applied nationally.

answer

US Supreme court

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Prayer and Bible readings in public schools have been ruled unconstitutional by the courts because they are considered to be an effort to

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establish a government-sanctioned religion.

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Students who object to saying the pledge of allegiance at school

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cannot be compelled to do so.

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38. On the basis of court rulings, a science teacher cannot teach creation-science and evolution-science together, because this approach would

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advance a religious doctrine.

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Your high school has a media center that makes an excellent meeting facility, and your school regularly lets student groups meet there. A student-fundamentalist Bible club has asked permission to assemble in this room for its weekly after-school meetings. Legally, your school

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may safely refuse this group only if it discontinues all other extracurricular activities.

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The precedent set in the case of Honig v. Doe established that disabled students

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must remain in their current placement and undergo official hearings prior to suspension for violent actions.

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An individual who is prepared to function first as a young person and then as an adult is

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socialized

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Which of the following may contribute to the increase in suicide rates among children in the United States?

answer

influence of mass medua

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Which social institution has been identified as having become less influential as a socializing force over the past several decades?

answer

church

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The largest increase in alcohol use is with ______________________________.

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children under 15

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A major contributing factor to the number of latchkey children is the increase in the number of

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working mothers

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The percentage of female-headed families below the poverty line is

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~40%

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The increase in the number of working mothers, the number of single-parent families, and divorce over the last fifty years has probably been instrumental in changing the way children in the United States are socialized, because

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the impact of institutions other than the family in the socialization of children has become more profound.

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Drug and alcohol use by teenagers in the United States ________________ other industrialized nations.

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far surpasses

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Hurried child syndrome may result when parents of young children overemphasize

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formal instruction

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In school, overindulged children may

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become frustrated easily

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Often, homeless children who attend school

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have low academic achievement

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A nuclear family can be described as one that

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includes two parents living with their children.

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Some say that highly industrialized societies are creating a new trend—the "postnuclear family." Which of the following families is the best example of this trend?

answer

a family primarily focused on the goals and self-fulfillment of its adult members

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Given current social conditions and trends, which of the following statements about Sam, a hypothetical twelve-year-old boy, is most likely to be true?

answer

Sam's friends influence him more than his parents' friends influenced them as children.

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Researchers examining the "net generation" conclude that

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although television requires passive viewing, utilizing the Internet stimulates interactive participation.

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According to Coleman's study in 1961, students with high prestige in high school include

answer

students who are athletes, own nice cars, and physically attractive

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Teachers can help improve or increase students' aspirations by encouraging them to participate in

answer

extracurricular activities

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When dealing with bullies, a school might best

answer

apply behavioral contracts

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According to much of the research on student roles, which of the following children is most likely to be perceived by teachers as a "model" student?

answer

Joy, who quietly and efficiently does everything she's told to do

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Studies indicate that active, independent learners are sometimes

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rejected by teachers

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Typical elementary classroom procedures are primarily designed to

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prevent disturbances

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Most research confirms that schools and classrooms do have cultures and that, in most cases, these cultures promote

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control and order

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Women currently constitute ______________ percent of college enrollment.

answer

60

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Which of the following statements most accurately describes student participation in establishing the culture of schools and classrooms?

answer

Students subtly, and sometimes directly and intentionally, define the culture of schools and classrooms so that it works to their advantage.

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Generally speaking, which of the following statements best reflects the relationship between the cultures of schools and the culture of American society in which schools operate?

answer

Schools not only reflect the norms of the greater culture around them but also exert great efforts to maintain those norms.

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Given what we know about the socialization of children in this country, schools seem to be

answer

likely to have less impact than either the family or peers.

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Institutional and social realities encourage students to

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be conforming in their behavior.

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Because of the numerous professional demands placed on teachers, educators are calling for

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reduction in teaching loads.

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Based on the research of John Goodlad, when students were asked, "What is the one best thing about this school?" students most often replied,

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"my friends"

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The percentage of births to teen mothers outside of wedlock has increased from 15 percent in 1960 to _________ percent in the past decade.

answer

90

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Children's aggressive behavior after watching violence on television has been shown to

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be dependent on situational factors.

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Studies show that television can have a positive effect on

answer

socialization

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roblems with violence and delinquency are particularly acute among

answer

African American males

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Because teachers reward passive behavior, elementary-school boys often

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exhibit high rates of alienation.

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The peer group behavior of boys and girls at the elementary and junior-high levels stresses

answer

traditional role expectations for boys and girls.

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School services have extended into which of the following areas?

answer

employment assistance, health and medical assistance, & physical and mental health

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Drug and alcohol use by school-age children may

answer

impede their transition to adult life.

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Young people who are deeply troubled and who may consider suicide

answer

may withdraw from friends and family.

