question

1) How many cases do you need to represent an epidemic?

answer

"The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy." The "normal expectancy" is six cases per year

question

2) Know the definition of a Pandemic

answer

defined as "an epidemic occurring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries, and usually affecting a large number of people."

question

3) Know the definition of "a Population"

answer

"all the inhabitants of a given country or area considered together .... "

question

4) Alexander Fleming is best known throughout history as...........

answer

( 1881-1955) discovered the antimicrobial properties of the mold Penicillium notatum in 1928. This breakthrough led to development of the antibiotic penicillin, which became available toward the end of World War II.

question

5) Who was the first to employ quantitate methods to describe population vital statistics?

answer

John Graunt

question

6) Epidemiology is an observational science that capitalizes on...................

answer

naturally occurring situations in order to study the occurrence of disease.

question

7) How far back does the history of epidemiology go?

answer

The history of epidemiology originated as early as classical antiquity (before about 500 AD), and later during the medieval period was marked by bubonic plague epidemics in Europe.

question

8) What disease does Yersinia pestis cause?

answer

The Black Plague

question

9) Before familiar with the Tuskegee Study. Know the ethical issues with this research project.

answer

Tuskegee study was an infamous clinical study conducted between 1932 and 1972 by the U.S. Public Health Service to study the natural progression of untreated syphilis in rural African-American men in Alabama. They were told that they were receiving free health care from the U.S. government. None of the men infected were ever told they had the disease, nor were any treated for it with penicillin after this antibiotic became proven for treatment. (It is extremely unethical to watch patients suffer and document without helping them when you have the cure. Especially to not tell them they have the disease.)

question

10) What does the term epidemiologic transition mean? Be able to provide an example.

answer

describes a shift in the patterns of morbidity and mortality from causes related primarily to infectious and communicable diseases to causes associated with chronic, degenerative diseases. At present, the United States is in the post transition stage, which is dominated by diseases associated with personal behavior, adverse lifestyle, and emerging infections.

question

11) Any factor that brings about change in a health condition or defined characteristic is known as a .....................

answer

Determinant

question

12) What is risk assessment according to your author?

answer

Epidemiologic studies provide quantitative measurements risks to health through a methodology Risk assesment use: estimate individuals' risks of disease, accident, or defect

question

13) Be familiar with Koch's Postulates

answer

Four postulates to demonstrate the association between a microorganism and a disease were formatted as follows: I. The organism must be observed in every case of the disease. 2. It must be isolated and grown in pure culture. 3. The pure culture must, when inoculated into a susceptible animal, reproduce the disease. 4. The organism must be observed in, and recovered from, the experimental animal

question

14) Know the Key Characteristics of epidemiology?

answer

Population Focus, Distribution, Determinants, Outcomes, Quantification, Control of Health Problems

question

15) Know the relationship between incidence and prevalence?

answer

Incidence refers to the occurrence of new disease or mortality within a defined period of observation (e.g., a week, month, year, or other time period) in a specified population. Prevalence refers to the number of existing cases of a disease or health condition, or deaths in a population at some designated time.

question

16) What does lifetime prevalence mean?

answer

denotes cases diagnosed at any time during the person's lifetime.

question

17) Be familiar with Bar, Line, and pie charts. Be able to recognize which types of data sets are most appropriate for each?

answer

Pie charts - percentages or ratios. Proportion of cases according to several catagories Line chart- Detect trends in the data Bar Chart- shows the frequency of cases for categories of a categorical (variable). Height represents the frequency. Along base are categories of the variables

question

18) Know one of the first steps in presenting data after they have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness.

answer

Counting and tabulating cases is one of the fi rst steps in presenting data after they have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness (a process called data cleaning).

question

19) Which of the following are ratios? Time, Rate, Percentage, and proportion?

answer

Rate, proportion, and percentage are all types of ratios

question

20) What are epidemiology measures? What type of information do they provide?

answer

morbidity (illness) and mortality (death): crude rates, death rates, case fatality rates, and cause-specific rates. crude rates - a type of rate that has not been modified to take account of any of the factors such as demographic makeup of the population that may affect the observable rate. summary rates based on the actual number of events in a population over a given time period death rates- case fatality rates - Number of deaths due to a disease among persons that are affected with the disease cause specific rates - mortality divided by the population size at the midpoint of a time period times a multiplier

question

21) Be able to define incidence, prevalent, population at risk as well as immune fraction.

answer

incidence: the occurrence of a new disease or mortality within a defined period of observation such as a week or a month in a specific population Prevalence:the number of existing cases of a disease or health condition, or deaths in a population at some designated time Population at risk: members of the population who are capable of developing the disease of condition being studied Immune fraction - (later in the book it talk about immune status and says:) at lowered risk of developing the infection, although they may be susceptible in some situations, for example, if they receive large doses of an infectious agent or they are under treatment with immunosuppressive drugs.

