Exam 4 Anthropology - Flashcards

Q: Based on primatological studies, what does Richard Wrangham conclude about human violence and sexual selection?

Females\' evolutionary interests cannot be met without cooperation from males

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Playing a leading role in the development of the anthropology of law, _____has taken on specialists in the fields of law, children's issues, nuclear energy, and science, critically questioning the basic assumptions under which these experts operate.

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Laura Nader

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The use of wealth to support the tonowi's power, the belief in the divine right of kings to rule, and the choice of the oldest living male becoming the head of the Dahomey state of West Africa all have in common that they

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represent what is considered to be the legitimate basis of political authority in that particular society.

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Among the Igbo of Nigeria,

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men and women each had separate, autonomous spheres of political activity

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When the British imposed colonial rule on the Igbo of Nigeria,

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they did not recognize the political power of women, and introduced changes that resulted in women becoming subordinate to men.

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externalized social controls

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Sanctions

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_____ sanctions attempt to precisely and explicitly regulate people's behavior. They can be positive (such as military decorations) or negative (such as imprisonment).

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Formal

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Which of the following would invoke informal sanctions against an individual in a restaurant in the United States?

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Going barefoot

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Wape villagers avoid quarreling with each other because

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they believe that a hunter misses his prey only because of the intervention of ancestral ghosts who are angry with quarreling in the community

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Once two Inuit individuals are involved in a dispute and become peaceful by engaging in a singing contest, the affair is considered

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closed and resolved

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A key point in William Ury's 2002 book, Must We Fight? was that, "Conflict is not going to end, but _____ can."

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Violence

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Pirate gangs based out of Somalia are thought to be bankrolled and supplied with arms and supplies by

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Somali investors living overseas

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Based on primatological studies, what does Richard Wrangham conclude about human violence and sexual selection?

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Females' evolutionary interests cannot be met without cooperation from males

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We have ample reason to suppose war has become a problem only in the past _____years, since the invention of food-production techniques and especially centralized states.

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10,000

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Darwin argued that the large physical size of males was a physical specialization to aid in competition between males for females. He called this theory

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sexual selection

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The most widely known act of genocide in recent history was the attempt of the Nazis during World War II to kill

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European Jews and Roma

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Justifications for war are embedded in a society's

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worldview

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In 1986, an Acholi named Alice Auma believed she was visited by a spirit she called Lakwena. This spirit messenger revealed to her that she should work to liberate her homeland and found a Christian theocracy. Today, this movement continues through the resistance of Joseph Kony. In which country did this occur?

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Congo

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In cases of warfare in regions deemed strategically important or rich in natural resources, what additional action is also most likely to occur today?

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Foreign military intervention

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A contract or formal agreement between two or more independent groups that are self-governing is called a(n

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treaty

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Gandhi built a movement to fight colonial repression and injustice based on the concept of satyagraha. What did he mean by this term?

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Movement of nonviolent resistance

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Aung San Suu Kyi is a current coordinator of nonviolent resistance. All of the following statements about her are correct except:

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she is the leader of the opposition party in Thailand

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A people's collection of gods and goddesses is called a(n)

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pantheon

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If religious belief reflects the structure of society, in which types of society would you expect to find widespread belief in ancestral spirits?

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Those in which descent groups play a major role in social organization

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The major difference between animism and animatism has to do with whether the supernatural force that occupies an entity is

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personal or impersonal and without identity

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A full-time religious specialist formally recognized for his or her role in guiding the religious practices of others is called a(n)

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priest or priestess

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Which of the following is not a change that affects women who become a Chan monastic?

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They devote themselves to their families unselfishly

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Chan monastics discussed in this chapter's Biocultural Connection are in the country of

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Taiwan.

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The widespread occurrence of shamanism and the remarkable similarities between shamanistic traditions wherever found are consequences of

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universal neurological inheritance

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Which of the following is not a major form of establishing spiritual lineage?

