EDUC Final – Flashcards

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In early colonial times, education was aimed at
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saving souls through religious instruction.
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The Old Deluder Satan Law of 1647 required that
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Massachusetts provide education for young people
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In many colonies, the masters of apprentices
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were required to teach their students reading, writing, and vocational skills.
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Nathan was a young man receiving an education during the colonial period. Because the emphasis in his family was business, he was enrolled in private schools that helped prepare him for the world of commerce. His friend Jonathan was attending a night school that would teach him navigation, since one day he hoped to operate his own trading ship. Based on the description above, Nathan and Jonathan most likely attended school in the
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middle colonies.
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When Benjamin Franklin founded the Franklin Academy, he intended for it to
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provide men and women a well-rounded curriculum where students had the freedom to choose some of their courses.
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The McGuffey Readers were noteworthy in the history of American education because they were the first
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textbooks in America that were written for different grade levels
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According to Lawrence Cremin, by the time of the Civil War the education in the United States was characterized by the
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acceptance and widespread adoption of the common schools movement.
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The expansion of secondary schools in the United States was greatly aided by
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legal findings that secondary schools could be supported by taxpayer funds
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When the Progressive Education Association released their Eight-Year Study, they reported that students who graduated from progressive schools
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were able to think more clearly and objectively.
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In the early part of the twentieth century, when men made the decision to enter into teaching, they
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. often moved into school administration as rapidly as possible.
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Marianne is an elementary teacher who believes strongly in the benefits that progressivism has for her students. As a progressive teacher she
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tends to look at education holistically in order to make sure that her students are healthy, happy, and productive members of American democratic life.
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Which of the following best describes the "gendered" nature of teaching in the U.S.?
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Males and females have both been considered "unnatural" for choosing a career in teaching
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The Land Ordinance Act of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 were important because they represented
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early attempts by the federal government to influence education.
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Constitutionally, the controversies surrounding the role of the federal government in education can be traced to the
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Tenth Amendment.
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Aaron was a young man in his early twenties. He had just come home from the Korean War and hoped to go to college at his state university in order to become an engineer. Which of the following federal acts would help Aaron to do this?
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Servicemen's Readjustment Act
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Which of the following provided funds for teacher training and program development in vocational education at the high school level?
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Smith-Hughes Act
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Which of the following best describes the influence of the federal government on education
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Although the Constitution prescribes no clear role for the federal government in education, federal influence is strong and growing
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Among the impacts of the Supreme Court holding in Plessy v. Ferguson was
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the reinforcement of the idea that de jure segregation was acceptable
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During the 1960s and 1970s, the Supreme Court
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was a factor in getting schools to provide a range of options to eliminate de facto segregation in schools
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Which of the following statements about Title IX is NOT true
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Title IX has eliminated most sexist behaviors from schools
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Policies regarding the number of Chinese immigrating to the United States changed, reversing immigration quotas and naturalization laws, due to the
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installation of a Communist government on the Chinese mainland
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Emma Hart Willard made an important contribution to education when
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established one of the earliest teacher training programs in U.S. history
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Discrimination against Asian Americans has taken the following forms EXCEPT
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compulsory ignorance laws
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Which of the following statements is true?
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Most Arab Americans living in the U.S. are Christian
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Opposition to females pursuing university education stemmed from the argument that
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the rigor of advanced university studies would endanger females' health—particularly in terms of reproduction
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Helena believes that her main goal as a teacher is to transfer the knowledge and values that her students will need to do well when they graduate and move into society. She strives to have her students learn to be academically proficient and to instill her students with values such as respect, diligence, and practicality. Based on what you have learned, Helena would rely on
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teacher-centered philosophies
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An essentialist would argue that essentialism
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is an effective way to help develop a common culture among Americans
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As a teacher, Richard wants his students to develop rational thought and think rigorously. He feels that he should prepare his brightest students for future leadership and responsibility, and he wants to prepare his other students to be good at whatever jobs they do after graduation. For his college-bound students, he urges them to choose liberal arts schools that allow students to pursue truth, beauty, and wisdom as opposed to "simply getting a piece of paper that leads to a job." Based on what you have learned, Richard's views represent
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perennialism.
