question

language

answer

primary means of human communication, spoken and written

question

call systems

answer

communication systems of nonhuman primates

question

cultural transmission

answer

transmission through learning, basic to language

question

productivity

answer

creating new expressions that are comprehensible to other speakers

question

achieved status

answer

social status based on choices or accomplishments

question

displacement

answer

describing things and events that are not present; basic to language

question

kinesics

answer

study of communication through body movements and facial expressions

question

phonology

answer

study of a language's phonemics and phonetics

question

morphology

answer

(linguistic) study of morphemes and word construction

question

lexicon

answer

vocabulary; all the morphemes in a language and their meanings

question

syntax

answer

arrangement of words in phrases and sentences

question

phoneme

answer

smallest sound contrast that distinguishes meaning

question

phonetics

answer

study of speech sounds- what people actually say

question

phonemics

answer

study of sound contrasts (phonemes) in a language

question

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

answer

Idea that different languages produce different patterns of thought

question

focal vocabulary

answer

set of words describing particular domains (foci) of experience

question

semantics

answer

a language's meaning system

question

ethnosemantics

answer

study of lexical (vocabulary) categories and contrasts

question

style shifts

answer

varying one's speech in different social contexts

question

diglossia

answer

language with "high" (formal) and "low" (informal, familiar) dialects

question

honorifics

answer

terms of respect; used to honor people

question

Black English Vernacular (BEV)

answer

Rule-governed dialect spoken by some African Americans

question

historical linguistics

answer

study of languages over time

question

daughter languages

answer

languages sharing a common parent language (Latin)

question

protolanguage

answer

language ancestral to several daughter languages

question

subgroups

answer

(linguistic) closely related languages

question

ethnic group

answer

one among several culturally distinct groups in a society or region

question

ethnicity

answer

identification with an ethnic group

question

status

answer

any position that determines where someone fits in society

question

ascribed status

answer

social status based on little or no choice

question

racial classification

answer

the attempt to assign humans to discrete categories (purportedly) based on common ancestry

question

race

answer

ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis

question

racism

answer

discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis

question

phenotype

answer

an organism's evident traits, its "manifest biology" anatomy and physiology

question

melanin

answer

chemical substance manufactured in the epidermis that determines human skin color

question

descent

answer

social identity based on ancestry

question

hypo-descent

answer

children assigned to same group as minority parent

question

stratified

answer

class structured, with differences in wealth, prestige, and power

question

nation

answer

society sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship

question

state

answer

stratified society with formal, central government

question

nation-state

answer

an autonomous political entity; a country

question

nationalities

answer

ethnic groups that have, once had, or want their own country

question

colonialism

answer

long term foreign domination of a territory and its people

question

assimilation

answer

absorption of minorities within a dominant culture

question

plural society

answer

society with economically interdependent ethnic groups

question

multiculturalism

answer

view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining

question

prejudice

answer

devaluing a group because of its assumed attributes

question

stereotypes

answer

fixed ideas-often unfavorable- about what members of a group are like

question

discrimination

answer

policies and practices that harm a group of its members

question

refugees

answer

people who flee a country to escape persecution or war

question

genocide

answer

deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder

question

ethnocide

answer

destruction of cultures of certain ethnic groups

question

cultural colonialism

answer

internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others

question

adaptive strategy

answer

means of making a living; productive system

question

band

answer

basic social unit among foragers; fewer than 100 people; may split seasonally

question

correlation

answer

association; when one variable changes, another does, too

question

horticulture

answer

nonindustrial plant cultivation with fallowing

question

agriculture

answer

cultivation using land and labor continuously and intensively

question

cultivation continuum

answer

continuum of land and labor use

question

pastoralists

answer

herders of domesticated animals

question

nomadism (pastoral)