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Social service personnel employed by districts need to be prepared to help primarily with student problems in

answer

social adjustment

question

In the past decade, nearly ________children have been killed in or around schools due to violent behavior.

answer

200

question

Desegregation and integration are different in that only integration includes

answer

development of positive interracial contact.

question

In Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that

answer

segregation violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

question

During the civil rights movement, many people found the need to improve educational opportunities for __________________.

answer

disadvantaged students and students with disabilities

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Miguel lives in a Hispanic neighborhood in a very large city. Which of the following schools is he most likely to attend?

answer

a predominantly minority school

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The areas of education receiving the most significant focus in educational reform include

answer

multicultural education, disadvantaged students, desegregation, and students with disabilities.

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Ken, a school board member in a segregated district, chairs a committee that is planning a voluntary desegregation strategy for a portion of his district. Which of the following plans would be most appropriate for his committee to consider?

answer

controlled choice

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Which of the following desegregation plans represents the most voluntary approach on the part of parents to move children to another school?

answer

magnet schools

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The addition of a large Asian American population to big-city schools has caused districts with desegregation plans to

answer

devise a multiethnic plan

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In general, research on the impact of desegregation shows that

answer

where schools have been successfully desegregated and integrated, there is some evidence of both increased academic achievement of minority groups and better relationships among ethnic groups.

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Compensatory school programs target

answer

low-income students.

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The purpose of Title I is to

answer

improve the education of economically disadvantaged children.

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A four-year-old disadvantaged child living in the inner city would probably be eligible for

answer

Head start

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Funds for compensatory programs can be used for

answer

biillengual edu, ECE, and psychological and social services

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Compensatory education is best described as a variety of attempts to

answer

provide financial and programmatic support to relieve a variety of educational inequities.

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It has been difficult in some communities to implement ________ due to long bus rides to other schools and large central-city districts with 50 percent or higher minority enrollment.

answer

desegregation

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Pullout classes have been relatively ineffective because they

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tend to create confusion throughout the school.

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Up until about 1960, subcultures in the United States were expected to

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be assimilated into the national mainstream.

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Research on teaching in African American English or other dialects has shown that

answer

findings about the benefits of such programs are inconclusive.

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Bilingual education provides students who are not proficient in English with instruction in

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their native language.

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Research studies on the benefits that students receive from bilingual education indicate that the effects are

answer

contradictory and controversial.

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Based on legislation passed in recent years in California, Arizona, and Massachusetts, what do voters in those states believe about the appropriate education for English-language learners (ELLs)?

answer

ELLs should have only a year or less of bilingual education.

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Achievement of low-income minority students is likely to _____________ when students attend a middle-income nonminority school.

answer

improve

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Two Native American students have just joined the class. You want to foster mutual respect for cultural differences among your students, as well as enhance the learning of your two new students. Which of the following might help you the most?

answer

multiethnic instruction

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The movement toward cultural pluralism in this country reflects the need to

answer

recognize the diversity present in American society, as well as the problems and advantages that are associated with that diversity.

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Multicultural approaches in education, such as attention to learning styles, recognition of dialect differences, bilingual education, and multicultural curricula, are based on the attempt to

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respect the cultural background and identity that all students bring to classrooms, while at the same time preserving academic integrity and promoting student achievement.

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Including multiple cultural perspectives in education potentially enhances the academic performance of minority students by

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valuing the cultural background of students and, in the process, building their confidence, self-esteem, and pride in their own identity

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A majority of children with disabilities receive most or all of their education in

answer

regular classrooms

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The process of identifying and classifying children who require special education is made difficult by

answer

poorly defined classification categories.

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Studies indicate that the problems children experience as a result of being classified or placed in a special class or program

answer

none of these; the results are inconclusive.

question

As a result of legal mandates that students must learn in the least restrictive environment possible, most students with special needs are targeted for placement in

answer

regular classrooms

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Which of the following concepts is most closely related to inclusion?

answer

least restrictive environment

question

Early research on mainstreaming and inclusion indicates that

answer

there is no evidence that academic performance is consistently improved by these practices.

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The disproportionate placement of minority students in classes for the mentally retarded could be attributed to

answer

reliance on intelligence tests in identifying students for placement in such classes.

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A consistent theme related to the education of students with disabilities is

answer

the desire to create learning environments that are the most educative and, at the same time, the least restrictive.

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____________ required the use of separate public facilities and services for African Americans.

answer

Jim Crow laws

question

During the 1940s, __________________ spent $7.36 per student in black schools yet spent over $52 per student in white schools.

answer

Mississippi

question

Civil rights leaders, like Dr. Martin Luther King, were sparked by __________to challenge racial discrimination.

answer

Brown v. Board of Education

question

In big cities, an underlying cause of many segregation problems has been _____________.

answer

pronounced housing and neighborhood segregation

question

In 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that school districts

answer

may not use race as part of the desegregation plan.

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