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Progressivism's foremost educational advocate was
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John Dewey
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Which of the following books would NOT be on the list of "Great Books" favored by perennialists
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The Bluest Eye (Tony Morrison)
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John Dewey founded a famous experimental school to test his ideas. That school was
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the Laboratory School
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Jeanne has a very simple principle when it comes to his job: To see if an idea has merit, test it. If it works, then it has the potential to be a good idea. Jeanne appears to embrace
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pragmatism
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If you were to walk into a progressivist classroom, you would find teachers
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acting as facilitators for their students.
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Social reconstructionists
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split with progressivists over the slow pace of change in schools
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Unlike existentialists, ________ believe that free will is an illusion and that human nature is shaped by the environment
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behaviorists
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The use of a system of positive reinforcement to encourage desired behavior is based on
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behaviorism.
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When schools use education as a means to sort students so that those judged to be the most gifted are helped to rise to the highest levels of society while the less fortunate are allowed sink to society's lower levels, they are engaging in
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social Darwinism.
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Which of the following educators might have said, "I believe in praxis: When students take action that is based on sound theory and actions, they have the potential to change the world for the better"?
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Paulo Freire
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The Socratic method involves
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questioning the student to draw out answers.
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Critics of the idea that teachers can or should blend philosophies argue that
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blending philosophies will result in students learning less.
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The idea of eternal "forms" underlying all existence comes from
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. Plato.
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Which of the following educators channeled his frustrations regarding his own difficulties with school into the founding of Summerhill, an existentialist school where students decide what and when to learn
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A. S. Neill
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A look at today's science curriculum in most U.S. schools shows an emphasis on
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materialism
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A teacher at your school believes children should be made to reason deductively; another teacher favors lots of hands-on learning activities. These teachers appear to hold different views of
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epistemology.
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If Barbara teaches according to the tenets of behaviorism, she
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. believes that controlling the environment is the key to getting students to learn.
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Aesthetics examines
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the nature of beauty.
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The perennialist classroom teacher would have no concern with
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computer technology
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Ethnocentrism is
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the tendency to view one's own culture as superior.
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A key aspect of teaching in a constructivist classroom is
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understanding each student's prior knowledge and understanding
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Western models of education vary from other parts of the world in that
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Western societies value credentials, such as certification and degrees
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The city council of Anytown faced difficult decisions when it met to discuss the new budget for the upcoming fiscal year. The school district requested more funds with which to operate the schools, but property values remained low and the hospital authority, the police, and the sanitation program also needed more money to fund their operations at current levels. Anytown is suffering from municipal
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Overburdened
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Marian Wright Edelman is important because she founded the
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Children defense fund
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Reformers who used the courts as a means to redistribute school funds between affluent and less affluent districts were called
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Robin Hood reformers
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Which of the following was NOT a result of San Antonio v. Rodriguez
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The Court called for congressional intervention to change funding inequities in education.
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What was the importance ofEdgewood v. Kirby?
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A state supreme court found that gross differences in per-pupil expenditures violated the state constitution
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Which court case led to the advent of Robin Hood reformers
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Serranio vs Priest
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The state with perhaps the purest example of educational adequacy is
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Maryland
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State constitutions guarantee the right to an "adequate education," expressed as all of the following EXCEPT
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Uniform state wide test scores
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Anytown, Anystate has been hard hit by the great recession of 2008. Which of the following actions would the school board be LEAST likely to take to adjust to the current economic climate
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increase the millage rate in order to raise more funds
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Americans tolerate inequities in school funding because
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they feel that more money does not necessarily equal better school performance.
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In the last fifty years or so, state funding for schools
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Has increased dramatically
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When the federal government awards Eisenhower funds to assist teachers in math and sciences with their instruction, they are providing a
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Categorical grant
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The number of school districts in the nation has been
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Decreasing
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At the end of her school lunch, Sue always looked forward to the cookies that the cafeteria sold. One day she was surprised to see her cookie iced in the shape of a famous athletic apparel brand. What Sue experienced was a type of
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Gurella marketing
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One of the problems with marketing toward children is
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It saps creativity from children
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The school superintendent
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is the most powerful education officer in the district.
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When school principals are forced to prioritize the upkeep of their schools, which are they likely to place first?
