question

The estimated global burden of disease (percent) linked to environmental sources is:

answer

30%

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Why do children in comparison with adults represent a group that is especially vulnerable to environmental hazards? (Check/circle all that apply)

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Their organs are not fully developed and functional. Their immune systems are still developing. They may be exposed more often to toxicants in the soil and dust.

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The natural population replacement fertility rate in the U.S. is estimated to be:

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2.1 births per woman

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The epidemiologic risk transition is characterized by a:

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Growing burden of chronic, degenerative diseases

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Stage 2 of the demographic transition demonstrates:

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Declining mortality rates; high fertility rates

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Effects of rapid growth of the world's population likely include:

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All of the above. Urbanization, Overtaxing carrying capacity, Food insecurity, Loss of biodiversity

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35) What is the threshold dose for chemical 1?

answer

0.1 mg/kg/day

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36) What is the LD50 for the mixture

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0.75 mg/kg/day

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37) What type of chemical interaction is this? (graph)

answer

Synergism

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Environmental health science is concerned with agent, host, and environmental factors in disease (the epidemiologic triangle). What statement below is true about the triangle?

answer

All of the above are true. Agent factors can include particles, toxic chemicals, and pesticides. The environment is the domain in which disease-causing agents may exist. The host is the person who affords lodgment of an infectious agent. Disease causality includes three major factors: agent, host, and environment.

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39) The causative agent for malaria is a type of:

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Protozoa

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40) The causative agent for bubonic plague is a:

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Bacterium

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41) The natural host and reservoir for West Nile virus is:

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Birds

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42) Arboviral diseases:

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Refer to arthropod-borne viral disease Can produce central nervous system illness Are often spread by mosquitoes May produce acute flu-like symptoms

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43) Which of the following is/ are classified as an arboviral disease?

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Dengue fever Tick-broen viral encephalitis

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44) Factors contributing to increases in the occurrence of emerging zoonoses include:

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Changes in agriculture Environmental changes Mass food processing technology Urbanization

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45) The vector and reservoir for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the southwestern US are:

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Rodents

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46) Methods for the control of mosquito-borne diseases include:

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Application of mosquito repellants Removing standing water around the home Use of mosquito-eating fish Wearing long clothing

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47) Identify the correct fact about rabies:

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Human cases of rabies occur rarely in the US Post-exposure prophylaxis has successfully prevented human rabies. Vectors are mammals Hydrophobia is a characteristic symptom

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48) Which of the following metals is not classified as a major toxic with multiple effects?

answer

Silver

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49) Substances on the National Priorities List (United States) have the following characteristics:

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They have known or suspected toxicity. They have potential for human exposure. They appear frequently in uncontrolled or abandoned waste sites. They are scheduled for possible remediation under the Superfund.

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50) Possible routes of exposure to metals include:

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Inhalation of dusts Inhalation of metal fumes Skin contact with dusts Ingestion

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51) Biomagnification of heavy metals is a hazard particularly associated with:

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Mercury

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52) For fetuses, infants, and children, the hazards of some heavy metals include:

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Impairment of physical and mental development Damage to internal organs Brain damage Some forms of cancer

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53) Lead exposure can arise from:

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Lead paint used in/on homes Certain types of pottery Lead dusts brought home from work Tap water from soldered pipes

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54) DDT has been found to:

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Accumulate in the tissues of many animals Persist in the environment

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55) Pesticides are:

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Always highly toxic to humans All synthetic chemicals Always the best weapon against insect pests

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56) Concerns regarding pesticide use include:

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Potential harm to agricultural workers Undesirable effects upon cattle Drift into schools and homes Unintentional killing of pets or non-target organisms

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57) Which statement(s) about dioxins is/are true? (Check/circle all that apply)

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They are highly toxic chemicals. They may be produced as a byproduct of incineration. They require many years to decompose

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58) The health effects of exposure to dioxins include:

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Chloracne Cancer Liver damage Endocrine effects

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59) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are:

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Persistent in the environment

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60) An advantage of hazardous chemicals is that they:

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Are important to the functioning of modern society

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61) The endotoxin produced by genetically modified Bt corn is an example of what type of pesticide:

answer

Biopesticide

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62) Each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei and are radioactive are:

answer

Radioisotopes

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63) The amount of exposure to radiation that a person receives is affected by: (Check/circle all that apply)

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Total time of exposure Distance from the source Degree of radioactivity of the material

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64) Which of the following forms of radiation can readily pass through your body?

