question

Sociology is a/n __________ discipline, meaning the conclusions are based on systematic observation. a. empirical b. observational c. common sense d. rigorous

answer

a. empirical

question

Which of the following was not a condition that led to the development of sociology? a. rapid social change in Europe b. The Disappearance of traditional sources of Authority c. Contact between societies was increasing D. the increasingly important role of religion

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d. the increasingly important role of religion

question

According to _________, scientific observation leads to innovations that promote the stability of society a. sociology b. positivism c. functionalism d. sui generis

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c. functionalism

question

Harriet Martineau was an early sociologist and a British citizen. Her book, Society in America a. was overlooked for many years b. quickly became a classic in sociological study c. the relationship between man and nature d. mad no real contribution to sociology

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a. was overlooked for many years

question

A major contribution of Marx to sociology was the understanding of a. the effects of capitalism on society b. the social basis of human behavior c. the relationship between man and nature d. the effect of verstehen on social research

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a. the effects of capitalism on society

question

_________'s work is the basis for functionalist theory. a. Max Weber b. George Simel c. Karl Marx d. Auguste Comte

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d. Auguste Comte

question

In the text which of the following is not one of Weber's basic dimensions of society a. political b. Economic c. Cultural d. Social

answer

d. Social

question

Weber defined verstehen as a. the multidimensionality of society b. understanding behavior to which people give meaning c. a constantly evolving organism d. a hands-off approach to understanding society

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b. understanding behavior to which people give meaning

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According to the text, a significant difference between early American sociologists and their European counterparts was that the American sociologist were more _________. a. theoretical b. practical c. free-thinking d. academic

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b. practical

question

W.E.B. Du Bois wrote in 1901 a. "he who discriminate shatters the world." b. "the line between rich and poor is Black." c. "the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line." d. "education is only available to those that can afford it."

answer

c. "the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line".

question

according to this theory of socialization if a child receives positive reinforcement for a behavior, then she will repeat it. a. psychoanalysis b. social learning c. functionalism d. conflict

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b. social learning

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________ are the expected behaviors associated with a given status in society a. roles b. norms c. folkways d. Values

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a. roles

question

sociologist have found that religious beliefs influence parenting practices. Research has found that conservative Protestants are more likely than others to _________. a. use strict discipline with children b. use reasoning with their children c. use positive reinforcement d. use little or no discipline

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a. use strict discipline with children

question

According to Charles Horton Cooley, the self is formed as we a. respond to our subconscious b. imitate the play of others c. respond to the expectations that others have for us d. are punished for behaving incorrectly

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c. respond to the expectations that others have for us

question

Within sociology, the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations is called. a. criminology b. containment c. social control d. punishments

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c. social control

question

with theory of socialization sees identity as a product of the opportunities provided by one's social class? a. conflict b. functionalism c. Symbolic interactionism d. social learning

answer

a. conflict

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Specifying exactly what is to be measured when assigning a value to variable is called _________. a. operationalizing b. replicating c. reifying d. validating

answer

a. operationalizing

question

Here is a series of numbers: 1,2,1,8,0,9,9,10. What is the standard deviation a. 2 b. 4.1 c. 5 d. 16.5

answer

b. 4.1

question

Compared to the series of numbers in the preceding question, how would you interpret a score of 8. a. average b. above average c. exceptionally high d. insufficient information to interpret

answer

a. average

question

Sociologists call the rules that guide social behavior a. values b. sanctions c. norms d. social structure

answer

c. norms

question

Who wrote " Democracy in America"? a. Max Weber b. Robert Bellah c. Ralph Waldo Emerson d. Alexis de Tocqueville

answer

d. Alexis de Tocqueville

question

Children who do not develop a bond with a caregiver during the first few months of life show severe developmental problems. This syndrome is _____________. a. created by the double bind b. attachment theory c. failure to thrive d. none of the above

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c. failure to thrive

question

Theories are __________. a. guesses b. speculation c. explanations d. externally valid

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c. explanations

question

the term for other researchers repeating important parts of another researcher's work to test its conclusions is _______. a. reification b. replication c. repetition D. positivist redundancy

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b. replication

question

In Hegel's dialectic, the idea that begins a dialectical cycle is called: a. An antithesis b. a thesis c. an initiator d. a synthesis

answer

b. a thesis

question

The idea that we know reality only in terms of our language is called the a. simplistic fallacy b. social construction of reality c.. strength of weak ties d. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

answer

d. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

question

The term "bourgeois" literally means a. culturally refined b. "in the know" c. "of the town" d. working class

answer

c. "of the town"

question

Who wrote that the history of all previous societies is the history of class struggle? a. Max Weber b. Emile Durkheim c. August Comte D. Karl Marx

answer

d. Karl Marx

question

A social psychology experiment showed that religious students walked by a man who had been hurt without stopping to help because they __________. a. were hypocrites in their religious belief b. had lost their commitment to helping others c. both a&b are true d. neither a nor b are true