answer

annual movement of entire pastoral group with herds

question

transhumance

answer

system in which only part of population moves seasonally with herds

question

economy

answer

system of resource, production, distribution, and consumption

question

mode of production

answer

specific set of social relations that organizes labor

question

means (or factors) of production

answer

major productive resources, ex: land, labor, technology, capital

question

peasant

answer

small scale farmer with rent fund obligations

question

economizing

answer

allocation of scarce means among alternative ends

question

market principle

answer

buying, selling, and valuation based on supply and demand

question

reciprocity

answer

principle governing exchanges among social equals

question

redistribution

answer

flow of goods into center, then back out; characteristic of chiefdoms

question

reciprocity continuum

answer

a continuum running from generalized reciprocity (closely related/ deferred return) to negative reciprocity (strangers/ immediate return)

question

generalized reciprocity

answer

exchanges among closely related individuals

question

balanced reciprocity

answer

midpoint on reciprocity continuum, between generalized and negative reciprocity

question

negative reciprocity

answer

potentially hostile exchanges among strangers

question

potlach

answer

competitive feast on North Pacific coast of North America

question

Research on communication skills of nonhuman primates reveals that... a: they, too, possess a universal grammar b: they can't combine the calls for food and danger into a single utterance c: female nonhuman primates are more sensitive to different shades of green than their male counterparts are d: they can construct elaborate call systems, often indicating several messages simultaneously e: only apes, not monkeys, use call systems

answer

B

question

When Washoe and Lucy tried to teach sign language to other chimpanzees, this was an example of a: displacement b: call systems c: productivity d: cultural transmission e: estrus

answer

D

question

Recent research on the origin of language suggests that a: the capacity to remember and combine linguistic symbols in latent in all mammals b: a mutation in humans (which occurred about 150,000 years ago) may have conferred selective advantages (linguistic and cultural abilities) c: fine tongue and lip movements that are necessary for clear speech are passed on through enculturation d: a sudden event made toolmaking possible for Homo e: call systems evolved into complex languages 50,000 years ago

answer

B

question

What is the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, and facial expressions? a: ethnosemantics b: kinesics c: biosemantics d: protolinguistics e: diglossia

answer

B

question

The scientific study of a spoken language involves several interrelated areas of analysis. Which area refers to all of a language's morphemes and their meanings? a: syntax b: ethnosemantics c: ethnoscience d: phonology e: lexicon

answer

E

question

What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis state? a: The degree of cultural complexity is associated with the effectiveness of languages as systems of communication b: The Hopi do not use three verb tenses; they have no concept of time c: Different languages produce different ways of thinking d: Culture and language are transmitted independently e: Dialect variation is the result of toilet- training practices

answer

C

question

Studies on the differences between female and male americans in regard to the color terms they use suggest that a: in opposition to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, it might be more reasonable to say that changes in culture produce changes in language and thought rather than the reverse b: changes in American economy, society, and culture have had little impact on the use of color terms c: in support of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, different languages produce different ways of thinking d: women and men are equally sensitive to marketing tactics of the cosmetic industry e: women spend more money on status goods than men do

answer

A

question

Which of the following statements about sociolinguists is not true? a: they are concerned more with performance than with competence b: they look at society and at language c: they are concerned with linguistic change d: they quantify what people say e: they investigate the diffusion of genes between populations

answer

E

question

Honorifics are terms used with people, often being added to their names, to "honor" them. Why would sociolinguists be interested in studying the use of honorifics? a: they enable sociolinguists to study language and culture outside of its context because the same honorifics are used everywhere and they mean the same thing b: because honorifics always honor the person being addressed, sociolinguists can study the positive side of the language and culture c: they may convey or imply a status difference between the speaker and the person being referred to or addressed d: they provide data about how different languages are related to one another, which is what sociolinguists are primarily interest in e: there is no reason for contemporary sociolinguists to be interested in honorifics because people don't use these terms anymore

answer

C

question

Which of the following statements about Black English Vernacular (BEV) is false? a: It lacks the required linguistic depth to fully express thoughts b: many aspects of BEV also are present in southern white speech c: BEV effectively conveys meaning d: linguistics view BEV as a dialect of SE, not a different language e: BEV has gramatical rules

answer

A

question

_____ refers to the ability to create new expressions by combining other expressions, while _____ is the ability to describe things and events that are not present

answer

Productivity, displacement

question

Variation in speech in different contexts or situations is known as _______.