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gamma rays X-rays

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65) A measure of the tissue-specific, biologically effective dose of radiation:

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The rem or Sievert

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66) Alpha radiation is non-penetrating and therefore:

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It is only dangerous when ingested or inhaled and localizes in certain tissues.

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67) The term that refers to low levels of ionizing radiation exposure over long time periods that are associated with an increased probability of the occurrence of an adverse health event is:

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Stochastic effect

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68) Sources of non-ionizing radiation include:

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Radiation from power lines Radio waves Infrared radiation Visible light radiation

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69) The portion of the optical spectrum (non-ionizing radiation) that has been most closely associated with adverse human health effects is:

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UVB

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70) The most dangerous health effect actually linked to cell phone use is:

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Traffic accidents

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71) Organic arsenic is toxic when ingested.

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False

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Which of the following statements is true about cohort studies?

answer

All of the above The measure of association is called relative risk. They may be either prospective or retrospective. They are a type of longitudinal design. They can examine many possible outcomes.

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The existence of a dose-response relationship may be used to establish the following kinds of information:

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Causal association between a toxicant and biological effects Minimum dose(s) needed to produce a biological effect

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The concentration and toxicity of a chemical in the body are affected by

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All of the above Individual sensitivity Duration of exposure Received dose of the chemical Route of entry into body

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Chronic exposures are those that occur

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More than three months

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Risk characterization refers to the question of:

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What is the estimated occurrence of the adverse effect in a given population?

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What problem in the policy cycle may be encountered in the problem definition stage?

answer

Poorly defined problems

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What problem in the policy cycle may be encountered in the policy implementation stage?

answer

Lack of government support

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Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry

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Serve as the principal federal public agency involved with hazardous waste issues

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Methods for transmission of zoonotic pathogens include:

answer

All of the above Ingestion of contaminated food or water Direct inhalation Bite or scratch of a vector Contact with the skin

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Which of the following acts regulates herbicides in food:

answer

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

question

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

answer

Through research, reduce the burden of human illness and dysfunction due to environmental causes

question

Environmental Protection Agency

answer

Develop and enforce regulations that implement environmental laws enacted by Congress

question

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

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Conduct research to reduce work related injuries and illness

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The precautionary principle states that:

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Preventive measures should be taken when an activity raises threats of harm to the environment.

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The principle of environmental sustainability states that:

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A strong, just, and wealthy society can be consistent with a clean environment.

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What type of combination of two chemicals produces an effect that is equal to their individual effects taken together?

answer

Additive

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What type of interaction between two chemicals causes one chemical that is toxic to become less toxic?

answer

Antagonistic

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An example of in vitro testing in toxicology is:

answer

Experiments with bacteria looking at mutations caused by a xenobiotic Experiments with cells derived from human tissues

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Exposure assessment refers to the question of:

answer

What exposures are currently experienced or anticipated under different conditions?

question

Of the following routes of exposure, which two are the most common among the general healthy population?

answer

Ingestion and Inhalation

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A relative risk of less than 1 may mean that there is a health protective association between exposure and outcome.

answer

True

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The limitations of environmental epidemiology include the fact that:

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All of the above Long latency periods usually occur between initial exposures and disease outcomes. Environmentally associated diseases rarely have high incidence and prevalence. Accurate assessment of exposure is difficult.

question

Hill's Criteria of Causality include:

answer

Strength and Temporality

question

Sir Percival Pott, who wrote Chirurgical Observations Relative to...:

answer

Was a London surgeon who identified an environmental cause of cancer

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Which of the following statements is true about case-control studies?

answer

Exposure to a factor is determined retrospectively. The standard measure of association is the odds ratio. Exposures may be difficult to quantify precisely. They can examine many potential exposures.

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Which of the following activities characterizes the epidemiologic approach as opposed to the clinical approach?

answer

Study of cancer occurrence in populations

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The risk of acquiring a given disease during a time period is usually determined by:

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The incidence rate for that disease in a given period of time

question

38) Example of disease vectors include:

answer

Rate and mice Mosquitoes Ticks Sand flies

question

Environmental health comprises those aspects of human health that are determined by:

answer

All of the above. Physical factors, Biological factors, Social Factors, Psychosocial factors.

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