answer

d. neither a nor b are true

question

A sociolological perspective has been described as _____________. a. seeing the strange in the familiar b. seeing the general in the particular c. both a&b are true d. neither a nor be are true

answer

c. both a&b are true

question

The Guesses that scientists make are called ________. a. inspirations b. alterations c. hypotheses d. theories

answer

c. hypotheses

question

Which sociologist was the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard University? a. Ida B. Wells b. Harriet Martineau c. Alexis de Tocqueville d. W.E.B. Du Bois

answer

d. W.E.B. Du Bois

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the top ten American values identified by the sociologist Robin Williams? a. equal opportunity b. material comfort c. racism d. none of the above (all are American values)

answer

d. none of the above (all are American values)

question

Material culture consists of a. objects created in a given culture b. ideas and beliefs of a group of people c. laws, customs, and ideas. d. ideas about what is right and wrong

answer

a. objects created in a given culture

question

Regardless of where it is found in the world, culture a. is shared b. is genetic c. is often questioned by those who take part in it d. they are always the same, regardless of the context in which they exist

answer

a. is shared

question

Which of the following is true about the meanings of symbols? a. they depend on the culture b. They have no influence on human behavior c. They are inherent in the symbol itself d. They are always the same, regardless of the context in which they exist

answer

a. they depend on the culture

question

the specific cultural rules for how to behave in a given situation are called ___________. a. norms b. directives c. belief-based actualizations d. Culture traits and culture concepts

answer

a. norms

question

Two classic cultural concepts associated with the work of William Graham Sumner are __________? a. explicit and implicit norms b. folkways and mores c. dominant culture d. culture traits and culture concepts

answer

b. Folkways and mores

question

Mores are a. the ordinary customs of different group cultures b. important norms that control moral and ethical behavior c. often upped through laws that bring serious repercussions d. norms that provide strict codes of behavior

answer

b. important norms that control moral and ethical behavior

question

people generally follow norms for behavior because a. they fear serious punishment for violations b. they've though about all their actions and act in the way they find best. c. often upheld through laws that bring serious repercussions d. norms that provide strict codes of behavior

answer

d. norms that provide strict codes of behavior

question

consumption for the sake of displaying one's wealth is called a. conspicuous consumption b. conspicuous austerity c. economic posturing d. financial reciprocity

answer

a. conspicuous consumption

question

whereas earlier immigrants to the U.S. were predominantly from Europe, today most new immigrants come to the U.S. from __________. a. southern and Easter Europe b. Asia and Latin America c. the Middle East and Africa d. South America and the Caribbean

answer

b. Asia and Latin America

question

The difference between subcultures and countercultures is that a. countercultures reject and defy the dominant culture and subcultures do not b. subcultures are created as a reaction to the dominant culture and subcultures d not c. countercultures retreat from the dominant culture and subcultures do not d. subcultures cause the development of countercultures

answer

a. Countercultures reject and defy the dominant culture and subcultures do not

question

The habit of seeing things only from the point of view of one's own group is called _________. a. ethnocentrism b. xenocentrism c. cultural relativism d. multiculturalism

answer

a. ethnocentrism

question

The classic analysis of the Protestant work ethic and the emergence of capitalism was conducted by a. Emile Durkheim b. Pierre Bourdieu c. Max Weber d. Robert Putnam

answer

c. Max Weber

question

Cultural resources that are social designated as worthy and that give advantages to groups that possess them are called ____________. a. cultural "zeitgeist b. cultural capital c. cultural margins d. cultural frames

answer

b. cultural capital

question

A researcher who lives among the homeless in an effort to understand their norms is an example of a. participant observation b. cultural capital c. cultural Margins d. cultural frames

answer

a. participant observation

question

Developing a testable hypothesis based on theoretical principles is called. a. inductive reasoning b. deductive reasoning c. conceptual reasoning d. applied reasoning

answer

b. deductive reasoning

question

qualitative research is based on a. survey data b. statistics c. replicated results d. interpretive observations

answer

d. interpretive observations

question

Spurious correlation exists when __________. a. three or more variables vary together in a predictable way b. one variable causes another variable to change in a predictable way c. when three or more variables appear to vary in random or unpredictable ways d. the predictable pattern of behavior in two variables is caused by a hidden third variable

answer

d. the predictable pattern of behavior in tow variable is caused by a hidden third variable

question

which of the following is not a source of valid sociological research questions a. past studies that one may want to expand further b. past research that one would like to develop a critique of c. an observation in everyday life d. All of these may be a source

answer

d. All of these may be a source

question

Repeating research that has already been done on a different group of people or in a different time or place called a. repetition b. replication c. reification d. plagiarism

answer

b. replication

question

A characteristic that may have more than one value or score is called a(n) a. variable b. value c. hypothesis d. observation