answer

style shifting

question

________ refers to the existence of "high" and "low" dialects within a single language

answer

diglossia

question

in a stratified society, even people who do not speak the prestige dialect tend to accept it as "standard" or superior. In Pierre Bourdieu's term, this is an instance of ________.

answer

symbolic domination

question

The world's linguistic diversity has been cut in half in the past _____ years, and half of the remaining ______ languages are predicted to disappear during this century.

answer

500, 7000

question

What is the term for identification with, and feeling part of, an ethnic tradition and exclusion from other ethnic traditions? a: culture shock b: cultural relativism c: ethnicity d: assimilation e: ethnocentrism

answer

C

question

What is the term for a social status that is not automatic; that comes through choices, actions, effects, talents, or accomplishments; and that may be positive or negative? a: ascribed status b: situational status c: negotiated status d: ethnicity e: achieved status

answer

E

question

Some biologists use "race" to refer to "breeds," as of dogs or roses. Such domesticated "races" have been bred by humans for generations. Humanity (Homo sapiens) lack such races because a: they are politically incorrect b: humans are superior to dogs and roses c: human populations have experienced a type of controlled breeding distinct from that experienced by dogs and roses d: humans are less genetically predictable than dogs and roses e: human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop such discrete groups

answer

E

question

Which of the following is the most likely reason for the dark skin color shared by tropical Africans and southern indians? a: dietary adaptation b: UV radiation hazards c: reducing the frequency of rickets d: recent common ancestry e: malarial resistance

answer

B

question

Human races, like ethnicities in general, are a: cultural rather than biological categories b: a biological reality as much as a cultural one c: used by social scientists to classify humans based on genes and shared blood d: key categories for biology, but not anthropology e: a meaningless concept to people living day to day

answer

A

question

What is the term for the belief that a perceived racial difference is a sufficient reason to value one person less than another (such as in the case of burakumin in Japan)? a: extrinsic racism b: hypodescent c: intrinsic racism d: hyperdescent e: de jure discrimination

answer

C

question

Which of the following best explains the differences between American and Brazilian social constructions of race? a: Brazilian plantation landlords had sexual relations with their slaves b: the lack of native populations in Brazil c: the portuguese language had a greater number of intermediate color terms than the English language d: Historically in Brazil, freed offspring of master and slave filled many intermediate positions in the emerging Brazilian economy e: English concepts of race were very different from those of the Portuguese

answer

D

question

Which of the following statements about ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain autonomous political status is not true? a: They often are minorities in the nations in which they live b: They have ben called "imagined communities" c: They include or have included the Kurds and Germans d: They are called nationalities e: all or most of their members usually meet regularly face to face

answer

E

question

Which of the following statements about nation-states is true? a: nation states sometimes encourage ethnic divisions for political and economic ends b: nation states are ethnically homogeneous c: nation states are defined by their lack of ethnic identity d: nation state is a synonym for tribe and ethnic group e: nation states are parts of other states

answer

A

question

what is the term for the physical destruction of an ethnic or religious group through mass murder? a: ethnic expulsion b: forced assimilation c: ethnocentrism d: racist expulsion e: genocide

answer

E

question

Given the lack of distinction between race and ethnicity, this chapter suggests the term _____ instead of "race" to describe any such social group

answer

ethnic group

question

_____ refers to an organism's evident traits, its "manifest biology"

answer

phenotype

question

_______ is the term for the arbitrary rule that automatically places the children of a union between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less-privileged group

answer

hypodescent

question

____ is the view of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining

answer

multicultralism

question

______ is the internal domination by one group and its culture/ideology over others

answer

cultural colonialism

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