Exam 3 Intro to Endocrinology, Hypothalamus, & Pituitary – Flashcards
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| What do the endocrine glands produce and secrete? |
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| Hormones |
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| How do hormones travel in the body? |
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| Bloodstream |
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| Where do hormones travel to in the body? |
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| Targets specific tissue/organ/gland |
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| Define Tropic Hormone |
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| Causes its target cell to secrete its own specific hormone |
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| Define Effector Hormone |
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| Causes a direct effect on the target tissue |
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| 5 Functions of Hormones |
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| *Metabolism & Production of Energy *Maintain homeostasis & growth *Sexual maturation & Reproduction *Resistance & Response to stress *Affects moods |
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| Which class of hormone does the following describe: Water insoluble Requires a carrier protein Slower production; Sustained effect |
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| Steroid Hormones |
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| Which class of hormone does the following describe: Water Soluble No carrier protein required Quicker action Shorter Half-Life |
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| Protein Hormones |
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| Which class of hormone enters the target cell nucleus and binds to nuclear chromatin? |
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| Steroid Hormones |
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| Which class of hormone induces formation of mRNA which initiates synthesis of proteins, enzymes, etc. |
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| Steroid Hormones |
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| What are Steroid Hormones derived from? |
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| Cholesterol |
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| Which class of hormone binds with specific receptors on the cell membrane? |
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| Protein Hormones |
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| Protein hormones can activate the conversion of ATP to ______, which activates other enzymes to produce a rapid biologic effect |
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| cAMP |
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| Protein hormones can stimulate _____ levels in cytoplasm. This then activates other enzymes to produce a biological effect. |
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| Calcium |
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| Which class of hormones shares properties of both steroid and protein classes? |
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| Amines |
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| Define Open Loop Feedback Mechanism |
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| A decrease in one substance causes the increase of another substance or vise versa |
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| A drop in serum glucose causes the rise of ______ |
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| Glucagon |
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| A rise in serum glucose causes the rise of ______ |
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| Insulin |
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| What type of factors come out of the Hypothalamus and act on the Anterior Pituitary? |
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| Inhibiting & Releasing Factors |
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| What type of factors come out of the Hypothalamus and act on the Posterior Pituitary? |
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| ADH & Oxytocin |
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| What type of factors come out of the Anterior Pituitary and act on the Thyroid? |
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| TSH |
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| What type of factors come out of the Anterior Pituitary and act on the Breasts? |
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| PRL |
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| What type of factors come out of the Anterior Pituitary and act on the Adrenal Cortex? |
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| ACTH |
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| What type of factors come out of the Anterior Pituitary and act on the Ovaries/Testes? |
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| FSH/LH |
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| What type of factors come out of the Anterior Pituitary and act in/on General? |
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| GH |
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| What type of factors come out of the Adrenal Medulla? |
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| Epinephrine Norepinephrine Dopamine |
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| What is the result of the release of TSH? |
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| T3T4 |
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| What is the result of the release of PRL? |
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| Milk |
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| What is the result of the release of GH? |
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| Growth |
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| What is the result of the release of FSH/LH - males? |
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| Testosterone |
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| What is the result of the release of FSH/LH - females? |
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| Estrogen Progesterone |
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| What type of factors come out of the Posterior Pituitary and act on the kidneys? |
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| ADH |
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| What is the result of the release of TSH on the Parathyroid? |
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| Calcium regulation |
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| What is the result of ADH release on the kidneys? |
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| Water retention |
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| What is the result of the release of ACTH on the Adrenal Cortex? |
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| Cortisol Androgens Aldosterone |
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| What 2 substances do the kidneys release and regulate? |
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| Renin Erythropoietin |
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| What 2 substances do the pancreas release and regulate? |
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| Insulin Glucagon |
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| What 2 areas of the human body does Oxytocin have an effect on? |
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| Uterus/Breast |
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| Which hormone is the following: Effector Target Organ: Muscle, bone, liver, adipose, others Action: General growth & Metabolic regulation |
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| GH |
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| Which hormone is the following: Effector Target Organ: Breast and others Action: Lactation |
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| PRL |
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| Which hormone is the following: Tropic Target Organ:Thyroid Action: Thyroid hormone synthesis/release |
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| TSH |
