Final Exam (After Midterm) Physical Geography UF – Flashcards
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Describe or sketch the hydrological cycle, summarizing the processes that shift water from one part to another (8.1)
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Page 4 Evaporation --> Condensation --> Precipitation --> Sublimation --> Infiltration --> Groundwater Flow --> Transpiration --> Surface Runoff --> Ocean Gains & Losses
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Sketch and explain the comparative magnitudes of the hydrologic fluxes between the global stores of water (8.2)
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Ocean 97% Atmosphere ~0.001% Continents 3% Atmosphere and ocean have a reduction of store of 7% from ocean. Precipitation exceeds evaporation by 7%
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Be able to interpret the water-?balance diagram and describe how the type of climate relates to water balance, as expressed in a water-?balance diagram. (8.4)
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Calculates water balance as a function of time. Dark orange = Deficit Light orange = Soil-water use Light blue = Soil-water recharge Dark blue = Surplus
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Describe the ways we use fresh water, and which four uses consume the most (8.5)
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Thermoelectric Power (41%), Irrigation of farms (37%), Public & Domestic Use (12.6%), Industrial Uses (5.2%), Aquaculture (2.5%), Mining (1.1%), Livestock (0.6%)
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Sketch and describe ways that lakes and wetlands relate to groundwater (8.7)
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Lakes and wetlands are places where the groundwater level is above the surface. Or short term ones that only last after precipitation before it infilterates into the ground. They may also be at the bottom of valleys, where the groundwater level is close to the surface or perched less permeable soils.
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Sketch or describe some problems associated with over pumping, including subsidence, fissures, and saltwater incursion (8.8)
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The water flows to the deeper well because it takes out more water than the groundwater can replenish causing a funnel (cone of depression) which causes other wells to lack water cause it no longer reached the water table. Pores close which causes the ground to compress and a loss of porosity and subsidence which is permanent. Some terrains can not compress as easily, causing open fissures where the land drops drastically in cliff like drops. Some wells are near oceans which causes the risk of saltwater incursion or saltwater intrusion. When over pumped the saltwater takes over where the freshwater was.
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Summarize the location, characteristics and importance of the Ogallala aquifer. Summarize its water balance and describe changes over the last several decades (8.11)
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Beneath the high plains from South Dakota to Texas. Provides groundwater for about 30% of all cropland in the country. Threatened by over pumping. The levels have fallen from overpopulation and the western side are predicted to be completely depleted by 2050. The water balance is at a deficit.
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Pick and name a specific flood event and describe and sketch what happened in this flood, what the consequences were, and impacts on humans (Class & 13)
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The Great Colorado Flood - Flash Flooding and Overbanking Flooding Torrential downpour caused the rapid rise of fast moving water which quickly broke over banks of rivers and flooded the landscape. Drought + Cold front fusing with warm humid air from the South. 8 deaths, 345 houses destroyed, 557 damaged homes and 100-150 million in repairing country roads.
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Sketch and explain the processes by which a stream erodes into its channel and which sites are most susceptible to erosion (13.2)
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Abrasion is small stuff chips at large stuff Potholes are like whirlpools where stuff swirls Dissolution is when soluble materials are removed Stream load is the amount of sediment in water Stream capacity is max Sediment moves down the stream wearing away the bottom and the edges
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Summarize factors that influence a stream's profile and behavior (13.4)
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Shape, Base level, rock types, tectonics, sea level, climate and stability of condition
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Describe how mountain streams get their sediment (13.6)
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Downward force, boulders, dust etc forming deltas
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Describe what happens when a river or smaller stream enters an ocean or lake, and what factors control deposition of sediment in a delta (13.9)
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They dump coarser sediment Vegetation, Sediment Load, Discharge, Wave Erosion, River ; Ocean Ice and Water Chemistry
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Describe how the construction of a dam affects a stream (13.9)
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Causes delta as well and erosion after dam. Creates new base level and tries to achieve equilibrium.
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Summarize some causes of flooding (know at least 5 of the 7) (13.12)
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Snowmelt, Local heavy precipitation, regional precipitation, dam failure, volcanic eruption
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Summarize and sketch how different factors, from the water side and from the land side, affect the appearance of a coast (15.1)
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Storms, slope of sea level, orientation of coast, waves, hardness of bedrock, size of sediment, climate
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Summarize the factors controlling whether a coast gains or loses sand over time (15.4)
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Storms can cause sand to reach high on land where waves can't reach it. Winter waves can cause the shore to become more rocky and lose sand cause of increased energy in winter waves, but summer brings it back. The slope can also cause the sand to slump downwards
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Describe the different types of coastal features (15.5)
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Sea cliffs, Sea caves and Sea arches, Wave cut platforms, Sea stacks
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Summarize the hazards that affect beaches and other coastlines (15.7)
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Storm surge, waves, strong winds and rains, flooding
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Explain what soils is (16.1)
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A thin layer capable of supporting life and four components- minerals, organic minerals, water and air.
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Sketch and describe the types of soil structures, and some examples of how soil color indicates the materials in soil (16.2)
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Sand, silt, clay. Reddish- Aluminium or Iron Dark - Organic Matter Greenish Grayish- Waterlogged Purplish - Manganese oxides Whitish- Salt or calcium carbonate
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Sketch and explain the hydrologic cycle as it relates to soil (16.3)
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Evaporate, run off, or Infiltration Can become groundwater Capillary action can bring it to the surface again or through the roots
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Explain the importance of N, P, and K in soils (16.4) Discuss the vital role organic matter plays in soil productivity (16.4)
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K (Potassium) is necessary for water uptake and conservation P (Phosphorus) increases growth, lack = stunted growth N (Nitrogen) needed for proteins and enzymes It creates litter
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Sketch and describe the sequence and characteristics of the O, A, E, B, C and R horizons, and explain how each horizon forms (16.7)
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O Surface layer A Topsoil E Zone of Leeching B Subsoil C Regolith R Bedrock Oh Annie Eats Big Corn Right?
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Describe some of the main patterns of distribution of some common soil types and provide examples of how the climate or other conditions result in this type of soil (16.12)
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Oxisols- Southern hemispheres Mollisols- North America, South America, Central Asia Inceptisols- Cold, permafrosty regions and everywhere else IDK.... :'( Everything is everywhere :'(
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You need to consider a specific (named by you) ecosystem and for this ecosystem be able to draw its food chain or food web, explain the processes and structures, discuss threats to this ecosystem, and to describe the productivity and limitations to growth (Class & 17)
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Coral Reef - Plankton, Sea sponge, angel fish, reef shark Nutrient overload
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Explain how populations of two species in an ecosystem can change over time, under the effects of competition, consumption and predation (17.3)
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Predator falls when prey falls because predator has nothing to eat
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Sketch and describe how energy and chemical substances flow through ecosystems in the context of the First and Second laws of Thermodynamics (17.5)
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10% of energy gets to next creature
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Match the major biome types to the environmental conditions that support them (18.1)
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Think so
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For one specific biome example (you name) be able to describe in detail why it is distributed globally where it is and what the major features are of this biome (Class & 18.2)
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Sahara Desert - Converging air zones cause dry air to come in dry arid hot region, sparse vegetation and low rainfall