answer

a. variable

question

In the statement, "Diet determines one's life expectancy," diet is the __________ variable. a. dependent b. independent c. intervening d. control

answer

b. independent

question

A student is given the same survey three times, each time sitting alone in a room. The student's results on the survey are different each time This is an indication that the survey a. is not reliable b. is not valid c. doesn't cover the material it was supposed to. d. is biased

answer

a. is not reliable

question

what is necessary in order to draw the most accurate conclusions about a population while only studying part of if a. a sample that is at least 10 percent of the population b. a representative sample c. a group of people from the population who volunteered for the study d. a sample that is at least half of the population

answer

b. a representative sample

question

The ability to apply the findings from one study to a broader population is called a. generalization b. validity c. reliability d. proving causality

answer

a. generalization

question

which of the following describes a society according to sociologists? a. Highly independent individuals living together b. Members who share common culture c. members who are unaware of other societies d. Members who exhibit constant harmony

answer

b. members who share common culture

question

In which of the following is Durkheim most interested? a. How society changes b. The ways that interaction creates innovation c. Power d. The ways society is held together

answer

d. The ways society is held together

question

Sociologist who study the large patterns of social interactions that are vast, complex, and highly differentiated a. microanalysis b. Macroanalysis c. content analysis d. organic analysis

answer

b. macroanalysis

question

Which of the following is not a social institution a. education b. family c. friends d. religion

answer

c. friends

question

Functionalist theorists contend that social institutions a. assure the stability and continuance of society b. provide for some segments of society at the expense of others c. distribute power to the carious segments of society unequally d. shape individual identity and personality

answer

a. assure the stability and continuance of society

question

Sociologist use the term _______ to refer to the organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compromise society a. cultural complex b. social structure c. infrastructure d. social network

answer

b. social structure

question

In a society where mechanical solidarity exists a. solidarity is created by individuals playing a great variety of different roles b. unity is based on role differentiation, not similarity c. individuals share the same values, hold the same things sacred, and frequently play the same roles d. the performance of multiple roles is necessary for the execution of society's complex and integrated functions

answer

c. individuals share the same values, hold the same things sacred and frequently plat the same roles

question

which of these types of society has the greatest amount of social differentiation? a. foraging b. pastoral c. agriculture d. horticultural

answer

c. agriculture

question

In industrial societies, social cohesion is achieved through ___________. a. a complex division of labor b. kinship systems c. religious beliefs d. shared ethnic heritage

answer

a. a complex division of labor

question

From a sociological perspective, which of these is not necessarily characteristic of a group? a. interaction is face-to-face b. members communicate with each other c. members share goals and norms d. members possess an awareness of themselves as "we"

answer

a. interaction is face-to-face

question

A status that is occupied from the moment of birth (e.g., your sex or race) is called an ________. a. acquired status b. assumed status c. ascribed status d. achieved status

answer

c. ascribed status

question

A system of slavery is most likely to be found in which type of society a. foraging b. industrial c. horticultural d. agriculture

answer

d. agriculture

question

By definition, groups must be at least _______ people. a. 1 b. 2 c. 5 d. 7

answer

b. 2

question

George Simmel is known for his work with: a. social networks b. social institutions c. groupthink d. group size effects

answer

d. group size effects

question

the sociologist who introduced the concept of primary groups is a. Charles Horton Cooley b. George Herbert Mead c. George Simmel d. Charles Page

answer

a. Charles Horton Cooley

question

Considering oneself as part of "people like us" is an example of being part of ___________. a. an out-group b. an instrumental group c. a reference group d. an in-group

answer

d. an in-group

question

According to research, which of the following is most likely to lead to getting a job? a. using a personal network b. applying through a job listing online c. answering a help wanted ad d. using a placement agencies

answer

a. using a personal network

question

According to social psychologist Philip Zimbardo, how do most people respond to hearing about the overly conforming behavior of others in groups? a. They empathize because they know they would behave the same way. b. They understand that for most people conformity is the norm c. They believe that they themselves would not succumb to group pressure d. They think that the conformity is the result of group members being tricked in some way.

answer

c. They believe that they themselves would not succumb to group pressure.

question

the overall purpose of the bureaucratic organization is a. to maximize efficiency b. promote democracy c. alleviate suffering for the workers d. be open to social change

answer

a. to maximize efficiency

question

Despite being warned of danger, NASA scientists proceed with the launch of the space shuttle Challenger that exploded during launch. Sociological analysis of the situation finds it was caused by a. a lack of communication b. a combination of risky shift and organizational ritualism c. organizational alienation d. group think

answer

b. a combination of risk shift and organizational ritualism

question

George Simmel developed the concept of "critical distance," which refers to _________. a. being physically separate from one's research subjects b. detaching from a situation to view things critically c. being ostracized by in-group think members and other social elites d. being able to not participate in your own research

answer

b. detaching from a situation to view things critically

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