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| Which hormone is the following: Tropic Target Organ: Ovary, Testes Action: Estrogen synthesis, spermatogenesis |
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| FSH |
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| Which hormone is the following: Tropic Target Organ: Ovary, Testes Action: Ovulation, Testosterone synthesis |
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| LH |
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| Which hormone is the following: Tropic Target Organ: Adrenal cortex, Skin Action: Corticoid synthesis, pigmentation |
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| ACTH |
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| What is considered the neural connection to the other brain centers; It is connected to the pituitary by the pituitary stalk |
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| Hypothalamus |
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| True or False: Hormone levels in the hypothalamus are too small to quantitate |
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| True |
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| What does the Hypothalamus secrete? |
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| Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones |
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| Dysfunction of the Hypothalamus results in what? |
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| Tumors, inflammation, and degenerative diseases |
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| The posterior pituitary secretes what 2 hormones? |
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| Vasopressin (ADH) Oxytocin |
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| The anterior pituitary secretes what 6 hormones? |
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| GH FSH LH TSH ACTH PRL |
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| Which hormone is responsible for uterine contractions and lactation? |
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| Oxytocin |
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| Vasopressin/ADH is triggered by what? |
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| Increased serum osmolality or blood pressure |
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| What does Vasopressin/ADH cause to happen in the distal tubules and collecting ducts? |
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| Water retention |
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| What hormone constricts smooth muscle to increase blood pressure? |
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| Vasopressin/ADH |
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| What is Vasopressin/ADH inhibited by? |
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| Cold, drugs, caffeine, & alcohol |
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| What disorder/disease is associated with HYPOsecretion of Vasopressin/ADH? |
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| Diabetes insipidus |
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| What disorder is associated with HYPERsecretion of Vasopressin/ADH? |
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| Too much water retention |
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| The following are associated with what type of secretion of Vasopressin/ADH: Increased Na Increased Plasma Oosmolaltiy High Volume Dilute Urine Dehydration |
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| HYPOsecretion |
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| What disease/disorder is associated with the following: Increased Na Increased Plasma Oosmolaltiy High Volume Dilute Urine Dehydration |
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| Diabetes insipidus |
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| The following are associated with what type of secretion of Vasopressin/ADH: Decreased osmolality Electrolyte imbalances Increased Blood Pressure Low Volume Concentration Urine |
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| HYPERsecretion |
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| What hormone does the following: Helps bones lengthen and expand Helps transport and induce production of AA in cells Aids in glucose metabolism & lipolysis |
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| Growth Hormone |
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| Which hormone targets cartilage, adipose tissue, and striated muscle? |
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| Growth Hormone |
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| True or False: Other pituitary hormones must be present for GH to work |
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| True |
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| True or False: GH is released in pulses every 4-6 hours |
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| False |
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| True or False: GH is released in pulses every 2-3 hours |
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| True |
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| What is the result of HYPOsecretion of GH in Kids? |
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| Slow growth development Hypoglycemia |
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| What is the result of HYPOsecretion of GH in Adults? |
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| Tiredness, weight gain, depression |
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| What is the result of HYPERsecretion of GH in Kids? |
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| Gigantism with retardation |
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| What is the result of HYPERsecretion of GH in Adults? |
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| Acromegaly (bone and tissue overgrowth); usually a tumor |
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| Which hormone initiates and maintains postpartum lactation? |
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| Prolactin |
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| The following symptoms are associated with which condition? Amenorrhea Erectile Dysfunction Infertility Headache |
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| Prolactinemia |
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| A deficiency in Prolactin will result in what? |
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| Lack of postpartum lactation |
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| You use dilutional prolactin to avoid what? |
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| Prozone effect |
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| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone tells the thyroid gland to secrete what? |
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| T3 T4 |
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| In women, what does Luteinizing Hormone regulate and synthesize? |
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| Ovulation Progesterone synthesis |
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| In men, what does Luteinizing Hormone stimulate? |
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| Testosterone production |
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| What does the Adrenocorticotropin Hormone stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce? |
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| Glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol |
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| What is considered the neural connection to the other brain centers; It is connected to the pituitary by the pituitary stalk |
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| Hypothalamus |
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| True or False: Hormone levels in the hypothalamus are too small to quantitate |
answer
| True |
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| What does the Hypothalamus secrete? |
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| Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones |
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| Dysfunction of the Hypothalamus results in what? |
