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Puberty

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The physiological changes during adolescence that lead to the ability to reproduce.

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Menarche

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The first menstrual period in girls.

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Spermarche

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The first sperm ejaculation for boys.

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Body Mass Index (BMI)

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A measure of body fat that evalutes weight in relation to height.

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Bulimia

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Eating disorder characterized by overeating, then getting rid of the food by self-induced vomiting or laxativds.

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Anorexia Nervosa

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Eating disorder charachterized by very limited food intake.

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Context

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Internal and external circumstances and situations that interact with the individual's thoughts, feelings, and actions to shape development and learning.

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Bioecological Model

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Bronfenbrenner's theory describing the nested social and cultural contexts that shpae development. Every person develops within a microsystem, inside a mesosystem, embedded in an exosystem, all of which are a part of the macrosystem of the culture. All development occurs in and is infulenced by the time period-the chronosystem.

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Blended Familes

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Parents, children, and stepchildren merged into familes through remarriages.

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Extended Familes

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Different family members- grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, etc. - living in the same household or at least in daily contact with the children in the family.

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Parenting Styles

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The ways of interacting with and disciplining children.

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Attachment

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Forming an emotional bond with another person, initially a parent or family member.

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Peer Cultures

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Groups of children or adolescents with their own rules and norms, particularly about such things as dress, appearance, music, language, social values, and behavior.

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Psychosocial

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Describing the relation of the individual's emotional needs to the social environment.

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Development Crisis

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A specific conflict whose resolution prepares the way for the next stage.

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Autonomy

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Independence.

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Initiative

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Willingness to begin new activities and explore new directions.

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Industry

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Eagerness to engage in productive work.

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Identity

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The complex answer to the question: "Who am I?"

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Exploration

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In Marcia's theory of identity statuses the process by which adolescents consider and try out alternative beliefs, values, and behaviors in an effort to determine which will give them the most satisfication.

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Commitment

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In Marsia's theory of Identity statuses, individuals' choices concerning political and religious beliefs, for example, usually as a consequence of exploring the options.

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Identity Achievement

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Strong sense of commitment to life choices after free consideration of alternatives.

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Moratorium

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Identity crisis; suspension of choices because of struggle.

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Identity Foreclosure

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Acceptance of parental life choices without consideration of options.

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Identity Diffusion

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Uncenteredness; confusion about who one is and what one wants.

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Intimacy

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Forming close, enduring relationships with others.

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Generativity

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Sense of concern for future generations.

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Integrity

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Sense of self-acceptance and fulfillment.

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Nigrescence

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The process of developing a black identity.

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Racial and Ethnic Pride

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A positive self-concept about one's racial or ethnic heritage.

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Self-Concept

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Individuals' knowledge and beliefs about themselves-their ideas, feelings, attitudes, and expectations.

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Self-Esteem

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The value each of us places on our own characteristics, abilities, and behaviors.

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Theory of Mind

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An understanding that other people are people too, with their own minds, thoughts, feelings, beliefs, desires, and perceptions.

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Perspective-Taking Abliltiy

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Understanding that others have different feelings and experiences.

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Moral Reasoning

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The thinking process involved in judgments about questions of right and wrong.

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Distributive Justice

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Beliefs about how to divide materials or privileges fairy among members of a group; follows a sequence of development from equality to merit to benevolence.

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Moral Realism

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Stage of development wherein children see rules as absolute.

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Morality of Cooperation

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Stage of development wherein children realize that people make rules and people can change them.

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Moral Dilemma

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Situations in which no choice is clearly and indisputably right.

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Social Conventions

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Agreed-upon rules and ways of doing things in a particular situation.

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Internalize

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Process whereby children adopt external standards as their own.

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Instrumental Aggression

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Stong actions aimed at claiming an object, place, or privilege-not intended to harm, but may lead to harm.

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Hostile Aggression

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Bold, direct action tht is intended to hurt someone else; unprovoked attack.

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Overt Aggression

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A form of hostile aggression that involves physical attack.

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Relational Aggression

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A form of hostile aggression that involves verbal attacks and other actions meant to harm social relationships.

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Cyber Aggression

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Using e-mail, Twitter, Facebook, or other social media to spread rumors, make threats, or otherwise terrorize peers.

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Disablity

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The inability to do something specific such as walk or hear.

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Handicap

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A disadvantage is a particular situation, sometimes caused by a disability.

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Intelligence

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Ability or abilities to acquire and use knowledge for solving problems and adapting to the world.

