Final Chapters – Flashcards
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Which of the following helped foster the establishment of communist states in Eastern Europe after 1945?
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Soviet diplomatic pressure, political infiltration, and military power
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To what does the term Iron Curtain refer?
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the nickname given by Winston Churchill to the line separating Soviet-dominated Europe from capitalist Europe
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Only one communist country, Yugoslavia, managed to steer clear of alliances during the Cold War and remain within neither the Soviet sphere of influence nor that of the West, primarily due to the strength of the its leader...
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Josip Broz (Marshal Tito)
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When Europe began to take sides between West and East following World War II, Yugoslavia was declared to have "taken the road to nationalism" by...
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Josef Stalin
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In a 1947 speech to Congress, President Harry S. Truman set out his policy of support for the resistance of "free peoples" to communism by tying politics to economics; it would be a choice between "two ways of life." This policy was known as the:
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Truman Doctrine
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What was the "Berlin Airlift?"
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a process of providing desperately needed food and supplies during the Soviet blockade of 1948
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Which of the following was NOT an important element of the Marshall Plan?
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the restriction of Catholic political movements that tended toward an inherent suspicion of American culture and political motives
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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was formed in 1949 by the United States and representatives of Western European states for the purpose of...
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providing mutual defense: an attack against one was an attack against all
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In 1955 the Soviet Union and its allies in Eastern Europe responded to the formation of NATO with the...
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Warsaw Pact
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The arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union began in 1949 when the Soviet Union tested its own ___, a weapon of which the United States had a monopoly until that time.
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atomic bomb
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Stated US policy of containment regarding the Soviet Union in the post-World War II world was set forth in 1946 by...
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George Kennan
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One result of the thaw in Soviet internal politics that followed Nikita Khruhchev's rise to power in 1956 was that some major Russian writers could finally be published. One of the more famous was Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, whose account of his time in the Soviet government's Siberian prison camps was entitled...
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One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich
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During the mid-1950s, Eastern Europe experienced a great many disruptions that were triggered by...
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the death of Josef Stalin
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Following Josef Stalin's death in 1953, many of the countries in Eastern Europe attempted to wrest some measure of independence from Moscow. Although Poland managed to establish a looser arrangement with Moscow, ___ pushed too far and was occupied by Soviet troops for a time.
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Hungary
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With Nikita Khrushchev's "thaw" following his consolidation of power in 1956, some Eastern European countries were able to secure a measure of independence from the Soviet Union, such as Poland did under its leader...
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Wladyslaw Gomulka
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The economic boom that Europe enjoyed following World War II was fueled by...
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high consumer demand for goods; high levels of employment; a wide range of technological innovations; and continued capital investment
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Although all of Western Europe experienced economic recovery in the post-World War II years, one country in particular, ___, had a spectacular recovery.
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West Germany
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During the first decades of economic recovery following World War II, one country, ___, had a seemingly insatiable need for workers. Transient workers from all over Europe were drawn by the high demand for labor.
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West Germany
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Two of the most influential international agencies, the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, were designed to establish a stable economic landscape and were established in 1944 at...
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Bretton Woods
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The modern welfare state was a creation of the post-World War II economic boom and was first instituted in Great Britain under the Labor party prime minister...
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Clement Atlee
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The German who succeeded Adolf Hitler as chancellor of Germany was...
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Konrad Adenauer
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Communism spread throughout Eastern Europe in the aftermath of World War II and Soviet occupation, but communism also took control of ___ in the 1940s through revolution.
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China
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The tenets of Marxism called for a revolution by the proletariat, the industrial workers, but China in the 1940s was a nation of peasants, so an adaptation of Marxism was provided by...
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Mao Zedong
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Having been successful in their attempts to seize power in many places in the years following World War II, the communists continued pressing open warfare in many countries such as...
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Korea
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The great nationalist and follower of a philosophy of nonviolence, Mohandas K. Gandhi, led his country, ___.
