CRM J 101 WSU – Flashcards
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Organization
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entity of two or more people who cooperate to achieve objectives.
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Sheriff
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Chief law enforcement officer of a county, normally elected and frequently operating the jail as well as law enforcement functions.
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Constable
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In England, favored noblemen who were forerunners of modern-day US criminal justice functionaries; largely disappearing in the US by the 1970's.
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Coroner
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An early English court officer; today one (usually a physician) in the US whose duty it is to determine cause of death.
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Justice of the Peace(JP)
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A minor justice official who oversees lesser criminal trials; one of the early English Judicial functionaries.
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Political era (of policing)
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From 1840's-1930's, the period of time when police were tied closely to politics and politicians, dependent on them for being hired, promoted, and assignments- all of which raised the potential for corruption.
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Reform Era (police)
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Also professional era, from 1930's-1980's, when police sought to extricate themselves from the shackles of the politicians, and leading to the crime-fighting era- with greater emphases being placed on numbers of arrests, citations, response time, and so on.
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Community era
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Beginning in about 1980, a time when the police retrained to work with the community to solve problems by looking at their underlying causes and developing tailored responses to them.
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Interpol
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The only international crime fighting organization, it collects intelligence information, issues alerts, and assists in capturing world criminals; it has nearly 200 member countries.
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State Police
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A state agency responsible for highway patrol and other duties as delineated in the states statutes; some states require their police to investigate crimes against persons and property.
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State Bureau of Investigation
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A state agency that is responsible for enforcing state highway laws and investigating crimes involving state statutes; they may also be called in to assist police agencies in serious criminal matters, and often publish state crime reports.
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Municipal Police Department
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A police force that enforces law and maintains peace within a specifies city or municipality.
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Organizational Structure or Chart
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A diagram of the vertical and horizontal parts of an organization, showing its chain of command, lines of communication, division of labor, and so on.
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Chain of Command
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Vertical and horizontal power relations within an organization, showing how now position relates to others.
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Private Police/Security
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All nonpublic officers, including guards, private detectives, and investigators; they have limited powers and only thee same arrest powers as regular citizens.
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Academy Training
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Police and corrections personal are trained in the basic functions, laws, and skills required for their position.
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Sixth Sense
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In policing, the notion that an officer can "sense" or feel when something is not right, as in the way a person acts, talks, and so on.
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Field Training Officer(FTO)
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One who is to oversee and evaluate the new police officers performance as he or she transitions from the training academy to patrolling the streets.
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Tasks for Policing (four basic)
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Enforce the law, prevent the crime, protect the innocent, and perform welfare tasks.
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Policing Styles
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James Q. Wilson argued that there are three styles of policing: watchmen, legalistic, and service.
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Traffic Functions
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The aggregate of motor vehicles, pedestrians, streets and highways, for which police must investigate and apply laws to provide safe travels for citizens in their jurisdiction.
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Discretion
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Authority to make decisions in enforcing the law based on ones observations and judgement("spirit of the law") rather than the letter if the law.
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Forensic Science
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The study of causes of crimes, deaths, and crime scenes.
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Criminalist
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A police crime scen analyst or laboratory examiner skilled in criminalistics or forensics aspects of investigation.
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Locard's Exchange Principle
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The notion that offenders both leave something at the crime scene and take something from it; the crime scene analyst or investigators job is to locate that evidence and use it in the investigation.
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Detective/Investigator
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A police officer who is assigned to investigate reported crimes, to include gathering evidence, completing case reports, testifying in court, and so on.
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DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic acid, or the acids found in all cells; used in forensics to match evidence (hair, semen) left a crime scene with a particular perpetrator.
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Use of Force Continuum
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A guide for deciding which level of force is appropriate for a police officer to deploy based on the actions, of the suspects.
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Police Brutality
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Unnecessary use of force by police against citizens, resulting in injury.
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Tort
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A civil wrong or infraction; the remedy will be damages awarded in civil trial.
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Civil Liability
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In tort law, the basis for which a cause of action (e.g. fines) is made to recover damages; in criminal justice; where police or corrections officer, for example, violates someones civil rights.
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Negligence
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Failure to perform a duty owned.
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False Arrest
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Unlawful physical restraint by a police officer, for no valid reason.
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Section 1983
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A portion of the US code that allows a legal action to be brought against a police officer or other person in position of authority who it is believed, used his position to violate ones civil rights.
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Vicarious Liability
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A legal doctrine whereby responsibility rests upon one person for the actions of another and is to exercise reasonable and prudent care in supervising that person.
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Proximate Cause
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A factor that contributed heavily to an event, such as an auto crash or death.
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Duty of Care
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A legal obligation imposed on someone; in the case of the police, they have a legal responsibility to see that persons in their custody are free from harm, given necessary medical assistance when necessary, and treated humanely.
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Failure to Protect
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A situation where police place someone in jeopardy, such as giving out the location of a battered spouse or names of victims or witnesses.
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Department of Homeland Security
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Established 2002, became significant transformation for the US government.
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Customs and Border Patrol (CBP)
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Preventing terrorists and terrorist weapons from entering US while felicitating the flow or legitimate trade and travel.
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Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
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1. Protect US from terrorists 2. Protect US against foreign intelligence operations and espionage. 3. Protect the US against cyber-based attacks and high technology crimes.
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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)
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Administers and US criminal code provisions concerning alcohol and tobaccos smuggling and diversion.
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Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
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Coordinate and enforce federal drug laws.
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Internal Revenue Service (IRS)
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Monitoring and collection of federal income taxed from American individuals and businesses.
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State Bureau of Investigation (SBI)
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A state agency that is responsible for enforcing state highway laws and investigating crimes involving state statuses.
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Enforcers
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Officers who believe that the job of the police consists primarily of keeping their beats clean, making good arrests, and sometimes helping people. Have sympathy.
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Idealists
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Officers who put high value on individual rights and due process. Keep peace.
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Realists
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Place relatively little emphasis on either social order or individual rights. Less Frustrated.
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Optimists
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Place a relatively high value on individual rights. Find it rewarding to spend time in service activities. Like Idealists.
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Four Basic Tasks
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1. Enforce the law 2. Preform welfare tasks 3. Prevent crime 4. Protect the innocent
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Peel's Principle
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Public and police should work together.
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Tennessee vs. Garner
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A police officer, when pursuing a fleeing suspect, may use deadly force only to prevent escape if the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or others.
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Metropolitan Police Act
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Was an act of Parliament (Robert Peel) enabled legislation for what is often considered to be the first modern police force, served as a model for urban police departments throughout England.
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Robert Peel
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Twice British prime minister, creator of the Metropolitan police act.
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William Parker
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LA Chief of Police, believe police were the "thin blue line" protecting society from barbarism.
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J Edgar Hoover
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First director of the FBI and served in the capacity from 1924 until his death in 1972, age 77.
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Allan Pinkerton
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Established the first private security contract in the US. (1851) "We Never Sleep"
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William Westley
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Proposed the first idea of a police subculture, in his 1950 study of Gary, Indiana, Police Department.
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Jerome Skolnick
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Determined that the police role contained two variables; danger and authority.
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Dennis Nowicki
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Characteristics of an officer, honesty, ethics, and moral character.