question

22) What happens to the prevalence of a disease as the incidence rate increases?

answer

the prevalence of the disease increases

question

23) What happens to prevalence as cure rates increase and incidence rates decline?

answer

It goes down.

question

24) Be able to recognize and define case fatality rates

answer

refers to the number of deaths due to a disease that occur among persons who arc afflicted with that disease. CFR=Number of deaths due to disease "X"/ Number of cases of disease "X" * 100 during a time period

question

25) What is external validity? What does it allow us to do with our findings in an epidemiological study?

answer

The term representativeness (also known as external validity) refers to the generalizability of the findings to the population from which the data have been ta ken.

question

26) Know who by law must report cases of certain diseases deemed as reportable.

answer

Physicians and other health care providers must report certain diseases to health authorities

question

27) Know what a registry is. What importance do they hold for epidemiology?

answer

is a centralized database for collection of information about a disease.

question

28) Be able to provide an example of a reportable disease.... Polio, HIV, Measles..........

answer

The diseases are usually infectious and communicable ones that might endanger a population; examples are the sexually transmitted diseases, rubella, tetanus, measles, plague, and food borne disease.

question

29) Is epidemiology a quantitative or qualitative discipline?

answer

Epidemiology is a quantitative discipline that requires data for descriptive and analytic studies.

question

30) What is primary data? What is secondary data?

answer

primary is data you gather yourself secondary is information gathered by outside source.

question

31) What is the BRFSS? What type of data does it collect?

answer

The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) is a noteworthy program used by the United States to monitor at the state level behavioral risk factors that are associated with chronic diseases. That should be primary data

question

32) What type of data does the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program collect?

answer

National Vital Statistics System [Refer to Table 3-6 for information about the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program, which partially supports state costs for collecting vital statistics.] • Birth Data • Mortality Data • Fetal Death Data • Linked Births/ Infant Deaths • National Mortality Followback Survey • National Maternal and Infant Health Survey • Vital Statistics Data Available Online

question

33) Know what a vital event is. Be able to give an example.

answer

Deaths, births, marriages, divorces, and fetal deaths.

question

34) What is public health surveillance? What type of data does it collect?

answer

Refers to the systematic and continuous gathering of information about the occurrence of diseases and other health phenomena.

question

35) True or False....Registries collect data over time. Monitoring cancer trends would be an example???

answer

registry is a centralized database for collection of information about a disease. The National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR)administered by CDC, United States This program" ... collects data on the occurrence of cancer; the type, extent, and location of the cancer; and the type of initial treatment." The purposes of the state registries are to: • "Monitor cancer trends over time. I would say that registries collect data over time is a true statement

question

36) If you were HIV positive and died of pneumonia would your death certificate contain your HIV status?

answer

Information from death certificates regarding cancer as the underlying cause of death is believed to be more accurate than the information for other diagnoses such as those for nonmalignant condition. However, assignment of the cause of death sometimes may be arbitrary. In illustration, diabetes may not be given as the immediate cause of death; rather, the certificate may list the cause of death as heart failure or pneumonia, which could be complications of diabetes. Yet another problem is the stigma associated with certain diseases. For example, if the decedent died as a result of AIDS or alcoholism and was a long-time friend of the attending physician, the physician may be reluctant to specify this information on a document that is available to the general public.

question

37) Be able to recognize the purpose of descriptive epidemiology.

answer

1. permit evaluation of trends in health and disease 2. provide a basis for planning, provision, and evaluation of health services 3. identify problems to be studied by analytic methods and suggest areas that may be fruitful for investigation Descriptive epidemiology classifies the occurrence of disease according to the variables of person (who is affected), place (where the condition occurs), and time (when and over what time period the condition has occurred).

question

38) What do cross-sectional studies measure?

answer

This type of investigation is defined as one " . . . that examines the relationship between diseases (or other health-related characteristics) and other variables of interest as they exist in a defined population at one particular time. The presence or absence of disease and the presence or absence of the other variables . . . are determined in each member of the study population or in a representative sample at one particular time.'"1

question

39) Be familiar with the changes in causes of death as one ages.

answer

car accident for teens and younger and heart attack for older population.

question

40) How does SES affect causes of death?

answer

Additionally, low income and education have been shown to be strong predictors of a range of physical and mental health problems, including respiratory viruses, arthritis, coronary disease, and schizophrenia. These may be due to environmental conditions in their workplace, or, in the case of mental illnesses, may be the entire cause of that person's social predicament to begin with.[2][3][4] Education in higher socioeconomic families is typically stressed as much more important, both within the household as well as the local community. In poorer areas, where food and safety are priority, education can take a backseat. Youth audiences are particularly at risk for many health and social problems in the United States, such as unwanted pregnancies, drug abuse, and obesity.[5]

question

41) Be able to recognize several person variables as they relate to epidemiology.

