question

Application of Vygotsky's zone of proximal development comcept would include

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Making new tasks slightly beyond the student's current level of ability

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Piaget's basic blocks of thinking and memory are

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Schemas

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After stringing beads from a large necklace onto a smaller empty string, a child states that there are now more beads on the small string than there were on the long string. Which Piagetian cognitive concept does this behavior best illustrate?

answer

Conservation

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When we try a particular stratefy and it does not work, the discomfort we experience is called

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Disequilibrium

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Tthe best way to determine what cognitive stage a person has reached is by

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Observing how the person solves problems

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Which one of the following is the clearest example of Piaget's concept of assimilation?

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Looking at a worm and thinking it is a snake

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Specialization of the two main hemispheres of the brain involve

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Lateralization

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An increasingly influential view of cognitive development proposed by Vygotsky is based on

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Culture and Socioculture theory

question

Piaget called children's self-talk _______ while Vygotsky called the same behavior ______.

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Private Speech; Egocentric Speech

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All developmental theories have the following general principle in common

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development is gradual

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The emphasis in Erikson's stage theory is on

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the formation of personal idenity

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Sally is in the stage Erikson calls initative vs guilt. Her parents supervise her closley and direct all activities. The danger is that sally may

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have difficulty trusting her own judgement

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Children who experience autonomy are likely to become more

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self-reliant

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Martin now takes considerable pride in completing his 4th grade homework assignments and in doing them well. He is quite disappointed when the teacher assigns an "A" to him for a project that he strongly felt deserved and A+ (or better!). According to Erikson, Martin is in what stage of development?

answer

Industry vs inferiority

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Christine can't decide what she wants to pursue when she graduates from high school this year. "Life is so confusing" she thinks to herself. "Perhaps it is best not to think about these directions at all" She is experiencing identity

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diffusion

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the difference between self-concept and self-esteem is that

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self-concept is a cognitive structure while self-esteem is an affective reaction.

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Research suggests that the relationship between self-esteem and success in school is a

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positive relationship

question

Vic was struggling with a math exam. Abby, an A+ student, was not covering her paper, she he decided to copy some of her answers in order to avoid having to try solving the rest of the problems himself. What level of moral reasoning did he demonstrate?

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preconventional

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According to Bronfenbrenner,

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the parents' work place (i.e., exosystem) influences the development of the child

question

Research has shown that students who watch others behaving aggressively

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become more aggressive

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When dealing with physical differences in the classroom, teachers should

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deal with some of these issues in relevant curriculum materials.

question

Woolfolk's position on the issue of labeling exceptional students is that such practices

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have both positive and negative effects and need to be exercised cautiously

question

Which of the following statements is true about intelligence?

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It is theorized to be a collection of abilities by many psychologists.

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Alan performs well on most academic and learning tasks, but he has some difficulty on a test involving memorization of numbers. Spearman's explanation for Alan's test scores is expressed best by the statement that Alan

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has a high g factor but has problems with specific abilities.

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A teacher who knows how to effectively use cooperative learning in his or her classroom is demonstrating

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crystallized intelligence

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The theory that defines intelligence as encompassing at least eight separate kinds of intelligence is

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Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences

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All children in Ms. Gray's math class can now solve subtraction problems, but Larry does them much more quickly and efficiently then most of his classmates. Sternberg would call this

answer

automaticity

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An IEP is a written plan for a specific student's education, and it must include

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specific educational goals

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Bill, Age 16, is bright and articulate. His classmates watch him with great interest because he "will try anything." Unfortunately, his reading level is very low, probably no higher than fourth-grade level, and he does not succeed in most courses. This description of Bill would lead one to think first about the possibility of

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a learning disability

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Tammy received her fourth F in her math class. She accepted the grade and believes that there is nothing she can do to improve her scores. Tammy appears to be experiencing

answer

learned helplessness

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What type of intervention appears to be the most successful in helping students with attention deficits

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behavior management strategies

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Which one of the following situations is considered a language difference rather than a language disorder?

answer

speaking in a strong dialect

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All of the following student conditions are covered under Section 504, except

answer

poverty

question

Educational practices in American schools during the 20th century have tended to be based on

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middle class, sectarian values

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Researchers have found the best time for a child to learn a second language on his/her own is

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early childhood

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Generally, students are not ready to study the rules of a language formally until about age 5. This when most students have started to gain

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metalinguistic awarness

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In order to reduce the possible negative stereotypes about students who speak a different dialect, teachers should

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accept students' dialects as a valid and correct language system, but teach standard English as well

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Nikolas is an 11th grader that came to America 1 year ago. He has gradually developed his fluency in the English language, but he continues to have some difficulty using English during classroom activities. What should his teacher do to help him with his English acquisition?

answer

promote his bilingualism in both languages

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By what age do most kids master the sounds of their native language

answer

5

question

Which on of the following statements are TRUE?

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preschool children's oral language skills plays an important role in predicting reading in the transition to school

question

Membership into what cultural group is the best predictor of cultural differences?