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placing sound baffles in the halls and commons areas to reduce unwanted noise
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A "call for accountability" in schools means that people want
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evidence that increased financial support results in educational progress.
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Demographically, school boards are
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Especially resistant to diversity
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The chief state school officer manages
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implementation of the policies of the board of education.
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Which entity is most likely to conduct educational research and development?
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State department of education
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A retired teacher runs for the school board in an at-large election. Most likely, this candidate will act as
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a trustee representative
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The influence of the business community in America's schools can best be characterized as
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Extensive and growing
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School boards are often criticized for
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ealing with too limited a range of issues
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According to Donald McCarty and Charles Ramsey, authors of The School Managers: Power and Conflict in American Public Education, a school board in a community dominated by a few powerful figures will seek out a superintendent who
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Has a functionary style
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Molly is a recent college graduate who is interviewing for a job at the same elementary school where she was a student. Which of the following questions would be appropriate for the principal to ask Molly during the course of a job interview?
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"What made you decide to major in early childhood education in college?
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Cases such as Goss v. Lopez that deal with the proper procedures involving the disciplining and suspension of students would fall under the
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14th amendment
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When a teacher's private life is called into question by the courts, a governing principle that determines whether or not the teacher may be dismissed is ofte
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whether there is substantial disruption of the educational process.
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Generally courts have ruled that teachers may be fired for which of the following?
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. using profanity towards students
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ssa was a senior at Local High School (LHS). Although she was an honor student, Alyssa had a mischievous streak that frequently landed her in the principal's office. In order to get into the college that she wanted, she needed a recommendation letter from her counselor, Mr. Todd. On the day that she went to see him to ask for the letter, he told her to close the door. "Ever since you came here as a freshman, I've had my eye on you. It's amazing just how pretty you've become. I'll be glad to discuss your letter over dinner at my apartment, around eight tonight. Be sure to wear something really pretty. And let's keep our little date to ourselves. After all, we wouldn't want something to happen to that letter, would we"? Based on the dialogue, Alyssa is experiencing
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quid pro quo sexual harassment
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In cases involving teachers' expectations regarding academic freedom, which of the following tend NOT to be considered by the courts?
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whether the teachers have sufficient mastery of the subject matter to teach the material in question
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Paul Pratfall was a young teacher who meant well, but could be easily led off task—especially when it came to afternoon hall duty. When the school dismissal bell rang, Paul's job was to make sure that the children walked safely and in an orderly manner from the classrooms on his hall to the waiting school buses just beyond the front entrance. During Friday's duty, one of Paul's colleagues called out to him. "Hey, Paulie, come in here and check out the article in the paper about the big game tonight. You gotta see it!" At first, Paul hesitated, since he was on duty. Then, he went into his friend's classroom to read the article. After all, he figured that he would only be a minute or two. Paul had just begun to read the article when he heard a loud crash and an anguished cry. He and his colleague ran into the hall to find little Jeannie lying on the floor with her leg obviously broken. Based on this scenario, Paul would most likely be guilty of
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nonfeasance
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School teachers who participate in strikes are
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prohibited from doing so in over half of states, but in practice they are rarely prosecuted
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A teacher's right to freedom of speech regarding matters of public concern is protected due to the holding in
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Pickering v. Board of Education.
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Andy was teaching a unit on Tennyson in his British Literature class when, quite by chance, he came across an essay about the poet that would really "bring the man to life." He made copies of the essay and distributed them to the students. Based on the information presented here, did Andy violate copyright laws?
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yes, because the fair use policy is intended for single copies only, not classroom sets of copies
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Morris Dees and his Southern Poverty Law Center are involved with issues dealing with
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civil rights law and equality
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The Buckley Amendment ensures the rights of ________ to access educational records.
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Parents and guardian
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A child who is expelled for bringing nail clippers to school is probably feeling the consequence of
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a zero-tolerance policy
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Which of the following examples of teacher speech would most likely be considered a "matter of public concern"?
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"I was reading some of the environmental data on the site where our new school is being built. It sits right next to an Environmental Protection Agency chemical clean-up zone. I think people need to know about this."
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A teacher who suspects a child is the victim of child abuse
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d. has both an ethical responsibility and a legal responsibility to report the suspected abuse.