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India
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The British had been in political control of Palestine since World War I, but promised a portion of the land as a Jewish homeland with its 1917...
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Balfour Declaration
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For the most part, when the European colonial powers left Africa, their legacy was...
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such that virtually none of the former colonies possessed the means to make independence work
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One of the most promising of the newly independent African nations, Ghana, soon fell victim to corruption with its first president...
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Kwame Nkrumah
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The British encouraged the creation of a federated state for its African colony of ___, but it rapidly disintegrated along racial lines into separate states.
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Rhodesia
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After coming to power in 1956 and nationalizing the Suez Canal, Gamel Abdul Nasser used the money raised from operating the canal to fund a project, the ___, to further bolster Egyptian national pride and economy.
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Aswan Dam on the Nile
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The French appeared to have won a colonial war in Vietnam in 1951, but rather than begin peace talks and arrive at depolarization on favorable terms, they fought on and eventually lost everything a the battle of...
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Dien Bien Phu
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Although the war in Indochina was hard on the French, the war in Algeria was much harder since it involved fighting on three fronts: a guerrilla war in the countryside, a war of terror fought in Algeria's cities, and a war...
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of opinion at home, politically dividing the country and bringing down the government.
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The postwar world faced the moral dilemmas of war, occupation, and resistance, all of which found an expression in the ____ of the period.
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literature
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Jean-Paul Sarte was the leading proponent of the twentieth-century philosophy of existentialism, which held that....
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existence precedes essence
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Many Western intellectuals sought to revive humanism and democratic values after the horrors of World War II; a group of writers, one of them being ___, pointed out that colonialism made their task ever more difficult.
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Franz Fanon
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President Dwight D. Eisenhower delivered a farewell address to the United States in which he warned that...
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a military-industrial complex had taken shaped and that its influence was felt at every level of government in the United States
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Of all the economic changes that transformed Europe following World War II, the most dramatic was in the area of...
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agriculture
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After the postwar economic boom ended in the 1960s, people were generally feeling less satisfied with...
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material comfort
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By the 1960s, one segment of the labor force that had significantly expanded was...
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government workers
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In the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev, education was aimed at...
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unifying a nation that remained, fifty years after its founding, culturally heterogeneous.
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One invention that helped further the spread of popular music was...
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transistor radios
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What is NOT true of culture in the 1950s and 1960s?
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Given the large numbers of young people as a result of the "baby boom," the mass culture of the 1950s and 1960s would be expressed primarily through music
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In the 1960s, a crack in the monolithic façade of the Americanization of Western culture appeared on the music scene with the...
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"British Invasion"
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In the Eastern European bloc countries in the 1950s and 1960s, rock and roll or "capitalist" music...
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was pirated or smuggled into circulation
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Film directors such as Francois Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, and Jiri Menzel represented a new type of direction known as the ___ school.
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new wave
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One of the contributing factors to the "sexual revolution" of the 1960s was the ready availability of...
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oral contraceptives
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In the United States, the feminist movement centered on a single, national organization founded in 1966. The movement was known by its acronym...
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NOW
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The American Civil Rights Movement headed by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. embraced the philosophy of nonviolence espoused by the Indian social and political activist...
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Mohandas Gandhi
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Although the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s is remembered mostly as an event occurring in the United States, it was a Western phenomenon caused, in the view of many, primarily by...
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immigration
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What was NOT an issue addressed by the American Civil Rights Movement, in addition to racial equality?
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greater toleration of minority religions, particularly Islam
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One of the most divisive events in the United States during the 1960s was the...
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Vietnam War
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To what other year, packed with events and uncertainly, has 1968 frequently been compared...
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1848, with its wave of widespread, idealistic, but ultimately failed popular revolutions
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Which of the following were immediate causes of the unrest in Paris during 1968...
