Drugs and Society Final Exam (Quizzes) – Flashcards
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According to Chapter 1, the principal social psychological factor in determining the presence of an individual's drug abuse is __________
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motivation
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According to Erich Goode, _______ refers to using licit drugs such as alcohol, tobacco, and caffeine to achieve a certain mental or psychic state.
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Legal recreational
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(T/F) Advertising over-the-counter drugs relays the message that if you are experiencing some symptoms, taking drugs is an acceptable option.
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True
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(T/F) A variety of data sources suggest that drug use and abuse is quite common amongst arrestees, being under the influence at the time of arrest and/or drugs as an influential factor is crime commission.
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True
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The use of _____ drugs causes far more deaths, sickness, violent crimes, economic loss, and other social problems than the use of all other drugs combined.
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Licit
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(T/F) Cultural factors account for how drug use behavior develops from the physical surroundings in which the drug is taken.
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False
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Drugs prescribed by a physician to prevent or treat symptoms are generally referred to as _____.
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medicines
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_______ drugs refer to types of drugs that lead to the use of other more addictive types of drugs.
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Gateway
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(T/F) Employees who engage in drug use are more likely to be absent from their job.
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True
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In contrast to the past, today's drug addiction mainly refers to _______.
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physical and psychological dependence
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According to Becker, individuals come to experience the effects and pleasures of a drug though ___________.
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learned expectations and motivations from peers.
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(T/F) According to control theory, individuals with weak bonds to conventional activity are more likely to engage in drug use.
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True
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(T/F) Addiction can be described as a complex disease.
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True
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(T/F) Adolescents from divorced parents are more likely to use drugs than children form intact families that are not divorced.
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True
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All the major biological explanations related to drug abuse assume that these substances exert their ___________ effects by altering brain chemistry or neuronal (basic function cell of the brain) activity.
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Psychoactive
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(T/F) Character traits that often lead to drug abuse such as insecurity and vulnerability may be genetically determined.
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True
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_____________ deviance is inconsequential deviance, which occurs without having a lasting impression on the perpetrator.
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Primary
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Explanations of addiction in terms of genetics, brain dysfunction, and biochemical patterns are termed
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genetic and biophysiological theories
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(T/F) Immaturity, maladjustment, or insecurity usually occur after the use of marijuana has become habitual.
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False
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_____________ in 10 drug users work full time.
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Seven
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_______ attempts to decrease individuals' tendency to use drugs with an emphasis on reformulating values and behaviors.
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Demand reduction strategy
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(T/F) Category II OTC products are not generally recognized as safe and effective, or have unacceptable indications.
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True
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Decreasing the amount of drugs that are carried across U.S. borders is an example of _________.
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Interdiction
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__________ drugs have high abuse potential and are not approved in the United States for medical purposes.
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Schedule I
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(T/F) Penalties for illegal use of a controlled substance vary according to the agent's schedule.
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True
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(T/F) Phase I clinical traits generally involve healthy people and are designed to establish efficacy of a given drug.
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False
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The _____________ divided substances with abuse potential into categories based on the degree of their abuse potential and their clinical usefulness.
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Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act
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(T/F) The Kefauver-Harris Amendment required drug companies to prove their new medications were safe but not necessarily effective before they could be marketed.
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False
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(T/F) Use of methadone prevents the cravings and sever withdrawal routinely associated with breaking the heroin habit.
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True
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In which of the following lists are the steps of drug development in the correct chronological order? A) preclinical development, filing an NDA, Phase I testing B) requesting an IND, filing an NDA, Phase I testing C) preclinical development, requesting an IND, filing an NDA D) Phase I testing, requesting an IND, filing an NDA
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C) preclinical development, requisition an IND, filing an NDA
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Approximately how many neurons are in the brain?
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100 billion
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______ are chemical messengers released by neurons.
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Neurotransmitters
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(T/F) Drugs that effect the neurotransmitter dopamine usually alter both mental state and motor activity.
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True
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_________ is the maintenance of internal stability.
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Homeostasis
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(T/F) An important advantage of administering drugs intravenously is the speed of action.
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True
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Basic kinds of side effects of drug use can include __________.
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Nausea, changed in mental alterness, and dependence.
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Chemical alteration of drugs by body processes is called __________.
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metabolism.
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Drugs administered using ___________ can enter blood almost as quickly as intravenous injection?
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inhalation
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(T/F) Drug tolerances causes an increase response to a given dose of a drug.
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False
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(T/F) A chocolate drink, such as cocoa, contains as much caffeine as does a cup of coffee.
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False
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Amphetamine and cocaine are classified in which schedule?
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II
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(T/F) Amphetamine was available in OTC nasal decongestant inhalers until the late 1940s.
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True
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(T/F) Chronic high doses of amphetamines have not been shown to permanently damage the brain.
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False
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________ of cocaine allows the most intense but short-lived high, causing severe side effects and dependence.
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Intravenous administration
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(T/F) Physical withdrawal from cocaine dependence is usually as intense as that associated with CNS depressant dependence.
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False
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(T/F) Coca-Cola was originally a patent medicine that contained heroin.
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False
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(T/F) At one time, Sigmund Freud advocated the use of cocaine to treat drug addiction.
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True
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(T/F) Europeans became aware of cocaine during the second major cocaine era.
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True
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(T/F) Cocaine was used as a source of energy by the ancient South American Indians who lived in the regions of the Andean mountains.