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Which of the following statements regarding zero-tolerance policies is true?
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. There is link between the juvenile justice system and those who have been disciplined under zero-tolerance policies.
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Which of the following cases best demonstrates the U.S. Supreme Court's position on the "separation of church and state"?
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: A student decides to start a Christian club that will meet on school grounds, and is given permission by the school administration, which also offers space on school grounds for nonreligious clubs or groups to meet.
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According to the Fourteenth Amendment, which of the following must occur if a school administrator intends to suspend a student?
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The student must have the chance to tell his or her side of the story.
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Which of the following examples of student expression would be protected under the First Amendment?
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. A student protesting the war in Afghanistan wears a black armband to his classes and refuses to speak during the course of the day.
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Which of the following is an argument used to support character education programs
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. The core attributes of moral individuals should be reinforced in the school curriculum and culture
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The Supreme Court Case Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools is important because it
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extended the reach of Title IX so that students could sue schools for monetary damages if they were sexually harassed
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Regarding search and seizure, the courts have held that
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schools must have reasonable suspicion to execute a search on school grounds
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A new principal is concerned with the rash of cheating and plagiarizing that is occurring in his school. He wants to enact a policy that will reduce such incidences. Which of the following actions might be the most effective?
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Teachers will review research and writing skills at the beginning of each term in every class where a paper, presentation, or project will be assigned.
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Why have many courts rejected educational malpractice lawsuits?
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They charge that many factors affect learning and the school system cannot be solely to blame for failure to learn
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Gina is a middle grades teacher who has a student named Joey. She has noticed that Joey comes to school wearing the same clothes each day: a t-shirt, shorts, and flip-flops. He wears this outfit even on days when it is very cold outside. Recently, Joey seems to be more withdrawn, largely ignoring his friends and Gina, too. Based on Gina's observations, she should
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c. file a report with her principal or counselor immediately, since Joey could be suffering from abuse or neglect
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In Alice's classroom, the great majority of her students do well academically. When she is asked about why she feels she is such a successful teacher, she says that she structures her instruction so that her students can do well either working with her directly on their own. She says that her students often do even better working on their own than with her! Alice's classroom best exemplifies
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academic learning time.
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During classroom discussions, Juan never started a question by naming a student. He always asked a question, and then identified the student he wanted to answer the question. According to Kounin, this is an example of
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Group altering
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Students were often very distracted in Agnes's classroom. Whenever they seemed to engage in an activity, she would just seem to say or do something totally random that had nothing to do with the lesson assigned. For example, during a review game for the test the following day, just when the students were getting into the activity, she blurted out, "Does anyone know who we are playing this Friday night"? Well, of course, the interruption stopped the game while all the students answered her question. Agnes's behavior would best fit the phenomenon of
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Thrust
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In order to promote more efficient use of classroom time, classroom rules should be
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Few and fair
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You have just been assigned to teach a class that has several management problems. A good strategy to reduce or eliminate these problems would be to
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Establish routines to provide and sense of stability
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Bella feels that her students deserve a safe, orderly classroom in which they can learn. She lets her students know her rules and the consequences for breaking those rules. When students do misbehave, she enforces her consequences quickly, fairly, and with minimal disruption to the class. Bella is a practitioner of
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Assertive discipline
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In order for classroom rules to be effective, they must
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Tied to strong consequences
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By beginning a lesson with a riddle or an anecdote, a teacher is trying to establish
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Motivation
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The student who is typically asked the most questions by the teacher is the
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White male
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In order to help manage student anger and aggression, Irina frequently includes as part of her instruction activities that are collaborative and allow her students to express their ideas and opinions. Irina's approach best reflects learning
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Community
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Lower-order questions
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Can be answered through memory and recal
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Lower-order questions occur in
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Knowledge and comprehensive stages of blooms taxonomy
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Higher-order questions are most effectively used during
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. a discussion of student opinions.
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A teacher asks a student to grade her own research paper—and to justify her grade. Identify the level of this task on Bloom's taxonomy.
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Evaluation
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The amount of time a teacher typically waits to call on a student after asking a question is
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One second or less
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Which of the following statements does NOT reflect the pedagogical cycle?