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demands for modernization of university life and wage increases for embattled industries
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The year 1968 saw a great many disruptions throughout the world. In the United States, the country was torn by political assassinations; among those killed was...
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Martin Luther King, Jr.
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One manifestation of the upheavels of 1968 in Europe was the ...
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Prague Spring
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Which best characterizes the status of Eastern European economies of the 1970s in comparison to their counterparts in Western Europe...
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Eastern European economies faced their own difficulties and restrictions, centered on debt
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The political unrest in Eastern Europe that had surfaced in 1968 peaked again in 1980 with the rise of a politicized labor union in Poland; ___ organized strikes that threatened to bring the government down.
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Solidarity
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The idea of a single, unified Europe had been the dream of many for years, a dream that was finally partly realized in 1991 with the formation of the ___, which included a single currency, a central European bank, and unified social policies.
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European Union
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What was one of the first consequences of the Soviet policy of glasnost in Eastern Europe?
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the resurgence of the solidarity movement and other dissidents in Poland
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The Russian term perestroika refers to a ...
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program of economic restricting in Soviet Union
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In November 1989 the embodiment of the Cold War, the __, was torn down by ordinary citizens.
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Berlin Wall
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Arguably the most repressive dictatorship in Eastern Europe was that of Nicolae Ceausescu in...
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Romania
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After the success of the "velvet revolution" in Czechoslovakia, the first open elections resulted in the playwright ____ being elected president.
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Vaclav Havel
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What was NOT a disturbing follow-up to the dissolution of the Soviet Union?
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the fragmentation of the Warsaw Pact into competing factions
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The last general secretary of the Communist party of the Soviet Union was...
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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The hopes raised by the changes in Eastern Europe in the late 1980s were, by 1989...
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understood to be taking longer and would be harder than thought.
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Although every European country had at one point or another taken violent action against one ethnic group or another within its own borders, one group, the ___, was attacked in virtually every country in which they lived.
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Romani
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To what does the term velvet divorce refer?
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the collapse of Czechoslovakia into the separate nations of the Czech Republic and Slovakia
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Much of Eastern Europe in the late 1980s and 1990s made the transformation from communism to democracy peacefully; there was some exceptions, most notably in Yugoslavia under the rule of...
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Slobodan Milosevic
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The term ethnic cleansing was coined in reference to...
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deliberate campaigns of terror conducted by Serbian guerrillas in Bosnia, to force the flight of much larger populations of Muslims and Croatians
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To what does the term safe areas refer...
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areas in Bosnia designated by the United Nations as free of violence for ethnic refugees during the civil war there
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What two visions of ethnically motivated politics came into conflict in Kosovo?
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a "greater Serbia" and a "greater Albania"
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At its most basic, globalization means...
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integration
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"Globalization" and "internationalization" are not synonymous, as globalization can occur...
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quite independently of nation control
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To what does the term postcolonial refer...
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the many legacies of colonial rule, which have extended well beyond independence
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Globalization has generated discussions concerning...
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the nature of citizenship; transnational corporation accountability; the environment; and the human cost involved in globalization
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The post-World War II arrangements reached by the Allies at Bretton Woods steadily eroded in the late 1960s and effectively ended in 1971, when the United States...
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abandoned the postwar gold standard and allowed the dollar to range freely
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The "neoliberal" economics of the 1970s stressed...
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free markets and profit incentives with restraints on budget deficits and social welfare programs
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The development of the Internet has given rise to a new meaning for the expression...
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"global village"
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Although there is a sharp divide between the most successful global players and the poorer, disadvantaged states and culture, the poorer states have been able to respond to a very profitable market in the West in one area of manufacture, that of...
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illegal drugs
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The central aspect of globalization is...
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the relative free flow of people, money, and ideas around the world.
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Demographic studies indicate that the world's population is...
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shrinking in North America and Europe while rapidly expanding elsewhere
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By the late twentieth century, health officials' worries that a disease would spread to epidemic proportions much more quickly due to accelerated rates of travel were confirmed by...