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Following a new charismatic prophet, as among the Raelians

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From his work with Conibo shamans, Michael Harner argues that

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anthropologists have seriously underestimated the significance of the shamanistic experience on Amazonian Indian ideologies and practices

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Ju/'hoansi healers possess the powerful healing force called n/um, which generally remains dormant in a healer until an effort is made to activate. Among the ways to activate n/um are all of the following except:

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use of hallucinogens

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the interrelationship of the shaman, patient, and community

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The Shamanic Complex

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A culturally prescribed avoidance is a(n)

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taboo

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If a society has a taboo against eating pork and a member eats it mistakenly, what types of rituals might the person undergo to fix the transgression?

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Rites of purification

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When an individual undergoes rituals to celebrate birth, puberty, and marriage, he or she is practicing

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rites of passage

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The initiation rites for male Australian aborigines include a stage when they are isolated from the rest of society and undergo a cram course in tribal lore; the trauma associated with their ordeal is part of a teaching method that ensures that they will remember what they are taught. This particular stage in the puberty ceremony would be referred to as the stage of _____ by Arnold Van Gennep.

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Transition

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A rite of _____ serves to help groups get through crises such as drought or some other external threat to the survival of the group.

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Intensification

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After the death of a famous movie star, auctions may be held of his or her personal belongings. A few years ago, the sale of a popular actor's shirt almost caused a riot among teenage girls who were bidding for it. The assumption that owning, touching, or wearing a person's shirt somehow puts you in touch with him could be used as an example of

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Contagious magic

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Magic based on the assumption that things that are like each other somehow have a connection with each other and if you do something to one, it will affect the other, is called

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Contagious

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If someone takes a handful of pebbles and scatters them in order to read the pattern or design as a prediction, it is called

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Geomancy

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Whether beneficial or unbeneficial, all art is an expression of

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the symbolic representation of form and the expression of creative imagination

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When ideas are promoted by artful means and dramatically staged to challenge opinions, it is called

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performance art

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All peoples engage in artistic behavior as they use their imagination creatively to interpret, understand, and even enjoy life. The archaeological record suggests that humans have produced art for how many years?

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40,000

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The observation that all cultures include activities that provide aesthetic pleasure suggests all of the following except:

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art is a very specialized activity that likely led to the creation of distinct classes in society

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All of the following are approaches that anthropologists bring to the study of art except

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assessing the economic value

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Weavings, etchings, rock carvings, and tattoos are all classified as which kind of art?

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Visual

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If the animal figures on a Haida totem are highly stylized and represent only the most basic forms of animals, then the totem would be considered as

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Abstract

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What interesting cultural substitution is in the Marcos Zapata painting of The Last Supper (ca. 1710-1773)?

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Instead of eating sheep, they are eating guinea pig

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Tattoos communicate through all of the following except:

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Verbal words

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Tattoos are universal forms of body art that may initially date as far back as how many years ago?

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10,000-40,000

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All of the following statements about tattoos are correct except:

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tattoos were first brought to the U.S. by British Captain John Smith from the Pacific

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The Bushmen use many natural minerals and materials for their rock art. Which of the following is not a commonly used material?

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Bicarbonate

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Which of the following is not a common depiction of Bushmen rock art?

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Drums

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During the first stage of trance,

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the nervous system generates patterns of dots, zigzags, curves, and lines

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Peyote art is a traditional form among the

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Huichol

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Peyote buttons contain a psychotropic substance identified as a(n)

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Alkaloid

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The interpretive approach to rock art among the Bushmen and all over southern Africa indicates a significant influence of

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Shamanism

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Anthropologists prefer to use the term verbal arts rather than the term folklore because

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the term folklore implies lack of sophistication, and is a condescending term to use

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Legends, rhymes, jokes, chants, and dramas are all examples of which kind of art?

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Verbal

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The narratives that make up the verbal arts include all of the following except

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paintings

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In the myth of Tabaldak and Odziozo, Tabaldak first created the Abenakis from stone, and then from living wood. What does this tell us about the functions of myths?