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True
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(T/F) Amphetamines were used by soldiers during WWII and the Korean War to counter fatigue.
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True
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(T/F) Truck divers making long hauls were on of the earliest distribution systems for illicit amphetamines.
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True
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(T/F) Methamphetamine and amphetamine are actually the same drug.
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False
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(T/F) In recent years, pilots in the Air Force used amphetamines to reduce fatigue.
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True
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The intensity of cocaine withdrawal is proportional to __________
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the amount, duration, and intensity of use.
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Which of the following is least likely to be caused by chronic high doses of amphetamines? a) hallucinations b) antisocial behavior c) feelings of bugs crawling under the skin d) extreme hunger
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d) extreme hunger
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Hallucinogens most likely exert their effects by altering which transmitter system?
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Serotonin
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In 2012, approximately what percentage of high school seniors had ever used hallucinogens?
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8%
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LSD can be purchased in which forms?
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tablets, capsules, and blotter paper
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Of the following, which cannot cause hallucinations? a) steroids b) cocaine c) amphetamines d) all of these can cause hallucinations
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d) all of these can cause hallucinations
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(T/F) PCP is currently classified as a Schedule II drug.
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True
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(T/F) Compared to MDA, MDMA has more psychedelic and less stimulant activity.
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True
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(T/F) MDA is also known as "Ecstasy".
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False
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(T/F) Use of MDA dulls the sense of touch.
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False
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(T/F) MDA use typically causes LSD-like usual and auditory hallucination.
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False
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(T/F) Sensations caused by previous hallucinogen use can return.
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True
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(T/F) The experience of hallucinogens is always unpleasant and terrifying.
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False
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(T/F) Hallucinogen flashbacks can consist of altered visual perception including seeing dots, flashes,and trails of light.
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True
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(T/F) Flashbacks can continue to occur for years after hallucinogen use.
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True
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Approximately what percentage of U.S. 8th graders have abused inhalants at least one in their lifetime?
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10%
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(T/F) "Huffing" s a practice of inhaling volatile solvents from old rags naked in the solvent fluid and held over the mouth.
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True
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What is the reason that inhalants are most likely abused?
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They are readily available.
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According the the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, the age cohort reporting the highest lifetime use of marijuana was ______ years of age.
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18-25
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Age, gender, family background, and religion fall under what category of influential factors?
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structural
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Cannabis has which medical properties?
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antiasthmtic, antiseizure, and antidepressant properties
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(T/F) Complete elimination of a single does of marijuana can take up to 2 months.
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False
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During the late 1930s, marijuana was misperceived by the scientific and medical communities as inducing _____________.
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acts of sexual excitement and violence.
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Having use an illicit substance during the past month is defined as ____________.
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current drug use.
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High doses of THC or greater exposure to marijuana can cause ________
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hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia
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(T/F) Often, the more serious costs in using marijuana are that the individual acquires a poor record of development, learning, and advancement in education settings.
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True
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One of the major costs of marijuana usage is damage to ______
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lungs
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(T/F) Some research indicates that today's marijuana is much more potent (20 times more potent) than the street marijuana of the 1960s.
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True
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Adolescents are more likely to develop drug problems if other members of the family ___________.
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are excessive in their drug (legal or illegal) consumption, approve of the use of illicit drugs, and use drugs as a problem-solving strategy.
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Alcohol usually becomes problematic when it is no longer used occasionally to enhance social events but used ______ to deal with person problems.
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daily
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A likely danger from long-term use of steroids include _________.
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liver diseases such as jaundice and cancerous tumors
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A(n) ____________ is defined as a subgroup within a population whose members share similar values and patterns of related behaviors that differ from the larger population.
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subculture
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(T/F) Approximately 14% of NCAA Division I athletes use some kind of drug to increase competitive performance.
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True
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_________ are male hormones produced in the testes that are responsible for secondary sexual characteristics.
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Androgens
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Athletes' motivation, the level of competition, the type of sport, and the _____ are key factors in determining the probability of using anabolic steroids.
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pressure for winning
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In a survey of 48,650 college students, the reason(s) given for using drugs and alcohol was to _________.
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break the ice, enhance social activity, and give people something to do.
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Nearly 80% of "bingers" (binge drinkers) often live in/at ____________.
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a fraternity or sorority house.
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The best predictor of drug use for the first year of college is ___________.
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drug use during the senior year of high school.
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___________ approach is the drug prevention tactic based on emphasizing the extreme negative effects of drug use.
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Scare tactic
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_____________ comprehensive prevention program stresses having an "open door" policy that welcomes addicts to take part in rehabilitation services, regardless of the level of motivation for change, goals, or personal ideology.
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Harm reduction
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(T/F) D.A.R.E. has not yielded any measurable or significant changes in drug use in long-term studies.
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True
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Drug education began in the late __________.
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1800s
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(T/F) Antabuse is used as an opioid antagonist to treat opioid dependence.
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False
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_______________ are inpatient treatment facilities that focus on the "resocialization" of the individual and use the program's entire community as important treatment components.
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Therapeutic communities
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(T/F) As a consequence of the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000, suboxone can now be prescribed in an office setting to treat substance abuse.
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True
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___________is a condition in which two or more illnesses occur in the same person.
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Comorbidity
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Medical detoxification ________________.
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can be medically necessary, is a precursor to treatment, and does not typically produce lasting behavioral changes.
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(T/F) Overall, treatment of addiction is less successful than treatment of other chronic diseases such as hypertension.
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False