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"Class, you are now going to engage in an individual activity about the battle of Gettysburg."
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When a teacher breaks down (or "chunks") information, he is engaged in
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Clarification
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For students, the problem with an "okay classroom" is that it
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. does not provide adequate feedback and can lead to confusion
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The most frequent teacher reaction is
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Acceptance
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Statements such as "Great job" or "Well done" are
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ineffective forms of praise because they are generic.
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Direct teaching is
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teacher presentation of new material, followed by student practice and feedback
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As a new teacher, you are considering using cooperative learning. One research finding supporting your decision is that
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students have greater motivation to learn.
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Larry Cuban is critical of the technological revolution in the classroom because
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teachers have difficulty using technology efficiently.
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Mastery learning is based on the premise that
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. all students can learn—if given the right tools and the opportunity to work at their own pace.
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After having attended a workshop on problem-based learning, you decide to try it out. You realize that a key teacher role in this approach is to
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Identify activities that fuel a students interest
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Your school principal, parents, and faculty are concerned with declining student achievement. You are asked to serve on a committee intended to reverse that trend and increase student achievement, and so you review the research. Based on the research, which of the following four plans is most likely to improve academic performance over the long run?
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Focus on recruiting teachers to the faculty who have had a strong teacher education preparation and training
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In order to stem the exodus of new teachers from the field, more school districts are implementing
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: more mentoring programs for new teachers.
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Induction programs tend to
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. last at least one year, and often longer.
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The movement toward peer review reflects
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the movement toward greater teacher professionalism and autonomy
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Jean is a new teacher at the end of her second year. When she meets with her principal to discuss her performance for the year and her assignment for the following school year, the principal will probably rely on Jean's
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Evaluate observations
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Critics argue that teacher observations are ineffective because
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an unrealistic number of teachers are given satisfactory observations
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ll of her life, Nadia had been told by the teachers in her family, "If you go into teaching, don't smile until Christmas." Nadia figured her relatives knew what they were talking about, so she opted to be stern and run a quiet, highly managed class. If Nadia adopts such an approach, she will
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isk having the students "revolt" later in the year
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Suggested strategies for creating learning communities include all the following EXCEPT
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consolidating smaller schools into larger ones to achieve a "critical mass" of learners in a school.
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Daniel Pink, in his book A Whole New Mind: Why Right-Brainers Will Rule the Future, argues that
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American schools should focus less on skills that we are no longer competitive in, such as science, math, and technology.
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One of the major incentives for teachers to engage in professional development activities is that the more professional development teachers engage in
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The geater their salary will be
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According to researchers, problems arise with professional development when
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It is brief and sparatic
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An effective career ladder for teachers would include
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ncreases in salary and status based on increased responsibility.
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The most effective professional development programs
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tie teaching skills to subject content.
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All of the following arguments are used by opponents of teachers' unions EXCEPT that
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. unions have inappropriately close relationships with state and local departments of education.
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A group of teachers at a local middle school were concerned about how students who did not speak English as their first language were struggling in their reading classes. In response, the teachers decided to develop the "Read from the Heart" program and implement it in their classes. They would pre- and post-test the students to see if the program helped the students' reading proficiency. Based on the description above, these teachers were engaged in
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collaborative action research
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Teachers in industrialized European nations
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have, on average, four to five times more time for professional development and collaboration on instructional issues than American teachers
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the nature of hiring of teachers and administrators and support staff?
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The number of American administrators and nonteaching support staff has more than doubled over the past three decades.
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The NEA and AFT
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continue to be very important organizations, which collectively count nine out of ten teachers as their member
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One of the major shifts in the general working environment that is also impacting teaching is the
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increasing influence of psychic rewards as a source of motivation.
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Recently, some states such as Wisconsin have become notable for
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stripping teachers of their collective bargaining rights.
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According to Pink, if America is to remain competitive economically, schools must teach our students
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become less focused on specialization.
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The authors recommend that the behavioral management style for new teachers should
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mimic the philosophy and climate of the school being taught in, based on its norms.
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When teachers initially enter the classroom environment, their primary focus tends to be
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Survival
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School districts get the best return on their investment in terms of academic achievement when they invest in
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teachers' professional growth.
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