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Myths function to express a culture's worldview; the Abenakis see themselves as belonging to the world of living things rather than to the nonliving world of stone

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In a literate society, the function of legends has been largely taken over by

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history

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Semi-historical narratives that account for the deeds of heroes, the movements of peoples, and the establishment of local customs are called

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epics

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Which of the following is typically found in preliterate societies with a form of state political organization, serving to transmit and preserve a culture's legal and political precedents and practices?

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Epics

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Most of the situation comedies, soap operas, and adventure series shown on television are non-religious, non-historical, and appreciated primarily as a source of entertainment. Thus they may be classified as what kind of verbal arts?

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Tales

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Your text describes a type of narrative found in many cultures in which a peasant father and his son, while traveling with their beast of burden, meet a number of people who criticize them. What is the motif?

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The "motif" refers to the story situation, in this case, a father and son trying to please everyone

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Americans are familiar with the story of Cinderella. Similar stories may be found throughout the world: a poor, beautiful girl, downtrodden by her stepmother, receives supernatural aid to win the hand of a noble prince who is searching for a bride. Although the circumstances differ (the girl may be a rural peasant or a servant in a great house, the supernatural helper may be a fairy godmother or a goldfish, the prince may belong to European feudalism or the Aztec empire), all the stories exhibit the same basic

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motif

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The "little songs" of the Bedouin are an outlet for taboo thoughts because they

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express ideas and feelings that go against the moral system

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Rarely has a culture been reported to lack any kind of music. Bone flutes and whistles have been found by archaeologists that date back approximately how many years ago?

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42,000

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The study of music in its cultural setting is called

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ethnomusicology

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Which musical system divides the octave into five nearly equidistant tones?

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Pentatonic

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Two people playing different patterns of beats at the same time is called

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polyrhythm

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In Western music, the distance between the basic tone and the first overtone is called a(n)

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octave

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All of the following are functions of art except:

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art is a tremendous asset for the few societies that have it

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Master Ghanaian carpenter Paa Joe is most known for

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coffins

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During the Washington Peace March in the '60s, thousands of people sang the song, "We Shall Overcome." This song expressed a feeling of common purpose to counteract repression and reform society. It created a sense of unity among the diverse members of the crowd. This example illustrates which of the following functions of music?

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Social functions

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Which Native American group did Jennifer Neptune study and assist?

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Penobscot

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Jennifer Neptune was asked by a Native American elder to make a reproduction of a clothes item from the late 18th century seen in a photograph of material artifacts from his tribe. This work allowed the current tribal members to appreciate the rich cultural past of their own tribe. What was this item that she reproduced?

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Collar

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Among Australian aborigines, the ancestors' tracks on the earth are known in song as

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songlines

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Maori rugby teams play a haka before each match. What is this?

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Traditional war dance and song

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All of the following statements about cultural change are correct except:

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all cultures are equally well equipped for making adjustments in a timely way

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The chance discovery of some new principle that can be applied in a variety of ways is called a(n)

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primary innovation

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One of the first and most prominent anthropologists to focus on these worldwide transformations was

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Eric Wolf

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Anthropologist Eric Wolf did all of the following except:

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worked tirelessly on behalf of applied anthropology

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The deliberate use of basic ideas in some practical application, such as making use of the knowledge of how electricity works to develop the telephone, is called a(n)

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secondary innovation

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According to the North American anthropologist Ralph Linton, about 90% of any culture's content comes from

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diffusion

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Which of the following statements about diffusion is incorrect?

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Cultures may undergo rapid change as a result of diffusion

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In 1493, Christopher Columbus introduced Europe to the American plant

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Maize

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Which system was adopted widely as a result of the French military expansion under Napoleon?

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Metric

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In Biblical times, chariots and carts were widespread in the Middle East, but by the 6th century, the old Roman roads had deteriorated so much that wheeled vehicles were replaced by camels. This illustrates that the processes of change is sometimes due to

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cultural loss

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According to Stephen Jay Gould, "Wheels, like wings, fins, and brains, are exquisite devices for certain purposes, not signs of intrinsic superiority." Which of the following statements about the use of the wheel in the Middle East is correct?