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AIDS
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One of the major influences in the postcolonial world prior to 1990 was...
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the Cold War with its attendant superpower patronage
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How were South African politics decisively transformed in and after 1990?
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by the release of political prisoner Nelson Mandela and the legalization of the African National Congress
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Although South Africa made a relatively easy transition from apartheid to majority rule, other African countries had a much bloodier path to follow. For example, in the former Belgian colony of ___, over 800,000 Tutsis were slaughtered by the Hutus in a brutal display of ethnic violence.
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Rwanda
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The internal civil strife of Zaire in the 1990s tempted its neighbors to intervene to get material resources and to settle ethnic differences in their own borders in what has been dubbed...
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"Africa's world war"
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By the turn of the twenty-first century, the largest heavy industrial producer in the world was...
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China
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During the 1980s, the countries of the Pacific Rim that had developed robust economies and that appeared to have great staying power earned the collective nickname of...
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"The Tigers"
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During the economic prosperity of the 1980s in the Pacific Rim, many countries treated the creation of general economic wealth and prosperity as...
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a patriotic duty
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The two nations that led the world in their economic recovery following World War II were...
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Germany and Japan
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Ethnic conflicts that had been dampened for some time were reignited in the 1990s in Indonesia due to...
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inflation and unemployment
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The Israeli leader who negotiated the 1978 peace accord was...
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Menachem Begin
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The Middle East has drawn more attention in recent years due to all of the following reasons EXCEPT...
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Iraq's Islamic Revolution
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Prior to the outbreak of the intifada, the Arab nations and Israel had fought ___ wars.
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three
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Since 1987, Palestinians living in Gaza and the West Bank have been carrying on a low-level fight against the Israeli security forces known as the...
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Intifada
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Many of the oil-producing countries of the world organized themselves into a cartel to regulate the production and the pricing of oil; this cartel is called the...
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Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
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In the mid-1970s, a long recessionary period in Western economies was triggered by...
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an oil embargo inspired by hardliners among the oil-producing states.
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In 1990, Saddam Hussein attempted to restore Iraq's influence and prestige by invading its neighbor...
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Kuwait
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In the postcolonial world of the 1960s, many in the Islamic world, led by the cleric ___, laid the blame for the moral failure of the Arab world at the feet of the West and centuries of colonial contact.
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Sayyid Qutb
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The Islamic cleric, the Ayatollah ___, stepped into the 1979 power vacuum in Iran left by the resignation of the Western friendly shah.
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Ruhollah Khomeini
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By the 1970s, the driving force in criticism and defiance of autocratic Arab regimes was...
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an emerging form of radical Islam, which wanted to see the establishment of religious states.
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In the 1990s, the Islamic government of Iran found its strongest opposition coming from...
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students and disfranchised service workers
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The Iran-Iraq War was the result, at least indirectly, of...
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the end of the Cold War
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The decisive difference between the "early" terrorist organizations of the 1960s and those that developed in the 1980s and 1990s was that the newer ones were...
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committed to a world-ending conflict that would eliminate their enemies and grant themselves martyrdom
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The terrorist organization al-Qaeda was created by Islamic military leaders who had fought against the foreign occupation of...
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Afghanistan
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On September 11, 2001, one of the new terrorist organizations, ____, carried out an attack on the symbolic seat of "globalization" the United States.
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al-Qaeda
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Several international organizations have been founded to monitor the rights of individuals, and among these is...
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Amnesty International
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The contemporary language of human rights is anchored in a tradition of political thought that reaches back to the political philosophy of...
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John Locke
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Although an attempt was made following World War I to safeguard individuals against nation-states, nothing was accomplished until the United Nations published the...
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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The recent global economic crisis has sparked new debates in the past few years that have centered on a belief in...
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self-regulating markets
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A good example of the early kind of terrorist organizations formed in the 1960s would be...
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the Red Brigades