answer

Examples of person variables are demographic characteristics such as: sex, age, and race/ethnicity, the mother's age, education , marital status, and socioeconomic status (as measured by income-to-poverty ratio). A place variable (location of residence of mother), nativity (place of origin), migration, and religion.

question

42) What is the leading type of cancer for both males and females?

answer

The cancer diagnoses with the highest incidence rates per 100,000 are prostate cancer for males ( 150.0 per 100,000) and breast cancer for females (1 19.0 per 100,000). For both males and females, cancer of the lung and bronchus are the leading cause of cancer mortality.

question

43) Be able to identify the several factors used to determine SES

answer

person's income level, education level, type of occupation

question

44) What are health disparities?

answer

which refers to differences in the occurrence of diseases and adverse health conditions in the population.

question

45) Be able to identify several place variables.

answer

Morbidity and mortality vary greatly with respect to place (geographic regions that are being compared). Examples of comparisons according lo place are international, national (within-country variations such as regional and urban-rural comparisons), and localized occurrences of disease. geographic region International- infectious and communicable disease malnutrition infant mortality suicide climate cultural factors dietary habits access to healthcare National climate latitude environmental pollution geographic region (north, south, east, west) state/county Urban-Rural person to person contact crowding inner city poverty agriculture (toxic pesticides, unintentional injuries) Localized pattern specific environmental that may exist in a particular geographical location radon gas/ lung cancer vectors that may not survive other places

question

46) Know how person to person and crowding affect communicable disease rates.

answer

Urban diseases and causes of mortality are more likely to be those spread by person -to-person contact, crowding, and inner-city poverty or associated with urban pollution.

question

47) Know what are cyclic and secular trends are.

answer

Cyclic trends are increases and decreases in the frequency of a disease or other phenomenon over a period of several years or within a year. Secular trends refer to gradual changes in the frequency of diseases over long time periods.

question

48) What is clustering?

answer

Refers to "a closely grouped series of events or cases of a disease or other health -related phenomena with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.

question

49) Be able to identify the source of authority for many of the interventional strategies used in epidemiology and public health.

answer

Preamble to the constitution. "Common defense and general welfare" give epi its legal authority Article 1 Section B of US constitution gives congress the right to impose taxes and gives CDC & Public health service right to protect.

question

50) What is shoe leather epidemiology?

answer

doing the literal leg work of epi. LIke Snow walking from door to door asking about their illnesses trying to figure it all out

question

51) Know the three components of the epidemiology triangle.

answer

Agent, host, environment

question

52) What is passive immunity?

answer

refers to immunity that is acquired from antibodies produced by another person or animal.

question

53) What is an epidemiological Reservoir? Be able identify several possible reservoirs of disease.

answer

Another term to describe the presence of an infectious agent in the environment is a reservoir, which is a place where infectious agents normally live and multiply; the reservoir can be human beings, animals, insects, soils, or plants. Clostridium botulinum is soil, but the source of most botulism infections is improperly canned food containing C. botulinum spores. Humans reservoir- sexually transmitted diseases, measles, mumps, streptococcal infection, and many respiratory pathogens. animals:Long recognized zoonotic diseases include brucellosis (cows and pigs), anthrax (sheep), plague (rodents), trichinellosis/trichinosis (swine), tularemia (rabbits), and rabies (bats, raccoons, dogs, and other mammals). Zoonoses newly emergent in North America include West Nile encephalitis (birds), and monkeypox (prairie dogs) environment: Many fungal agents, such as those that cause histoplasmosis, live and multiply in the soil. Outbreaks of Legionnaires disease are often traced to water supplies in cooling towers and evaporative condensers, reservoirs for the causative organism Legionella pneumophila.

question

54) What is an infection?-page 138

answer

"an illness due to a specific infectious agent o r its toxic products that arises the rough transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal, or reservoir to a susceptible host, either directly or indirectly through an intermediate plant or animal host, vector, or the inanimate environment."

question

55) What is virulence?

answer

refers to the severity of the disease produced, i.e., whether the disease has severe clinical manifestations or is fatal in a large number of cases.

question

56) What do we mean by index case?

answer

is used in an epidemiological investigation of a disease outbreak to denote the first case of a disease to come to the attention of authorities.

question

57) What is Herd immunity?

answer

Resistance of an entire community to an infectious disease due to the immunity of a large proportion of individuals in that community to the disease.

question

58) Be able to recognize several portals of exit and entries

answer

portal of exit is the site from which the agent leaves that person's body; portals of exit include respiratory passages, the alimentary canal, the genitourinary system, and skin lesions. Entries or where the agent enters the body. Examples of portals of entry are the respiratory system (through inhalation), a skin wound (such as a break in skin), and the mucus membranes, which line some of the body's organs and cavities-e.g., nose, mouth, and lungs.