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Wheels were once widespread in the Middle East, but by the 6th century A.D., had been replaced by camels because the Roman roads had deteriorated and the camel was more suitable to the uneven terrain

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When two societies with different cultures come into prolonged, first-hand contact, and one or both of these societies experience major processes of change, it is called

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acculturation

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Acculturation differs from other types of processes of change because it always involves an element of

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coercion

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As a result of prolonged first-hand contact between societies A and B, which of the following is least likely to occur?

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Societies A and B would each retain their distinctive cultures living side by side in peace, harmony, and prosperity.

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The violent eradication of an ethnic group's collective cultural identity is called

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ethnocide

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Ethnocide is represented by each of the following except:

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development of new and more devastating weapons as a result of innovation

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Which of the following statements about the Yanomami is incorrect?

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The various invaders into Yanomami territory introduced sexually transmitted diseases and alcoholism

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One byproduct of colonial dealings with indigenous peoples has been the growth of _____ and the use of anthropological techniques and knowledge for certain "practical" ends.

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Applied anthropology

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in acculturation, subordinate groups will often incorporate new cultural elements into their own culture, creating a blend of old and new. A reinterpretation of new cultural elements to fit them with already existing traditions is called

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syncretism

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The British introduced cricket to "civilize" the Trobriand Islanders. What happened?

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The Trobrianders changed the game so that it became more like the traditional Trobriand contest involving display of prestige.

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What is the adaptation process by which a people resist assimilation by modifying traditional culture in order to preserve their ethnic identity?

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Accommodation

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Traditions play an important role in all aspects of cultural change; however, among those listed below, they are most significant in

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Accommodation

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In the 1960s, the children of many middle- and upper-class families, trying to come to terms with the disparity between the ideologies expressed by their parents (e.g., the importance of peace, equality, and individual freedom) and the reality of war, poverty, and individual constraints, tried to establish a more satisfying way of life. Many ran away from home to live in communes where they tried to abolish individual property and fulfill ideals of universal love. This is an example of

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revitalization

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A spiritual movement in reaction to disruptive contact with Western capitalism is also called a(n)

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Cargo Cult

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All of the following statements about cargo cults are correct except:

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cargo cult believers tended to be rich natives and colonizers.

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Which of the following is not a goal of the contemporary Qullasuyu revitalization movement in Bolivia?

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Overthrowing the national Bolivian government

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Which of the following is not a phase typically associated with revitalization movements?

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Mass emigration of the followers to other nations in order to spread the religion

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Which of the following is a primary difference between an insurgency and a revolution?

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Insurgencies have limited objectives, while revolutionary movements are broader

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An organized armed resistance or violent uprising to an established government or authority is called a(n)

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Insurgency

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refers to the process of cultural and socioeconomic change whereby societies acquire the characteristics of industrialized societies.

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Modernization

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As modernization occurs, all of the following changes are likely to follow except:

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Movement from commercial farming to subsistence production

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About 5,000 years ago, which of the following began occurring?

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Revolutions

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The development of a bureaucracy, expansion of educational opportunities, reduction in the spheres of social behavior in which religion and kinship play a role, and achievement replacing ascription as the basis for defining roles are all associated with

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Modernizations

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Major changes in Skolt Lapp society occurred because

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Snowmobiles were introduced to herd reindeer

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Which strategy did the Jivaroan-speaking Shuar of Ecuador not use to preserve their culture?

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They adopted Christianity

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The most present threat to the Shuar people in the 1960s that precipitated cultural changes was

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disease

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The burden of modernization in developing countries falls mostly on

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women.

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Whose work on river management and resettlement policies in West Africa has opened the ability of applied anthropologists to contribute to decision-making regarding international development projects?

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Michael Horowitz

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Which of the following statements best describes changes during the past five centuries?

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During this time, humans have first faced cultural change and diversity.

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Many people see the worldwide spread of fast food giants as a sign of

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homogeneous global culture

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Over the past 5,000 years, political units have

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Promoted individual freedoms

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The one thing that all pluralistic states, past and present, irrespective of other differences among them, share is a tendency

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to fragment

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The term _____ refers to the public policy for managing cultural diversity in a multi-ethnic society. This policy stresses mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences within a country's borders.