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social class

question

Which one of the following variables is MOST likely to correlate positively and highest with children's school achievement?

answer

Parents' attitude toward education

question

Which of the following illustrations is characteristic of a culturally compatible classroom

answer

Mr. Buhr regularly demonstrated the correct procedures for borrowing school materials during his homeroom period

question

According to Borman and Overman (2004), teachers can do the following to create resilient classrooms:

answer

provide a safe and orderly classroom and develop positive teacher-student relationships

question

Researchers generally believe that differences between ethnic groups in cognitive abilities occur primarily as a result of

answer

different experiences in and out of school

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The rules and traditions that guide the behavior of a group comprise its

answer

culture

question

Behavioral theories of learning emphasize

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observable actions

question

During music class, Lisa enthusiastically sings aloud with her class, but the teacher comments, "Lisa, please...you sound like an owl in a torture chamber." Lisa turns bright red. The next week she feels ill when it is time to go to music class again. Feeling anxiety at the prospect of music class is an example of

answer

classical conditioning

question

Ray's temper tantrums have finally driven his mother to her wits' end. His mother resolves that she will ignore the tantrums no matter what. This plan is an example o

answer

extinction

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The law of effect in Thorndike's theory of learning is related to the concept of

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consequences

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Mr. Lynch always uses his "mean" face to stop undesirable behavior in his first period class. However, even though he looks at Tommy with his mean face each time Tommy talks out of turn, Tommy is talking out of turn more and more frequently. For Tommy, the mean face is apparently a

answer

positive reinforcer

question

You finally take out the garbage in order to get your father to stop pestering you. Your beahvior is being influenced by

answer

negative reinforcement

question

Mr. Smith uses a token economy system in his history class. Whenever Bill breaks a rule, he loses a "chip." If the infraction is major, he loses several chips. This is an example o

answer

removal punishment

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According to Woolfolk, the best way to determine potential reinforcers is to

answer

observe what students choose to do in their free time

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The most effective reprimands are those that are

answer

soft and private

question

cognitive behavior modification adds what to the management process?

answer

self-instruction

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Compared to the behavioristic orientation, the cognitive perspective recognizes people as what type of learners?

answer

active

question

Cliff is good at solving math problems, but has difficulty solving problems in his computer class. His problem-solving ability in math represents what type of knowledge?

answer

domain specific

question

A jogger is startled by the feeling of a moving object on his right side. it could have been a ferocious dog, but it turns out to be a newspaper page blown by the wind. what memory component was most directly involved?

answer

sensory memory

question

While Mr. Lin was explaining the social studies assignment, Missy was finishing homework due for her next class. When the class began they assignment, Missy did not know what to do. According to the information processing model of cognitive learning, Missy was lost because

answer

she did not pay attention to the instructions that were given

question

Items can typically be stored in working memory for how long?

answer

20 seconds

question

Research has shown that the capacity of the working memory is limited to about how many chunks?

answer

5-9

question

According to the current cognitive tehories, information may be lost from long term memory in all of the following except

answer

Substitution

question

Learning by observing others is

answer

an effective way to learn new knowledge and skills

question

When failure occurs, self-regulated learners are LESS likely to

answer

get defensive

question

Research on self-efficacy and achievement suggests that school achievement is improved and self-efficacy is increased when students

answer

receive rewards and other reinforcements based on the quality of their performances

question

Bandura suggested that the main limitation of traditional views or learning is that these views are

answer

Incomplete

question

Mr. Snow, a math teacher, asks parents to facilitate their child's self-regulation by

answer

modeling how to set specific goals

question

According to Bandura's theory of self-efficacy, the most important and influential source of self-efficacy information comes from

answer

mastery experiences

question

Ms. Riley tells the class, "If we have a good lesson on fractions, I will credit each of you with a bonus point." She is trying to stimulate what type of motivation?

answer

Extrinsic

question

The type of learning goal that a person will be most motivated to reach is one that is

answer

Specific and moderately difficult

question

On Sunday afternoon, Rick spent a couple of hours picking up discarded bottles and cans from a picturesque section of the wildlife refuge, even though he knew he would not get paid anything for his efforts. His motivation is best described as being

answer

Intrinsic

question

Dennis often cons his best friends into letting him use one of their papers from last semester for his assignment in psychology this semester. In terms of goals, what type of learner does he appear to be?

answer

Work-avoidant

question

The concept of self-determination is an important influence in what view of motivation?

answer

humanistic

question

As reported by Woolfolk, the debilitating effects of anxiety are viewed to be due to

answer

attention being diverted from the learning task to a preoccupation with one's feelings

question

Students who demonstrate learned helplessness are likely to

answer

focus on their failures and not seek assistance

question

Jeremy's interest in history has been decreasing lately. According to Maslow, what should the teacher do?

answer

Determine whether his deficiency needs are met

question

Doug's family is very poor, so he often goes to school with no breakfast and very little in his lunch box. According to Maslow, Doug is failing his classes because what type of needs are not being met?

answer

Deficiency needs

question

Maria spent many hours trying to complete her geometry proofs. A cognitive interpretation of her motivation is that Maria

answer

is attempting to acquire understanding of how different theorems work

question

Sara attributes her failures to internal causes. Consequently, she is likely to blame her poor mark in science on her

answer

lack of effort

question

Classrooms contain many different people with differing values, attitudes, and goals. this is why classrooms are said by Doyle to be

answer

multidimensional

question

At what educational level is the direct teaching of classroom rules and procedures most critical for effective classroom management?

answer

early elementary

question

According to Woolfolk, one of the best ways to avoid discipline problems is to

answer

Keep the group focused on productive learning

question

Mrs. Rivers has a student, Monica, who has difficulty completing in class work. Although Mrs. Rivers allows plenty of time for study and Monica is actively working, her efforts appear to be limited by

answer

academic learning time

question

Approximately what percentage of a student's time in school is devoted to meaningful, appropriate learning tasks?

answer

33%

question

What is the key element underlying participation structures for different classroom activities?

answer

awareness of rules

question

Greg was trying to pass Bill a note, but Bill kept his eyes on his own work and thought, "Mrs. Pepper will spot him for sure. She never misses anything. You'd think she could read minds." Mrs. Pepper could be described as exhibiting what characteristic

answer

withitness

question

In movement management, a major problem is to

answer

avoid abrupt and slowdown transitions

question

What is the best way to deal with a hostile, defiant student?

answer

give the student a chance to cool down and save face.

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