Endocrine System Study Guide- A&P – Flashcards
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acromegaly
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enlargement of the extremities. Hypersecretion of GH after long bones gave developed.
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addison disease
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hypofunctioning of the adrenal cortex: results in bronzing of skin, low blood sugar, and low blood sodium ( low blood pressure)
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adrenal gland
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either of a pair of complex endocrine glands situated near the kidney
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adrenal medula
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An endocrine organ that secretes catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine) in concert with the sympathetic nervous system.
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androgen
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male sex hormone that is produced in the testes and responsible for typical male sexual characteristics
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cretinism
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severe hypothyroidism resulting in physical and mental stunting
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diabetes
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any of several metabolic disorders marked by excessive urination and persistent thirst
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endocrine glands
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Ductless glands that release hormonal secretions directly into the bloodstream. Ex: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus glands.
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endocrine system
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the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity, and the organs with major functions outside the system: pancreas, gonads, hypothalamus.
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exocrine
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Duct glands that produce a substance that travels through small tube-like ducts, such as the sudoriferous (sweat) glands and the sebaceous (oil) glands.
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glucagon
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a hormone secreted by the pancreas; raises blood glucose levels.
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glucocorticoids
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raises blood sugar levels during times of stress. Prevent water loss from cells into tissue fluids. Used as an anti-inflammatory agent.
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glucose
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The body's blood sugar; a simple form of carbohydrate
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goiter
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abnormally enlarged thyroid gland
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homeostasis
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metabolic equilibrium actively maintained by several complex biological mechanisms that operate via the autonomic nervous system to offset disrupting changes
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hypersecretion
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excessive secretion
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hyposecretion
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decreased secretion
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insulin
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hormone secreted by the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas; lowers blood glucose levels.
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melatonin
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hormone secreted by the pineal gland; regulates sleep/ wake cycles.
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mineralocorticoids
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One of the major groups of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. It regulates water and electrolyte balance in extracellular flid, mainly by regulatind sodium reabsorption by the kidney tubules. Chiefly aldosterone.
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myxedema
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hypothyroidism in adults marked by dry skin and swellings around lips and nose as well as mental deterioration
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pancreas
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a large elongated exocrine gland located behind the stomach; releases insulin and glucagon from islets of Langerhans.
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parathyroid gland
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any one of four endocrine glands situated above or within the thyroid gland
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pineal gland
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a small endocrine gland in the brain; secretes melatonin.
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pituitary gland
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aka: Hypophysis, the master gland of the endocrine system
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sex hormones
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hormones that regulate the development and functioning of reproductive organs and that stimulate the devolopment of male and female sexual characteristics
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target
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a structure, organ or tissue to which something is directed
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thyroid gland
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located near the base of the neck; produces the thyroid hormones T3 & T4. Largest pure endocrine organ in the body.
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type 1 diabetes
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disorder in which the body cannot produce enough insulin
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type 2 diabetes
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progressive disorder in which body cells become less responsive to insulin
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adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete larger amounts of hormones
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aldosterone
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hormone that stimulated the kidney to retain sodium ions and wter
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diabetes insipidus
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condition resulting from hyposecretion of ADH in which large volumes of urine are formed and, if left untreated, may cause serious health problems
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diabetes mellitus
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a condition resulting when the pancreatic islets secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose
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dwarfism
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condition of abnormally small stature, sometimes resulting from hyposecretion of growth hormone
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follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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hormone present in males and females; stimulates gamete production in gonads.
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gigantism
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a condition produced by hypersecretion of growth hormone during the early years of life
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luteinizing hormone (LH)
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acts in conjunction with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) to stimulate follicle and ovum maturation and release of estrogen and ovulation (testosterone, estrogen, & progesterone).
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negative feedback
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homeostatic control system that regulates hormone secretion. Hormone secretion is triggered by an external stimulus; as hormone levels rise, the hormones feed back to the metabolic pathway that produces them & inhibit their further release.
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ova
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female sex cells
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oxytocin
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hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland before and after delivering a baby; produced in the hypothalamus.
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progesterone
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produced by ovary cells and are responsible for maturation of female reproductive organs & regulation of menstrual cycle.
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sella turcica
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small depression of the sphenoid bone that contains the pituitary gland
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sperm
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the male spermatozoon; sex cell
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thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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a tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulated the thyroid gland to increase its secretion of the thyroid hormone. The hormone is amino-acid based but acts like a steroid base.
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thyroxin T4
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thyroid hormone that stimulated cellular metabolism
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triiodothyronine T3
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thyroid hormone that stimulated cellular metabolism
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Anterior Pituitary
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produces 6 major hormones Ex.: GH, PRL, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH
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Hormones
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chemical messengers released to the blood by the cells of endocrine glands that regulate the metabolic activities of other cells in the body. They signal target cells to perform specific chemical reactions.
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Lipid Hormones
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synthesized from cholesterol; steroids are fat soluble and can pass through the phospholipid bilayer (receptor site is inside the cell).
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Growth Hormone (GH)
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stimulates cell division in most cells ( major targets are bones and skeletal muscles).
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Prolactin (PRL)
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stimulates milk production by mammary glands of breasts
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Posterior Pituitary
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receives and stores hormones from the hypothalamus for later release Ex: Oxytocin & ADH
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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produced by supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus; stimulates kidney tubules to retain water. * Deficiency of ADH secretion leads to diabetes insipidus
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Hypothalamus
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Secretes releasing & inhibiting hormones that regulate release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.
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Calcitonin
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produced by parafollicular cells (C cells) of thyroid gland; lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts & stimulating calcium uptake by bones
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
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Located in the parathyroid gland, tells osteoclasts to break down bones, intestines absorb calcium, kidneys save calcium which decreases secretion leading to a blood calcium level increase.
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Thymus
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An immune organ located near the heart. The thymus is the site of T cell maturation and is larger in children and adolescents. Secretes thymopoietins & thymosins. These along with THF & TF are involved with normal T cell (lymphocytes) development.
