question

Expansion of the Universe and Universal background radiation slightly above 0 Kelvin

answer

Among the evidence for the Big Bang, origin of the universe is...

question

Scientists have determined the Earth's age to be about

answer

4.6 billion years

question

A scientific hypothesis that stands repeated testing can be elevated to a scientific ____

answer

Theory

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Jovian

answer

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are the _______ planets.

question

Which of the following Subatomic particles has a positive charge?

answer

Proton

question

A. Doppler Effect

answer

Astronomers can measure the movement of galaxies by observing the shift in the wave frequency from the source to observer. This is known as the...

question

Shiny

answer

Not part of the definition of a mineral

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Isotopes of a given element have _____

answer

B. the same number of protons but different atomic masses

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Ionic bonds occur when electrons

answer

are transferred between atoms

question

Quartz has the chemical formula

answer

SiO2

question

What type of minerals are calcite and dolomite?

answer

Carbonates

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All silicates contain______

answer

Silicate Tetrahedra

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If a mineral is composed of only one type of atom it is a....

answer

Native Element

question

Which of the following igneous rocks have the lowest silica content?

answer

ultramafic

question

Aohanitic rocks are

answer

fine-grained

question

The parallel alignment of elongated minerals in a metamorphic rock is an example of___

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foliation

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Intrusive igneous rocks form when magma solidifies

answer

within the Earth's crust

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Rocks that have been changed from previously existing rocks so that they were completely melted and then cooled are now

answer

igneous rocks

question

Clastic (deterial) sedimentary rocks are formed by the process of

answer

deposition, compaction, and cementation

question

The concept that identifies that teh three basic groups of rocks can change into one another is called....

answer

the rock cycle

question

The division of the earth that exists below the crust, and above the core is the

answer

mantle

question

The study of paleomagnetism is possible because

answer

the magnetic minerals align with the earth's magnetic field at the curie point

question

The Earth's core is probably

answer

composed mostly of iron and nickel

question

The asthenosphere is

answer

hot, weak, and plastic

question

What are the agents of metamorphism?

answer

heat, pressure, weathering

question

Continental crust is ___ k thick whereas oceanic crust is ___ k thick.

answer

20 to 95, 5 to 10

question

Which of the following concepts was developed earliest?

answer

Continental drift

question

In which of the following subsystems in the earth's magnetic field generated?

answer

geosphere

question

The typical/average composition of continental crust is

answer

basaltic

question

Studies involving paleomagnetism documented

answer

how earths magnetic poles have varied through time

question

One of the most general conclusions to be drawn from plate tectonic theory is that

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Earths geography has continually changed

question

How old are the oldest rocks in teh ocean floor?

answer

about 3.8- 4.0 billion years old.

question

Alfred Wegener inferred the existence of a supercontinent at an earlier time, which he named

answer

pangaea

question

New oceanic crust is created at___

answer

mid-ocean ridges

question

What drives plate tectonics?

answer

Magnetic reversals

question

Magnetic stripes on the seafloor are roughly ____ the ridge axis along which they were created

answer

parallel to and symmetric about

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A volcanic island arc forms when there is _____ convergence

answer

none of the above

question

The present rate of seafloor spreading can be determined by

answer

repeatedly timing the travel of laser beam sent from one plate to another via satellite

question

Ophiolites consist of

answer

all of the above

question

The Hawaiian Islands are an example of

answer

a volcanic center at a hot spot

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When a deep-sea trench is located next to a continent, where would you expect to find active volcanoes?

answer

on the continent side of the trench

question

Plate tectonic theory is based on the model that the Earth's ___ is broken in a set of plates.

answer

lithospere

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The Red Sea is an example of

answer

an ocean basin between converging plates

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Which of the following is an example of a transform plate boundary?

answer

the San Andreas fault

question

Subduction complexes are generally associated with

answer

convergent plate boundries

question

Crustal pieces that are added to a continent over long period of time through collision are called

answer

terranes

question

Ancient convergent plate boundaries can be reconized

answer

orphiolites

question

The Himalayas were formed

answer

by convergence of thh Antarctic Plate and the Indian Plate

question

The earths first atmosphere

answer

contained no oxygen

question

Where are the oldest roks in North America exposed?

answer

in the Canadian Shield

question

Most surface water accumulated on earth as a result of

answer

condesation of water vapor after outgassing

question

The apperance of red beds in the geologic record indicates

answer

an oxidizing atmosphere

question

If you discover the fossil remains of archaeocyathids in a rock outcrop, you can be certin that teh ricks are from the

answer

cambrian

question

The Precambrian history of Earth is difficult to determine because

answer

There are relatively few fossils in teh Precambiran record and most precambrian rock is metamprphosed

question

Order of the paleozoic periods oldest to youngest

answer

Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Permain

question

In the Cambrian, the major event for the North American continent was

answer

shallow sea transgression adn regressin

question

With movement of Godwana over teh South Pole, extensive glaciation occurred during the

answer

Ordovician and Carboniferous

question

A shalow continental sea is an ___ sea.

answer

epeiric

question

The permian basin in West Texas is characterized by evaporites and

answer

reefs

question

The multicelled fauna of the Neoproterozic is known from all continents except Antartica, and collectively referred to as the ___ fauna.

answer

Ediacaran

question

Which of the following is not required for the formation of lack shale units

answer

the presence of trilobites

question

Benthic organisms that move through or live in the sediments are called

answer

infauna

question

During formation of the tippecanoe sequence, the michigan basin was surrounded by

answer

reefs

question

Which of the following is not an example of a pelagic organism?