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| Tumors, inflammation, and degenerative diseases |
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| The posterior pituitary secretes what 2 hormones? |
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| Vasopressin (ADH) Oxytocin |
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| The anterior pituitary secretes what 6 hormones? |
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| GH FSH LH TSH ACTH PRL |
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| Synthetic Oxytocin is now being used to do what? |
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| Induce labor |
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| Vasopressin/ADH is triggered by what? |
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| Increased serum osmolality or blood pressure |
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| What does Vasopressin/ADH cause to happen in the distal tubules and collecting ducts? |
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| Water retention |
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| What hormone constricts smooth muscle to increase blood pressure? |
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| Vasopressin/ADH |
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| What is Vasopressin/ADH inhibited by? |
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| Cold, drugs, caffeine, & alcohol |
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| What disorder/disease is associated with HYPOsecretion of Vasopressin/ADH? |
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| Diabetes insipidus |
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| What disorder is associated with HYPERsecretion of Vasopressin/ADH? |
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| Too much water retention |
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| What is the result of HYPOsecretion of GH in Kids? |
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| Slow growth development Hypoglycemia |
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| What is the result of HYPOsecretion of GH in Adults? |
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| Tiredness, weight gain, depression |
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| What is the result of HYPERsecretion of GH in Kids? |
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| Gigantism with retardation |
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| What is the result of HYPERsecretion of GH in Adults? |
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| Acromegaly (bone and tissue overgrowth); usually a tumor |
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| Which hormone initiates and maintains postpartum lactation? |
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| Prolactin |
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| The following symptoms are associated with which condition? Amenorrhea Erectile Dysfunction Infertility Headache |
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| Prolactinemia |
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| A deficiency in Prolactin will result in what? |
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| Lack of postpartum lactation |
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| You use dilutional prolactin to avoid what? |
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| Prozone |
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| Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone tells the thyroid gland to secrete what? |
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| T3 T4 |
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| In men, what does Follicle-Stimulating Hormone stimulate? |
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| Spermatogenesis |
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| In women, what does Follicle-Stimulating Hormone stimulate? |
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| Estrogen synthesis |
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| What does the Adrenocorticotropin Hormone stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce? |
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| Glucocorticoids, primarily cortisol |
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| Differentiate a tropic from an effector hormone. |
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| *Tropic hormones cause their target gland to secrete another hormone. * Effector hormones have a direct effect on their targets with no subsequent hormone secreted |
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| Describe the mechanism of action of both steroid and protein classes of hormones. |
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| *Steroid hormones cause production of mRNA. *Protein hormones either trigger cAMP production or cause an influx of calcium |
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| Describe a simple negative feedback loop of hormone regulation. |
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| The fall of one substance causes a rise in another |
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| Define panhypopituitarism |
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| All hormones produced by the pituitary are decreased |
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| Name the two hormones produced by the hypothalamus, but stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary. |
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| ADH (vasopressin) Oxytocin |
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| Match each of the hormones listed with its target organ and/or function: Targets distal tubules and collecting ducts |
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| Vasopressin |
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| Match each of the hormones listed with its target organ and/or function: Targets bones, cartilage, adipose tissue |
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| GH |
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| Match each of the hormones listed with its target organ and/or function: Stimulates uterine contractions |
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| Oxytocin |
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| Match each of the hormones listed with its target organ and/or function: Turns on the thyroid gland |
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| TSH |
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| Match each of the hormones listed with its target organ and/or function: Triggers production of estrogen and testosterone |
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| FSH/LH |
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| Match each of the hormones listed with its target organ and/or function: Aids in postpartum milk production |
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| Prolactin |
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| Match each of the hormones listed with its target organ and/or function: Stimulates the production of cortisol |
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| ACTH |
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| Match each of the hormones listed with its target organ and/or function: Causes water retention |
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| Vasopressin |
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| Match each of the hormones listed with its target organ and/or function: Targets the ovaries and testes |
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| FSH/LH |
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| Match each of the hormones listed with its target organ and/or function: Targets the adrenal cortex. |
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| ACTH |
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| What disease is associated with a deficiency of ADH, polyuria and dehydration? |
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| Diabetes insipidus |
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| What condition is associated with overproduction of ACTH and stimulation of the adrenal cortex? |
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| Cushing's |