question

59) What is a vector?

answer

is an animate, living insect or animal that is involved with the transmission of disease agents.

question

60) What is a fomite?

answer

is an inanimate object that carries infectious disease agents; fomites include the classroom doorknob, used towels found in a locker room, or carelessly discarded tissues.

question

61) What is one the simplest strategy to prevent foodborne illnesses?

answer

Foodborne illness can be prevented through the following procedures: • Thoroughly wash hands and surfaces where food is being prepared. • Avoid cross-contamination - e.g., keep juices from raw chicken and meats away from other foods. • Cook foods at correct temperatures that are sufficient to kill microorganisms, e.g., 180°F for poultry. • Use proper storage methods-i.e., in a refrigerator below 40 °F. (Don't let your lunch stay in a hot car without refrige ration.)

question

62) What is a zoonotic disease?

answer

as diseases that can be transmitted from vertebrate animals to human beings.

question

63) Why do we call the flu of 1918 the Spanish Flu?

answer

Pandemic influenza. Also known as the Spanish Flu, this pandemic raged from 1918 to 1919 and killed 50 to 100 million persons globally. Because our infected troops brought the flu to the front line in Spain where they all came down with the flu. It then spread worldwide because of the war.

question

64) Where did the Spanish Flu originate?

answer

Fort Riley Kansas

question

65) What ended the worldwide Spanish flu pandemic? Why did it end?

answer

Because there we no reservoirs left for it to inhabit. Everyone in the world had either died from the flu or lived through it.

question

66) What animal is the Spanish Flu thought to have come from?

answer

Horse and Pig manure

question

67) How can an incubation period help identify possible infectious agents?

answer

Certain diseases have certain incubation periods. So if we know the incubation period it can help us to determine or rule out certain diseases depending on their incubation period

question

68) What is secondary sewage treatment? What is primary sewage treatment?

answer

Primary treatment involves basic processes to remove suspended solid waste and reduce its biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) - the amount of oxygen microorganisms must consume to breakdown the organic material present in the wastewater. This, in turn, increases dissolved oxygen, which is good for aquatic organisms and food webs. Primary treatment can reduce BOD by 20 to 30 percent and suspended solids by up to 60 percent. Secondary treatment uses biological processes to catch the dissolved organic matter missed in primary treatment. Microbes consume the organic matter as food, converting it to carbon dioxide, water, and energy. While secondary treatment technologies vary, the final phase of each involves an additional settling process to remove more suspended solids. Secondary treatment can remove up to 85 percent of BOD and total suspended solids

question

69) What is an attack rate? Be able to calculate one

answer

An alternative form of the incidence rate that is used when the nature of a disease or condition is such that a population is observed for a short time period. The attack rate is calculated by the formula ill/(ill +well) X 100 (during a time period ). The attack rate is not a true rate because the time dimension is often uncertain

question

70) Be able to identify reasons that some people are exposed and develop the condition while others share the same exposure and do not develop disease?

answer

age, immune system, dose relationship, faulty recall,

question

71) What is the significance of Article 1 section 8 of the American Constitution?

answer

Gives congress authority to impose taxes to "provide for the general welfare of the United States and to regulate foreign commerce.

question

72) What was the seminal case for the exercise of public health powers? What was the issue the court had to decide?

answer

Jacobson vs Massachusetts All citizens were to be vaccinated against smallpox. Jacobson said mandated vaccinations violated his religious freedom. Supreme court said he had to be vaccinated

question

73) What does the Fifth Amendment guarantee?

answer

The Fifth Amendment guarantees the right to a grand jury, forbids "double jeopardy," and protects against self-incrimination. It also requires that "due process of law" be part of any proceeding that denies a citizen "life, liberty or property" and requires the government to compensate citizens when it takes private property for public use.

question

74) True or False...in most cases the right to investigate is voluntary in nature and does not require an exercise of authority or power?

answer

True

question

75) What does due process mean?

answer

Due process 1. is the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. 2. a fundamental principle of fairness in all legal matters, both civil and criminal, especially in the courts.

question

76) Know the five legal considerations of epidemiological data collection.

answer

1. Protection of all records 2. special confidentially provisions for medical or other information 3. Required reporting of particular disease or conditions 4. Status of information in investigation files under the federal freedom of investigation act. 5. the applicability of federal or state human subjects research boards.

question

77) Be familiar with the Freedom of Information Act. Be able to identify several exceptions concerning data confidentially.

answer

The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) is a law that gives you the right to access information from the federal government. It is often described as the law that keeps citizens in the know about their government.

Epidemiology Test One Review – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards