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drug ed – Flashcard

David Dunn

15 September 2021

question

1. (p. 186) Alcoholic beverages form when yeasts act upon sugars in the process of A. malting.

answer

fermentation.

question

2. (p. 187) Heating a solution of alcohol and water, then collecting the alcohol vapors and condensing them into a liquid with a higher alcohol content, is called

answer

distillation.

question

3. (p. 187) The alcoholic content of beverages is indicated by the term "proof," which is

answer

twice the percentage of alcohol.

question

4. (p. 187) In most commercial beers sold in the U.S., the alcohol content is about

answer

4 percent.

question

5. (p. 191) Many large commercial distilleries produce grain neutral spirits, which are

answer

95 percent pure alcohol, the basis for gin and vodka

question

6. (p. 192) When alcohol is formed, other related substances are also formed, called

answer

congeners

question

7. (p. 193) Benjamin Rush, a physician who also signed the Declaration of Independence, was the first to

answer

refer to alcohol addiction as a disease

question

8. (p. 195) In the U.S., national prohibition of alcohol sales was in effect from

answer

1920 to 1933

question

9. (p. 195) Although national prohibition of alcohol did reduce alcohol-related deaths and hospitalizations, it was repealed partly because of the growth of organized crime and partly because

answer

of a desire to reduce the income tax

question

10. (p. 196) Age 21 became the legal drinking age in all U.S. states in what year?

answer

1988.

question

11. (p. 198) Americans drink most of their alcohol in the form of

answer

beer.

question

12. (p. 198) Total per-capita consumption of alcohol

answer

has declined considerably from its peak in 1981

question

13. (p. 198-199) Which of these states has the highest per-capita sales of alcohol?

answer

New Hampshire

question

14. (p. 199) About what percentage of college students reports drinking alcohol at least once within the past month?

answer

60 percent

question

15. (p. 200) Which of these substances speeds up the absorption of alcohol?

answer

carbonated liquids

question

1. (p. 165-166) The perspective that symptoms of a mental disorder lead to a diagnosis that illuminates both the underlying cause and a cure for the disorder is referred to in the text as the

answer

medical model

question

2. (p. 166) The most recent (2013) version of the American Psychiatric Association's classification system for mental disorders is called the

answer

DSM-V.

question

3. (p. 167) A major disturbance of intellectual and social functioning in which there is a loss of contact with reality is called

answer

psychosis.

question

4. (p. 168) Both depressed and manic symptoms appear in the general classification of

answer

mood disorders

question

5. (p. 168) Bipolar I Disorder refers to

answer

manic episodes with possible alternating depression.

question

6. (p. 170) Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was first used to treat schizophrenia, it is now used primarily to treat

answer

severe depression.

question

7. (p. 171) Phenothiazines and neuroleptics were terms used to describe the early forms of

answer

antipsychotics.

question

8. (p. 171) The antipsychotic drugs that have been marketed in the past ten years, such as Zyprexa (olanzepine), are referred to as

answer

atypical antipsychotics.

question

9. (p. 172) What is the mechanism of action for typical antipsychotics?

answer

block D2 dopamine receptors.

question

10. (p. 173) One side effect common with the older antipsychotics, but less common with the newer ones, is

answer

pseudoparkinsonism.

question

11. (p. 174) Many of the new atypical antipsychotics are known to cause

answer

significant weight gain and metabolic changes

question

12. (p. 173) A recent study of the long-term effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs found that

answer

three-fourths of the patients stopped taking their medication within 18 months.

question

13. (p. 174) People taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors for depression must avoid

answer

foods high in tyramine, such as aged cheeses.

question

14. (p. 169, 172) A patient presents with these symptoms: irrational beliefs, incoherent speech, and a severe lack of emotional response. He has had these symptoms for over 9 months and they interfere with his social function. He would most likely be diagnosed with _______ and treated with __________.

answer

schizophrenia; aripiprazole

question

15. (p. 175) Tricyclic antidepressants work by

answer

inhibiting reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.

question

1. (p. 147) The CNS depressants include various prescription drugs referred to as

answer

. sedative-hypnotics.

question

2. (p. 148) Which of these is NOT one of the early sedative-hypnotics used in medicine?

answer

butyrate

question

3. (p. 148) What has kept paraldehyde from being widely used?

answer

bad taste and odor

question

4. (p. 148) How are barbiturates usually classified?

answer

duration of action

question

5. (p. 149) Among the barbiturates, when prescribing a sleeping pill (hypnotic), physicians would usually choose a

answer

higher dose of a short-acting drug.

question

6. (p. 150) Two drugs that were introduced as being safer than the barbiturates, but in the long run proved to be not much safer, were

answer

meprobamate and methaqualone.

question

7. (p. 152) The major advantage of the benzodiazepines over the barbiturates seems to be the

answer

greater safety margin

question

8. (p. 152) Librium (chlordiazepoxide) and Valium (diazepam) were the first widely sold

answer

benzodiazepines.

question

9. (p. 152) The "date-rape" drug Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)

answer

is sold as a hypnotic agent (sleeping pill) in many countries other than the U.S.

question

10. (p. 153) When benzodiazepines bind to their receptor site, they

answer

enhance the inhibitory effects of GABA

question

11. (p. 156) Zolpidem (Ambien) is

answer

. not a benzodiazepine chemically, but it has similar effects

question

12. (p. 153) The four most widely sold benzodiazepines are all longer-acting drugs sold primarily as

answer

anxiolytics.

question

13. (p. 153) Sedative-hypnotic agents bind to which receptors in the brain?

answer

. GABA

question

14. (p. 158) Animal self-administration experiments and studies of drug choice among humans indicate that

answer

short-acting barbiturates are more likely to lead to dependence than any of the benzodiazepines

question

15. (p. 158) Withdrawal from long-term use of sedative-hypnotic drugs is characterized by

answer

. anxiety, impaired concentration, insomnia, convulsions

question

1. (p. 125) The use of cocaine by members of the general public in Europe was initially in the form of

answer

drinks, such as coca wine.

question

2. (p. 125) Dr. W. S. Halsted, the "father of American surgery," experimented with cocaine's ability to produce

answer

local anesthesia

question

3. (p. 126) Which famous physician studied cocaine as a treatment for morphine dependence and depression?

answer

Sigmund Freud

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4. (p. 128) The 1914 New York Times article, "Negro Cocaine 'Fiends' are a New Southern menace,"

answer

erroneously said that cocaine increased homicidal tendencies and improved marksmanship.

question

5. (p. 129) What did the 1914 Harrison Act do?

answer

taxed importation and sale of coca, cocaine, and opium

question

6. (p. 129) Most illicit cocaine in the U.S. is powder cocaine (cocaine hydrochloride), which is

answer

too stable to be smoked.

question

7. (p. 130) The passage of the 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse Act

answer

. came after over a thousand stories about cocaine had appeared in the national media.

question

8. (p. 130) Although National Survey on Drug Use and Health data indicates greater prevalence of illicit drug use among white Americans, black Americans represented more than 80 percent of those arrested for

answer

violation of federal crack cocaine laws

question

9. (p. 126-127) In the text, the discussion of media depictions of powder cocaine use in the early 20th century and crack cocaine use in the 1980s was used to illustrate that

answer

the U.S. media and drug policies may target people of color disproportionately.

question

10. (p. 131) Cocaine's effects in the brain

answer

all of the above.

question

11. (p. 131-132) The most common way cocaine is used recreationally is by

answer

insufflation (snorting).

question

12. (p. 132) What is cocaine still used for medically?

answer

It is used as a local anesthetic for nasal, laryngeal, and esophageal surgeries.

question

13. (p. 132) Cocaethylene

answer

. is formed in the body when cocaine and alcohol are used together

question

14. (p. 133) When laboratory animals are given unlimited opportunities to self-administer cocaine injection

answer

they will readily self-administer it.

question

15. (p. 133) Cocaine use during pregnancy now appears to be associated with

answer

no consistent negative associations with physical growth, test scores, or language in children.

question

1. (p. 101) Most of our drugs originally came either directly or indirectly from

answer

plants.

question

2. (p. 102) Most drugs have three different kinds of names. Which of them belongs to a specific manufacturer?

answer

brand name

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3. (p. 103) The group of psychoactive drugs called stimulants includes

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cocaine.

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4. (p. 103) Among the psychoactive drugs, alcohol can be classified as a(n)

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depressant.

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5. (p. 103) Which of these is given its own classification category, due to its complex effects at different doses?

answer

marijuana

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6. (p. 105) Nonspecific effects of taking a drug are those that do not depend on its chemical activity. They are sometimes referred to as

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placebo effects.

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7. (p. 105) When neither the person taking the drug nor the person evaluating the effects of the drug knows which people are getting the experimental drug and which people are getting the placebo, this procedure is referred to as a(n)

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double-blind procedure.

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8. (p. 106) The threshold on a dose-response curve is the

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lowest dose at which there is an observable effect of the drug.

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9. (p. 106) The text uses an example of overlapping dose-response curves for slowed reaction time, ataxia (staggering), and coma to illustrate

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. that different drug-related effects can have different thresholds

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10. (p. 107) The safety margin for a particular drug is based on the idea that

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toxic doses will typically be larger than therapeutic doses.

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11. (p. 108) With increasing doses of any useful drug, there is usually an increase in the number and severity of

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side effects.

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12. (p. 108) The potency of a drug is defined in terms of

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the amount required to produce an effect.

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13. (p. 111) The story of the Michigan police officer who ate marijuana-laced brownies and then called 911, is a good illustration of which basic psychopharmacology fact?

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. Different routes of administration can producing markedly different drug effects.

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14. (p. 109) The time course of a drug's action depends on

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all of the above.

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15. (p. 111) Regardless of the route of administration, psychoactive drugs reach the brain tissue by way of the

answer

. bloodstream.

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1. (p. 78) The process of maintaining our internal environment (temperature, water balance, etc.) within certain limits is called

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homeostasis.

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2. (p. 80) In addition to neurons, the brain contains an even larger number of another cell type known as

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glia.

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3. (p. 80) Which of these is NOT one of the four important regions found in every neuron?

answer

glia

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4. (p. 82) Gated ion channels for sodium and potassium open and close in rapid succession, causing the neuron to depolarize and then return to its normal resting level, during each

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action potential.

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5. (p. 83) Cocaine selectively blocks Na+ (sodium) channels, which is the mechanism that leads to

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local anesthetic effects.

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6. (p. 80) ______________ results from a loss of myelin wrappings

answer

Multiple sclerosis

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7. (p. 84) Parasympathetic and sympathetic refer to the two branches of the

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autonomic nervous system.

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8. (p. 86) Parkinson's disease produces tremors and muscular rigidity because of damage to

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dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway.

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9. (p. 84) The neurotransmitter at the end organ of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is

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norepinephrine.

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10. (p. 88) The ______________ is an important link between the brain and the pituitary gland, and is involved in feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, and sexual behavior.

answer

hypothalamus

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11. (p. 89) Neural centers controlling vomiting and respiration are found in the

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. brainstem.

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12. (p. 85) Which chemical pathway appears to be important both in some types of psychotic behavior and in the reinforcing properties of various drugs?

answer

. mesolimbic dopamine pathway

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13. (p. 87) Weight control, aggression, impulsivity, and psychological depression have all been associated with

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serotonin pathways

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14. (p. 86) Natural chemicals in the brain that produce effects similar to those of morphine and other opium-derived drugs are called

answer

endorphins

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15. (p. 90) The process in which enzymes within neurons convert precursors into neurotransmitter molecules is called

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synthesis.

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1. (p. 51) In the early 1800s, _____________ was the medical doctor's most reliable and effective medicine that was used for a variety of conditions, but mainly for pain relief.

answer

opium

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2. (p. 53) One concern that led to the initial passage of federal drug-control legislation in 1906 was

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patent medicines

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3. (p. 50) In the early 1900s in the U.S., fears about opium and cocaine were closely linked to

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minority racial groups

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4. (p. 53) The 1906 U.S. law that prohibited interstate commerce in adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs was called the

answer

. Pure Food and Drugs Act.

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5. (p. 54) The Harrison Act of 1914

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required pharmacists and physicians to register and pay a tax to dispense certain drugs.

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6. (p. 54-55) The Pure Food and Drugs Act and the Harrison Act were originally administered by the U.S.

answer

Agriculture and Treasury Departments.

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7. (p. 55) When the Pure Food and Drugs Act was first passed, drugs were legally required to be A. safe.

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pure and accurately labeled.

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8. (p. 56) Important changes to the regulation of drugs by the Food and Drug Administration occurred in 1938 and 1962, largely in response to

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. the Elixir Sulfanilamide poisonings and birth defects from thalidomide.

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9. (p. 58) Before the FDA approves an IND for human testing of a new drug,

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the drug has been tested in at least two species of nonhuman animals.

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10. (p. 57-58) Before a new drug is released to the market, the FDA requires

answer

three phases of clinical testing, with each phase involving more people.

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11. (p. 59) In any given year, about _______ drug compounds are studied and about _________ will be approved by the FDA.

answer

3000; 30

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12. (p. 60) The single most important legislation that has shaped the federal government's approach to controlled substances was

answer

alcohol prohibition (the 18th Amendment).

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13. (p. 62) The Marijuana Tax Act was passed in

answer

1937.

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14. (p. 63) According to the text, which of following most accurately describes the recent drug laws in Portugal?

answer

. Possession for personal use of all drugs is decriminalized.

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15. (p. 63-65) The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970

answer

established schedules of controlled substances and moved enforcement to the Justice Department.

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1. (p. 25-26) The U.S. government in the 1800s had few regulations on industry and in general took a "hands-off" approach to government that has been referred to by the term

answer

. laissez-faire.

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2. (p. 26) The text lists three concerns that led to the adoption of the first U.S. laws regulating what we now call controlled substances. Which of these was NOT one of the three?

answer

high profits for drug sellers

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3. (p. 26) When using a substance makes normal activities such as driving result in harmful accidents, this is called

answer

. behavioral toxicity.

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4. (p. 26-27) Acute drug effects are those that

answer

are caused by the immediate presence of the drug in the body.

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5. (p. 27) Which is an example of chronic physiological toxicity?

answer

high blood pressure from smoking

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6. (p. 27-30) The Drug Abuse Warning Network

answer

. monitors drug-related medical emergencies.

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7. (p. 29) According to recent DAWN data, which of these substances is near the top of the emergency room visits list?

answer

. alcohol-in-combination

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8. (p. 27) What is a Drug Recognition Expert?

answer

A police officer trained to recognize drug-related behavioral impairments

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9. (p. 29) A 2010 analysis of drug-related deaths conducted by the CDC indicates that __________ is responsible for more than half of drug overdose deaths.

answer

. pharmaceutical drugs

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10. (p. 29-30) In comparing the relative toxicity of marijuana and cocaine, it is important to take into account

answer

that many more people use marijuana than use cocaine.

question

11. (p. 28-30) DAWN data provides all of the following EXCEPT

answer

clear measures of the toxicity of individual drugs.

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12. (p. 31) Since the 1990s, HIV transmission rates among intravenous drug users have been reduced from about 50% to about 10%. According to the text, which of these factors led to this decrease?

answer

. syringe exchange programs

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13. (p. 33) When repeated exposure to the same dose of a drug results in a lesser effect, this is called

answer

tolerance.

question

14. (p. 33) The occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome is evidence of

answer

physical dependence

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15. (p. 34) The drugs with which people are most likely to develop psychological (behavioral) dependence are generally also found to have

answer

reinforcing effects in laboratory animals.

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1. (p. 4) Methamphetamine, crack cocaine, ecstasy, and glue sniffing were given as examples of media reports on

answer

the "drug du jour."

question

2. (p. 4) One of the general principles of psychoactive drug use is that

answer

drugs, per se, are not good or bad

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3. (p. 3) One of the general principles of psychoactive drugs is that "every drug has ____________."

answer

multiple effects

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4. (p. 3) One of the general principles of psychoactive drug use is that "the effect of any psychoactive drug depends on ___________________."

answer

. the individual's history and expectations

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5. (p. 5) The use of a substance in a manner, amounts, or situations such that the drug causes problems or greatly increases the chances of problems occurring is

answer

abuse.

question

6. (p. 5) Drug use that is not common within a social group and that is disapproved of by the majority, causing members of a group to take corrective action when it occurs, is

answer

deviant drug use

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7. (p. 5) A drug that is unlawful to possess or use is defined in the text as

answer

an illicit drug

question

8. (p. 6) Drugs have played a significant role in human society

answer

for thousands of years

question

9. (p. 6) In the past 100 years, the introduction of vaccines to prevent diseases and antibiotics to cure some types of infections laid the foundation for

answer

our acceptance of medicines as the cornerstone of our health care system.

question

10. (p. 7) Much of our information about rates of drug use come from survey questionnaires. One important limitation of such questionnaires is

answer

. people might not answer honestly.

question

11. (p. 7) Despite the limitations of survey questionnaires, they can be especially informative

answer

if they are done year after year, because we can then look for changes over time.

question

12. (p. 8) Among college students, fewer than one-fourth have ever tried

answer

hallucinogens.

question

13. (p. 9) Based on two large surveys, it appears that the percentage of young people reporting current marijuana use

answer

is about half the percentage reporting current use in the late 1970s.

question

14. (p. 10) When we examine changes over the years in the percentage of high school seniors who say they have smoked marijuana, we find a clear inverse (mirror-image) relationship to

answer

. perceived risk of harm in using marijuana

question

15. (p. 12) The National Survey on Drug Use and Health revealed that current alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use

answer

hasn't changed much in the past 15 years.

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question

1. (p. 186) Alcoholic beverages form when yeasts act upon sugars in the process of A. malting.

answer

fermentation.

question

2. (p. 187) Heating a solution of alcohol and water, then collecting the alcohol vapors and condensing them into a liquid with a higher alcohol content, is called

answer

distillation.

question

3. (p. 187) The alcoholic content of beverages is indicated by the term "proof," which is

answer

twice the percentage of alcohol.

question

4. (p. 187) In most commercial beers sold in the U.S., the alcohol content is about

answer

4 percent.

question

5. (p. 191) Many large commercial distilleries produce grain neutral spirits, which are

answer

95 percent pure alcohol, the basis for gin and vodka

question

6. (p. 192) When alcohol is formed, other related substances are also formed, called

answer

congeners

question

7. (p. 193) Benjamin Rush, a physician who also signed the Declaration of Independence, was the first to

answer

refer to alcohol addiction as a disease

question

8. (p. 195) In the U.S., national prohibition of alcohol sales was in effect from

answer

1920 to 1933

question

9. (p. 195) Although national prohibition of alcohol did reduce alcohol-related deaths and hospitalizations, it was repealed partly because of the growth of organized crime and partly because

answer

of a desire to reduce the income tax

question

10. (p. 196) Age 21 became the legal drinking age in all U.S. states in what year?

answer

1988.

question

11. (p. 198) Americans drink most of their alcohol in the form of

answer

beer.

question

12. (p. 198) Total per-capita consumption of alcohol

answer

has declined considerably from its peak in 1981

question

13. (p. 198-199) Which of these states has the highest per-capita sales of alcohol?

answer

New Hampshire

question

14. (p. 199) About what percentage of college students reports drinking alcohol at least once within the past month?

answer

60 percent

question

15. (p. 200) Which of these substances speeds up the absorption of alcohol?

answer

carbonated liquids

question

1. (p. 165-166) The perspective that symptoms of a mental disorder lead to a diagnosis that illuminates both the underlying cause and a cure for the disorder is referred to in the text as the

answer

medical model

question

2. (p. 166) The most recent (2013) version of the American Psychiatric Association's classification system for mental disorders is called the

answer

DSM-V.

question

3. (p. 167) A major disturbance of intellectual and social functioning in which there is a loss of contact with reality is called

answer

psychosis.

question

4. (p. 168) Both depressed and manic symptoms appear in the general classification of

answer

mood disorders

question

5. (p. 168) Bipolar I Disorder refers to

answer

manic episodes with possible alternating depression.

question

6. (p. 170) Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was first used to treat schizophrenia, it is now used primarily to treat

answer

severe depression.

question

7. (p. 171) Phenothiazines and neuroleptics were terms used to describe the early forms of

answer

antipsychotics.

question

8. (p. 171) The antipsychotic drugs that have been marketed in the past ten years, such as Zyprexa (olanzepine), are referred to as

answer

atypical antipsychotics.

question

9. (p. 172) What is the mechanism of action for typical antipsychotics?

answer

block D2 dopamine receptors.

question

10. (p. 173) One side effect common with the older antipsychotics, but less common with the newer ones, is

answer

pseudoparkinsonism.

question

11. (p. 174) Many of the new atypical antipsychotics are known to cause

answer

significant weight gain and metabolic changes

question

12. (p. 173) A recent study of the long-term effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs found that

answer

three-fourths of the patients stopped taking their medication within 18 months.

question

13. (p. 174) People taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors for depression must avoid

answer

foods high in tyramine, such as aged cheeses.

question

answer

schizophrenia; aripiprazole

question

15. (p. 175) Tricyclic antidepressants work by

answer

inhibiting reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin.

question

1. (p. 147) The CNS depressants include various prescription drugs referred to as

answer

. sedative-hypnotics.

question

2. (p. 148) Which of these is NOT one of the early sedative-hypnotics used in medicine?

answer

butyrate

question

3. (p. 148) What has kept paraldehyde from being widely used?

answer

bad taste and odor

question

4. (p. 148) How are barbiturates usually classified?

answer

duration of action

question

5. (p. 149) Among the barbiturates, when prescribing a sleeping pill (hypnotic), physicians would usually choose a

answer

higher dose of a short-acting drug.

question

6. (p. 150) Two drugs that were introduced as being safer than the barbiturates, but in the long run proved to be not much safer, were

answer

meprobamate and methaqualone.

question

7. (p. 152) The major advantage of the benzodiazepines over the barbiturates seems to be the

answer

greater safety margin

question

8. (p. 152) Librium (chlordiazepoxide) and Valium (diazepam) were the first widely sold

answer

benzodiazepines.

question

9. (p. 152) The "date-rape" drug Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)

answer

is sold as a hypnotic agent (sleeping pill) in many countries other than the U.S.

question

10. (p. 153) When benzodiazepines bind to their receptor site, they

answer

enhance the inhibitory effects of GABA

question

11. (p. 156) Zolpidem (Ambien) is

answer

. not a benzodiazepine chemically, but it has similar effects

question

12. (p. 153) The four most widely sold benzodiazepines are all longer-acting drugs sold primarily as

answer

anxiolytics.

question

13. (p. 153) Sedative-hypnotic agents bind to which receptors in the brain?

answer

. GABA

question

14. (p. 158) Animal self-administration experiments and studies of drug choice among humans indicate that

answer

short-acting barbiturates are more likely to lead to dependence than any of the benzodiazepines

question

15. (p. 158) Withdrawal from long-term use of sedative-hypnotic drugs is characterized by

answer

. anxiety, impaired concentration, insomnia, convulsions

question

1. (p. 125) The use of cocaine by members of the general public in Europe was initially in the form of

answer

drinks, such as coca wine.

question

2. (p. 125) Dr. W. S. Halsted, the "father of American surgery," experimented with cocaine's ability to produce

answer

local anesthesia

question

3. (p. 126) Which famous physician studied cocaine as a treatment for morphine dependence and depression?

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

4. (p. 128) The 1914 New York Times article, "Negro Cocaine 'Fiends' are a New Southern menace,"

answer

erroneously said that cocaine increased homicidal tendencies and improved marksmanship.

question

5. (p. 129) What did the 1914 Harrison Act do?

answer

taxed importation and sale of coca, cocaine, and opium

question

6. (p. 129) Most illicit cocaine in the U.S. is powder cocaine (cocaine hydrochloride), which is

answer

too stable to be smoked.

question

7. (p. 130) The passage of the 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse Act

answer

. came after over a thousand stories about cocaine had appeared in the national media.

question

answer

violation of federal crack cocaine laws

question

9. (p. 126-127) In the text, the discussion of media depictions of powder cocaine use in the early 20th century and crack cocaine use in the 1980s was used to illustrate that

answer

the U.S. media and drug policies may target people of color disproportionately.

question

10. (p. 131) Cocaine's effects in the brain

answer

all of the above.

question

11. (p. 131-132) The most common way cocaine is used recreationally is by

answer

insufflation (snorting).

question

12. (p. 132) What is cocaine still used for medically?

answer

It is used as a local anesthetic for nasal, laryngeal, and esophageal surgeries.

question

13. (p. 132) Cocaethylene

answer

. is formed in the body when cocaine and alcohol are used together

question

14. (p. 133) When laboratory animals are given unlimited opportunities to self-administer cocaine injection

answer

they will readily self-administer it.

question

15. (p. 133) Cocaine use during pregnancy now appears to be associated with

answer

no consistent negative associations with physical growth, test scores, or language in children.

question

1. (p. 101) Most of our drugs originally came either directly or indirectly from

answer

plants.

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2. (p. 102) Most drugs have three different kinds of names. Which of them belongs to a specific manufacturer?

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brand name

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3. (p. 103) The group of psychoactive drugs called stimulants includes

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cocaine.

question

4. (p. 103) Among the psychoactive drugs, alcohol can be classified as a(n)

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depressant.

question

5. (p. 103) Which of these is given its own classification category, due to its complex effects at different doses?

answer

marijuana

question

6. (p. 105) Nonspecific effects of taking a drug are those that do not depend on its chemical activity. They are sometimes referred to as

answer

placebo effects.

question

answer

double-blind procedure.

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8. (p. 106) The threshold on a dose-response curve is the

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lowest dose at which there is an observable effect of the drug.

question

9. (p. 106) The text uses an example of overlapping dose-response curves for slowed reaction time, ataxia (staggering), and coma to illustrate

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. that different drug-related effects can have different thresholds

question

10. (p. 107) The safety margin for a particular drug is based on the idea that

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toxic doses will typically be larger than therapeutic doses.

question

11. (p. 108) With increasing doses of any useful drug, there is usually an increase in the number and severity of

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side effects.

question

12. (p. 108) The potency of a drug is defined in terms of

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the amount required to produce an effect.

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13. (p. 111) The story of the Michigan police officer who ate marijuana-laced brownies and then called 911, is a good illustration of which basic psychopharmacology fact?

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. Different routes of administration can producing markedly different drug effects.

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14. (p. 109) The time course of a drug's action depends on

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all of the above.

question

15. (p. 111) Regardless of the route of administration, psychoactive drugs reach the brain tissue by way of the

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. bloodstream.

question

1. (p. 78) The process of maintaining our internal environment (temperature, water balance, etc.) within certain limits is called

answer

homeostasis.

question

2. (p. 80) In addition to neurons, the brain contains an even larger number of another cell type known as

answer

glia.

question

3. (p. 80) Which of these is NOT one of the four important regions found in every neuron?

answer

glia

question

4. (p. 82) Gated ion channels for sodium and potassium open and close in rapid succession, causing the neuron to depolarize and then return to its normal resting level, during each

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action potential.

question

5. (p. 83) Cocaine selectively blocks Na+ (sodium) channels, which is the mechanism that leads to

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local anesthetic effects.

question

6. (p. 80) ______________ results from a loss of myelin wrappings

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Multiple sclerosis

question

7. (p. 84) Parasympathetic and sympathetic refer to the two branches of the

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autonomic nervous system.

question

8. (p. 86) Parkinson's disease produces tremors and muscular rigidity because of damage to

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dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway.

question

9. (p. 84) The neurotransmitter at the end organ of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system is

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norepinephrine.

question

10. (p. 88) The ______________ is an important link between the brain and the pituitary gland, and is involved in feeding, drinking, temperature regulation, and sexual behavior.

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hypothalamus

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11. (p. 89) Neural centers controlling vomiting and respiration are found in the

answer

. brainstem.

question

12. (p. 85) Which chemical pathway appears to be important both in some types of psychotic behavior and in the reinforcing properties of various drugs?

answer

. mesolimbic dopamine pathway

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13. (p. 87) Weight control, aggression, impulsivity, and psychological depression have all been associated with

answer

serotonin pathways

question

14. (p. 86) Natural chemicals in the brain that produce effects similar to those of morphine and other opium-derived drugs are called

answer

endorphins

question

15. (p. 90) The process in which enzymes within neurons convert precursors into neurotransmitter molecules is called

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synthesis.

question

1. (p. 51) In the early 1800s, _____________ was the medical doctor's most reliable and effective medicine that was used for a variety of conditions, but mainly for pain relief.

answer

opium

question

2. (p. 53) One concern that led to the initial passage of federal drug-control legislation in 1906 was

answer

patent medicines

question

3. (p. 50) In the early 1900s in the U.S., fears about opium and cocaine were closely linked to

answer

minority racial groups

question

4. (p. 53) The 1906 U.S. law that prohibited interstate commerce in adulterated or misbranded foods and drugs was called the

answer

. Pure Food and Drugs Act.

question

5. (p. 54) The Harrison Act of 1914

answer

required pharmacists and physicians to register and pay a tax to dispense certain drugs.

question

6. (p. 54-55) The Pure Food and Drugs Act and the Harrison Act were originally administered by the U.S.

answer

Agriculture and Treasury Departments.

question

7. (p. 55) When the Pure Food and Drugs Act was first passed, drugs were legally required to be A. safe.

answer

pure and accurately labeled.

question

8. (p. 56) Important changes to the regulation of drugs by the Food and Drug Administration occurred in 1938 and 1962, largely in response to

answer

. the Elixir Sulfanilamide poisonings and birth defects from thalidomide.

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9. (p. 58) Before the FDA approves an IND for human testing of a new drug,

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the drug has been tested in at least two species of nonhuman animals.

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10. (p. 57-58) Before a new drug is released to the market, the FDA requires

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three phases of clinical testing, with each phase involving more people.

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11. (p. 59) In any given year, about _______ drug compounds are studied and about _________ will be approved by the FDA.

answer

3000; 30

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12. (p. 60) The single most important legislation that has shaped the federal government's approach to controlled substances was

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alcohol prohibition (the 18th Amendment).

question

13. (p. 62) The Marijuana Tax Act was passed in

answer

1937.

question

14. (p. 63) According to the text, which of following most accurately describes the recent drug laws in Portugal?

answer

. Possession for personal use of all drugs is decriminalized.