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General Intelligence

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A general factor in cognitive ability that is related in varying degrees to performance on all mental tests.

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Fluid Intelligence

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Mental efficiency, nonverbal abilities grounded in brain developement.

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Crystallized Intelligence

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Ability to apply culturally approved problem-solving methods.

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Theory of Multiple Intelligences

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In Gardner's theory of intelligence, a person's eight separate abilities: logical-mathematical, linguistic, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist.

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Triarchic theory of successful intelligence

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A three-part description of the mental abilities (thinking processes, coping with new experiences, and adapting to context) that lead to more or less intelligent behavior.

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Insight

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The ability to deal effectively with novel situations.

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Automaticity

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The result of learning to perform a behavior or thinking process so thoroughly that the performance is automatic and does not require effort.

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Mental Age

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In intelligence testing, a performance that represents average abilities for that age group.

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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

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Score comparing mental and chronological ages.

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Deviation IQ

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Score based on a statistical comparaison of an individual's performance with the average performance of others in that age group.

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Flynn Effect

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Because of better health, smaller families, increased complexity in the environment, and more and better schooling, IQ test scores are steadily rising.

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Learning Styles

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Characteristic approaches to learning and studying.

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Learning Preferences

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Preferred ways of studying and learning, such as using pictures instead of text, working with other people versus alone, learning in structured or in unstructured situations, and so on.

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Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA)

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Latest amendment of PL 94-142; guarantees a free public education to all children regardless of disability.

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Free, appropriate public education (FAPE)

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Public funding to support appropriate educational programs for all students, no matter what their needs.

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Zero Reject

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A basic principle of IDEA specifying that no sutdent with a disability, no matter what kind or how severe, can be denied a free public education.

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Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)

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Educating each child with peers in the regular classroom to the greatest extent possible.

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Mainstreaming

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Teaching children with disabilities in regular classes for part or all of their school day.

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Integration

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Fitting the child with special needs into existing class structures.

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Inclusion

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The intergration of all students, including those with severe disabilities, into regular classes.

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Individualized Education Program (IEP)

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Annually revised program for an exceptional student, detailing present achievement level, goals, and strategies, and drawn up by teachers, parents, specialists, and (if possible) the student.

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Section 504

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A part of civil rights law that prevents discrimination against people with disabilities in programs that receive federal funds, such as public schools.

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Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)

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Federal legislation prohibiting discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, transportation, public access, local government, and telecommunications.

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Learning Disability

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Problem with acquisition and use of language; may show up as difficulty with reading, writing, reasoning, or math.

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Learned Helplessness

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The expectation, based on previous experiences with a lack of control, that all of one's efforts will lead to failure.

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Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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Current term for disruptive behavior disorders marked by overactivity, excessive difficulty sustaining attention, or impulsiveness.

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Speech Disorder

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Inability to produce sounds effectively for speaking.

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Articulation Disorders

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Any of a variety of pronunciation difficulities, such as the substitution, distortion, or omission of sounds.

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Voicing Problems

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Inappropriate pitch, quality, loudness, or intonation.

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Emotional and behavior disorders

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Behaviors or emotions that deviate so much from the norm that they interfere with the child's own growth and development and/ or the lives of others-inappropriate behaviors, unhappiness or depression, fears and anxieties, and trouble with relationships.

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Intellectual Disabilities/ Mental Retardation

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Significantly below-average intellectual and adaptive social behavior, evident before age 18.

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Transition Programming

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Gradual preparation of students with special needs to move from high school into further education or training, employment, or community involvement.

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Cerebral Palsy

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Condition involving a range of motor or coordination difficulties due to brain damage.

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Spasticity

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Overly tight or tense muscles, characteristic of some forms of cerebral palsy.

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Epilepsy

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Disorder marked by seizures and cause by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain.

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Generalized Seizure

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A seizure involving a large portion of the brain.

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Absence Seizure

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A seizure involving only a small part of the brain that causes a child to lost contact briefly.

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Low Vision

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Vision limited to close objects.

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Educationally Blind

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Needing Braille materials in order to learn.

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Autism/Autism Spectrum Disorders

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Developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, generally evident before age 3, and ranging from mild to major.

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Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD)

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A term favored by the medical community to describe autism spectrum disorders.

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Response to Intervention (RTI)

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A process to make sure students get appropriate research-based instruction and support as support as soon as possible and that teachers are systematic in documenting what interventions they have tried with these students so this information can be used in planning.

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Gifted and Talented Students

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Very bright, creative, and talented students.

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