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Multiculturalism

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Multiculturalism involves all of the following except:

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it exists without ethnocentrism or discrimination

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Pluralistic societies have a tendency to fragment along the lines of which type of differences?

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Linguistic

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In the United States, there are _____ different ethnic groups within its borders (in addition to hundreds of federally recognized American Indians).

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120

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Of all the world's states, ____ is one of the very few where pluralism really has worked out to the satisfaction of all parties to the arrangement.

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Switzerland

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One of the consequences of the development of global culture has been

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the replacement of traditional cultures by more adaptive, modern cultures

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If a farmer leaves his land behind and comes to the city to seek work, this is classified as which type of migration?

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Internal

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What is xenophobia?

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Fear of anything strange or foreign

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Xenophobia tends to occur during very specific situations. Which of the following is least likely to cause xenophobia?

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Prosperity

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In which urban area do we currently find some of the largest numbers of urban poor?

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Lagos, Nigeria

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Power that organizes and orchestrates the systemic interaction within and among societies is called

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structural power

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Coercive power that is backed up by economic and military force is called

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Hard power

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The use of propaganda as a way of exerting influence over others is what type of structural power?

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Soft power

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Of the nearly $1.55 trillion spent on arms worldwide, the United States is responsible for spending what percentage?

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44

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All of the following statements about megacorporations are correct except:

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they are often subject to open records and must disclose many internal affairs

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In their search for cheap labor, global corporations have tended to favor _____ for low-skilled assembly jobs.

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Women

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Why did the community of Mallku Khota protest so vigorously against the South American Silver Association?

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They were concerned that the mining operation would ruin their land

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Which of the following organizations is an example of "soft power"?

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Cable News Network

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When over 200,000 people were injured or killed as a result of gas being released from a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, the cause was attributed to a number of factors: the company saving money by not installing safety devices, the political arrangements that enable Union Carbide to build a plant in India, the people living in the vicinity of the plant being too poor to live in safer locations, etc. Thus, the people were victims of

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Structural violence

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An income inequality index that measures how much disparity in income exists within a country

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Gini Index

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On the Gini Index, which country rates currently at the highest level of disparity?

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China

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Anthropologist S. Ann Dunham was the mother of which U.S. president?

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Barack Obama

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All of the following are research topics and work that anthropologist S. Ann Dunham focused on while in Indonesia and Pakistan except:

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Pastoral subsistence in the rural areas

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Current projections say that global population will peak around the year

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2050

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The current world population is around how many billion?

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7

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The change from subsistence farming to cash crops results in..

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the relocation of subsistence farmers to urban areas or to lands ecologically unfit for farming

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The demand by "developed" countries for such items as coffee, tea, chocolate, bananas, and beef has led to

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pushing subsistence farmers off their land to make way for huge farms and ranches that specialize in cash crops

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PCB contamination in breast milk is nowhere higher than among the

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Inuit

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Where do the PCBs found in Inuit breast milk originate?

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North America, Europe, and Asia

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Global warming is thought to be primarily caused by

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Burning fossil fuels

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The Probo Koala dumped toxic waste in ____ that caused more than 40,000 locals to get sick.

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Nigeria

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To help resolve problems of global structural violence, which of the following values and cultural motivations would not be needed?

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A xenophobic policy that would work to help countries seal their national borders and begin to work to improve the lives of their citizenry only

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There are just under 200 formally admitted members of the U.N. today, but there are approximately ____ national groups that consider themselves distinct because of birth and cultural and territorial heritage.

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5000

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In 2007, after many years of campaigning in the international media, political lobbying, and diplomatic pressure, the United Nations General Assembly passed the

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Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples

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In their work of meeting the challenges of globalization in human communities, anthropologists are ____, meaning they take into account many interacting factors to understand the functioning of a complex whole.

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Holistic

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Applied anthropologist Paul Farmer is associated with all of the following except:

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he works also in Jamaica to treat refugees from war-torn areas of Central America

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