Introduction
There has been a gradual development in the rules and regulations that govern the treatment of juvenile offenders. While there are similarities and differences between the adult and juvenile justice systems, more rights and laws were initially applied to adult courts compared to juvenile courts. However, there has been a revolution, and some distinctions still remain between the two. The criminal justice system functions as a comprehensive entity involving various stakeholders who play a crucial role in determining guilt and administering suitable penalties.
The four models involved in criminal justice serve multiple roles and guide judges in operating the criminal justice system. They provide guidelines on influential values in criminal law and are focused on the conception of victims' rights.
The criminal control model, one of the two most successful models in the criminal process, considers legislation as its
...validating aspect. It believes that criminal sanction acts as a positive guarantee for maintaining social freedom and public order. Packer argues that effective investigation and prosecution can control crime (McConville-Wilson ; Wilson 2002). However, the coerced confession aspect of this model has a downside, as it can result in the conviction of innocent individuals. Consequently, this model suggests that police misconduct or abuse should be addressed through criminal proceedings.
The due process model is rooted in the doubt of liberal principles and the need to balance individual power. The criminal justice system has diminished its workload by addressing discrimination and focusing on those accused of serious crimes. Its validating authority is the Supreme Court. The theoretical foundation of criminal justice includes the explanatory framework for understanding criminal justice and crime control. These theories are crucial in the operatio
of the criminal justice system.
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They aid in promoting quality research and credibility within the field of criminal justice, while also being beneficial for effective and informed practices in criminology. Additionally, they contribute to enhancing the quality of education in this area of study. The incorporation of criminal justice theories into academic programs further consolidates their importance and acceptance.
According to McConville-Wilson (2002), the main differences between the juvenile and adult justice systems are seen in the terminology used and specific procedural elements. In the adult justice system, individuals are arrested, while juvenile offenders are taken into custody. Additionally, adults charged with a crime may be required to post bond to ensure their presence at court hearings. Conversely, juveniles are held in custody throughout the court process without needing to post bond (McConville 2002). From a constitutional perspective, adults have the right to a trial by jury if their case goes to trial. However, unless they are bound over and forced to face a bench trial, juveniles do not have this right. After a verdict is reached, guilty adults receive sentencing whereas juvenile offenders are handled with the aim of rehabilitating them.
Meanwhile, both the adult and juvenile justice systems allow for the Miranda warning. The criminal justice structure provides an effective framework for its functioning. This system includes the police department, which works to maintain law and order, as well as the courts, which serve as tribunal bodies to determine accusations, juries, and judgments. Additionally, the correction system includes various sanctions aimed at rehabilitating individuals and ensuring public safety. The criminal justice system faces numerous issues.
The budget is a major concern across all departments. Insecurity within prisons is an issue that aims to prevent inmate escapes. Another significant problem within the justice system is the small size of prisons.
Reference
- McConville, M., McConville-Wilson,., ; Wilson, G. (2002). The handbook of the criminal justice process. Oxford u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press.
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