answer

worm

question

All of the following are features of greenstone belts except

answer

key index fossil assemblages

question

The Taconic orogeny was caused by the

answer

closing of Iapetus

question

Acritarchs represent

answer

fossiles of organic walled phytoplankton

question

The ocean surrounding Pangaea at the end of the Paleozoic was the

answer

Panthalassa

question

The paleozoic continent containing major parts of today's African, South American, adn Antarctic continents was

answer

Gondwana

question

Eukaryotic organisms developed _____ prokaryotic organisms

answer

before

question

The two major glaciation in Proterozoic time are known as

answer

snowball earth events

question

The significance of the discovery of the Burgess Shale was that it was

answer

the first discovery of a unique assemblage of soft-body fossils of teh Cambrian

question

A period of rising sea level in which marine enviroments move onto the continent is a

answer

transgression

question

which of the following is NOT one of the basic marine feeding strategies?

answer

inhalation feeder

question

Which of teh following does NOT apply to trilobites

answer

abundant in modern oceans

question

The order of Paleozoic North American cratonic sequences is (from old to young)

answer

Sauk, Tippecanoe, Kaskaskia, Absaroka

question

The biggest mass extinction in Earth's history occurred

answer

at the end of the Permian

question

How can we classify phytoplankton within a food web?

answer

producer

question

Which of the following is NOT a function of an exoskeleton?

answer

increased efficiency in reproduction

question

The moblie belt at North America's eastern margin is called the....

answer

Appalacian mobile belt

question

The hierarchy of food production and consumption can be described as ___ levels

answer

trophic

question

The first orogenic event in the Appalacian mobile beltis nammed the_____ orogeny

answer

Taconic

question

The ancestral Rockies formed through intractionic ____ in the Carboniferous

answer

uplift

question

_______ are the remains of structure built by the first photosunthesizing organisms.

answer

Stromatolites

question

The ____ orogeny represented the final stage in the precambrian continental aceretion of Laurentia.

answer

greenville

question

______ have been identified as the first photosynthesizing organisms.

answer

Cyanobacteria

question

Weathering and erosion of the highlands following the Acadian orogeny produced a clastic wedge of reddish fluvial sediments known as the ___ delta.

answer

catsilk

question

The opening and closing of an ocean basin is also referred to as the ___ cycle

answer

Wilson

question

An elongated area of mountian building is referred to as a ____belt.

answer

mobile

question

Pangea was characterized by widespread ___ condiitions.

answer

cratonic

question

A major step in the evolution of life forms in the precambrian was the development of ____ cells

answer

eukaryotic

question

In their thickest places , the pleistocene glacial masses were as much as....

answer

3 Kilometers thick

question

The Appalachian area during the Cenozoic can be described as

answer

an area of erosion and uplift

question

The Isotopes of ___ can be used to derive paleotemperature values.

answer

oxygen

question

The formation of the San Andreas fault involved all of the following except.

answer

a mantle plume formed along the western margin of North America

question

During maximum glacial coverage of the Pleistocene, sea level...

answer

dropped 130 meters

question

Formation of the Basin and Range Province is a result of

answer

normal faulting

question

The Cascade Mountian Range is related to

answer

Pliocene to recent subduction

question

Which of the following is not a direct or an indirect result of glaciation?

answer

plate motion

question

The ____ ____ Rift, extended from Colorado to northern Mexico

answer

Rio Grand

question

The presence of a __ __ in the Bering Strait during the last iceage enabled mammal migration

answer

Land Bridge

question

Most primitive vertebrates

answer

fish

question

Devonian

answer

age of fish

question

Lobe-finned fish

answer

Early Devonian

question

Fishapod

answer

Middle Devonian

question

Amphibians

answer

Late Devonian

question

Major Evolutionary step

answer

the amniote egg

question

Pelycosaurs

answer

sail for body temperature regulation

question

Therapsids

answer

endothermic, fur, mammalian features

question

Structural adapations for the transition from water to land

answer

roots, leaves, heterispory, secondary growth,and seeds

question

Vascular plants

answer

cells for nutrient and water transport

question

Gymnosperm Plants

answer

floweless seed plants, male and female cones, dominant in carboniferous swamps, moving to higher/drier grounds

question

Major Geologic events:

answer

breakup of pangaea, origin of atlantic ocean basin, origin of Rocky Mountains

question

North America in Mesozoic

answer

Cratonic sequence in continental interior, highest sea level in Mid-Cretaceous

question

Eastern Coastal Region

answer

Fault-block valleys, sedimentation, dikes, sills

question

Gulf if Mexico

answer

more then 100 m of evaporites precipitated in the Jurassic

question

Accretion of Terranes

answer

estimated that more then 100 different sized ones have been added to the western margin of NA during the last 200 mill years

question

Mollusks

answer

ammonites, belemnites

question

Triassic/Jurassic Plants

answer

Gymnosperms, angiosperms

question

Dinosaurs

answer

teeth in individual sockets, limbs directly beneath bodies, upright posture.

question

Saurischaian Dinosaurs

answer

have lizard like pelvis

question

Ornithischians

answer

bird like pelvis

question

Pterosaurs

answer

First flying reptiles

question

Therapsids

answer

mammal-like reptiles in the Permian

question

Cynodonts

answer

most mammal like of all in the permian

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