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15. (p. 63-65) The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970

answer

established schedules of controlled substances and moved enforcement to the Justice Department.

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1. (p. 25-26) The U.S. government in the 1800s had few regulations on industry and in general took a "hands-off" approach to government that has been referred to by the term

answer

. laissez-faire.

question

2. (p. 26) The text lists three concerns that led to the adoption of the first U.S. laws regulating what we now call controlled substances. Which of these was NOT one of the three?

answer

high profits for drug sellers

question

3. (p. 26) When using a substance makes normal activities such as driving result in harmful accidents, this is called

answer

. behavioral toxicity.

question

4. (p. 26-27) Acute drug effects are those that

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are caused by the immediate presence of the drug in the body.

question

5. (p. 27) Which is an example of chronic physiological toxicity?

answer

high blood pressure from smoking

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6. (p. 27-30) The Drug Abuse Warning Network

answer

. monitors drug-related medical emergencies.

question

7. (p. 29) According to recent DAWN data, which of these substances is near the top of the emergency room visits list?

answer

. alcohol-in-combination

question

8. (p. 27) What is a Drug Recognition Expert?

answer

A police officer trained to recognize drug-related behavioral impairments

question

9. (p. 29) A 2010 analysis of drug-related deaths conducted by the CDC indicates that __________ is responsible for more than half of drug overdose deaths.

answer

. pharmaceutical drugs

question

10. (p. 29-30) In comparing the relative toxicity of marijuana and cocaine, it is important to take into account

answer

that many more people use marijuana than use cocaine.

question

11. (p. 28-30) DAWN data provides all of the following EXCEPT

answer

clear measures of the toxicity of individual drugs.

question

12. (p. 31) Since the 1990s, HIV transmission rates among intravenous drug users have been reduced from about 50% to about 10%. According to the text, which of these factors led to this decrease?

answer

. syringe exchange programs

question

13. (p. 33) When repeated exposure to the same dose of a drug results in a lesser effect, this is called

answer

tolerance.

question

14. (p. 33) The occurrence of a withdrawal syndrome is evidence of

answer

physical dependence

question

15. (p. 34) The drugs with which people are most likely to develop psychological (behavioral) dependence are generally also found to have

answer

reinforcing effects in laboratory animals.

question

1. (p. 4) Methamphetamine, crack cocaine, ecstasy, and glue sniffing were given as examples of media reports on

answer

the "drug du jour."

question

2. (p. 4) One of the general principles of psychoactive drug use is that

answer

drugs, per se, are not good or bad

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3. (p. 3) One of the general principles of psychoactive drugs is that "every drug has ____________."

answer

multiple effects

question

4. (p. 3) One of the general principles of psychoactive drug use is that "the effect of any psychoactive drug depends on ___________________."

answer

. the individual's history and expectations

question

5. (p. 5) The use of a substance in a manner, amounts, or situations such that the drug causes problems or greatly increases the chances of problems occurring is

answer

abuse.

question

6. (p. 5) Drug use that is not common within a social group and that is disapproved of by the majority, causing members of a group to take corrective action when it occurs, is

answer

deviant drug use

question

7. (p. 5) A drug that is unlawful to possess or use is defined in the text as

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an illicit drug

question

8. (p. 6) Drugs have played a significant role in human society

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for thousands of years

question

9. (p. 6) In the past 100 years, the introduction of vaccines to prevent diseases and antibiotics to cure some types of infections laid the foundation for

answer

our acceptance of medicines as the cornerstone of our health care system.

question

10. (p. 7) Much of our information about rates of drug use come from survey questionnaires. One important limitation of such questionnaires is

answer

. people might not answer honestly.

question

11. (p. 7) Despite the limitations of survey questionnaires, they can be especially informative

answer

if they are done year after year, because we can then look for changes over time.

question

12. (p. 8) Among college students, fewer than one-fourth have ever tried

answer

hallucinogens.

question

13. (p. 9) Based on two large surveys, it appears that the percentage of young people reporting current marijuana use

answer

is about half the percentage reporting current use in the late 1970s.

question

14. (p. 10) When we examine changes over the years in the percentage of high school seniors who say they have smoked marijuana, we find a clear inverse (mirror-image) relationship to

answer

. perceived risk of harm in using marijuana

question

15. (p. 12) The National Survey on Drug Use and Health revealed that current alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine use

answer

hasn't changed much in the past 15 years.

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