Criminonlogy 1/3 – Flashcards
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Which of the following phrases does not define criminology? A) it is a scientific study of making laws and the breaking of laws B) it is a subjective view of why crime occurs C) it is society's reaction to the breaking of law D) it adopts methods of study from all the social and behavioral sciences
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B) it is a subjective view of why crime occurs
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Who coined the term "criminology" to encompass the scientific concern about crime? A) Raffaele Garofalo B) Cesare Lombroso C) Edwin Sutherland D) Emile Durkheim
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A) Raffaele Garofalo
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In the 1920s most scholars attributed the cause of crime to: A) demons. B) birth defects. C) psychological imbalance. D) influx of immigration.
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D) influx of immigration.
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Why should society not make all behavior that is considered deviant a crime? A) society would become very rigid B) society is unsure of who would enforce the laws C) governments would victimize citizens D) society is too diverse
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A) society would become very rigid
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Which of the following is considered a primary interest to most criminologists? A) deviant behavior B) informal norm violations C) criminal behavior D) civil norm violations
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C) criminal behavior
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Which of the following acts did early societies impose punishment for violating? A) murder B) theft C) rape D) treason
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D) treason
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How are most crimes grouped from a criminological perspective? A) by the harm B) by the dollar cost C) number of habitual offenders D) loss of status
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A) by the harm
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Which of the following is considered a civil wrong for which a person cannot be criminally sanctioned? A) felonies B) torts C) misdemeanors D) violations
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B) torts
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A systematic set of principles that explain how two or more phenomena are related refers to which of the following terms? A) theory B) hypothesis C) measurement D) methods
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A) theory
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Which of the following research methods is probably the most cost effective, even though they are limited in their reliability? A) experiments B) participant observation C) case studies D) surveys
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D) surveys
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When did the United States begin officially collecting crime statistics? A) 1905 B) 1930 C) 1954 D) 1970
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B) 1930
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Which category of the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) would incorporate the crimes of vandalism and simple assaults? A) Part I B) Index crimes C) violation crimes D) Part II
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D) Part II
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Which of the following is considered a limitation of the Uniform Crime Reports? A) police may alter numbers to improve their image B) UCR's do not measure crime reported to police C) they do not measure serious offenses D) they are not analyzed by a central agency
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A) police may alter numbers to improve their image
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Which of the following measuring methods utilizes collection of data through the Bureau of Census? A) Uniform Crime Reports B) National Incident-Based Reporting System C) National Crime Victimization Survey D) self-report surveys
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C) National Crime Victimization Survey
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Which of the following statements is not correct? A) Blacks are disproportionately arrested for crime B) murder is a leading cause of death for young Black men C) Whites are more likely to be imprisoned for serious crime than Blacks D) 18 percent of Black men will serve time in jail or prison
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C) Whites are more likely to be imprisoned for serious crime than Blacks
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Which of the following persons established what came to be known as the classical school of criminology? A) Cesare Lombroso B) Charles Darwin C) Cesare Beccaria D) Enrico Ferri
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C) Cesare Beccaria
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What did Cesare Beccaria believe that crime problems could be traced to? A) evil people B) laws created by legislators C) bad laws D) corrupted supervision
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C) bad laws
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Which term did Jeremy Bentham use to describe human equations regarding behavior? A) felicific calculus B) precise utility C) calculated pseudoism D) preventive effigy
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A) felicific calculus
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Lombroso contended that criminals are distinguishable from noncriminals by: A) somatotypes. B) atavistic stigmata. C) utilitarianism. D) sociological anomalies.
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B) atavistic stigmata.
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What term did Raffaele Garofalo use to describe criminal behavior? A) atavistic stigmata B) criminaloid C) moral anomalies D) infidels
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C) moral anomalies
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Who made the first major challenge to Lombrosian theory? A) Enrico Ferri B) Raffaele Garofalo C) Charles Darwin D) Charles Buckman Goring
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D) Charles Buckman Goring
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Who is credited with the reawakening of Lombrosian theory in 1939? A) Charles Goring B) Raffaele Garafalo C) Ernest Hooten D) Karl Pearson
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C) Ernest Hooten
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What name did Richard Dugdale assign to the family of more than 1000 members that he studied when concluding that criminality was genetically linked? A) Kallikak B) York C) Jukes D) Goddard
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C) Jukes
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Which of the following notions did Emile Durkheim not suggest about crime? A) crime is a result of genetic inferior people B) some crime is in fact necessary C) punishment is used to reinforce the value system of societies D) anomie can lead to social chaos
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A) crime is a result of genetic inferior people
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Which type of explanations regarding criminal behavior is largely ignored by sociological theories? A) lack of opportunity B) formation of subcultures C) crime rates of groups D) individual differences
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D) individual differences
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Who is considered the founder of psychoanalysis? A) Sigmund Freud B) Lawrence Kohlberg C) John Bowlby D) Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck
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A) Sigmund Freud
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Which component of the human psyche acts as a moral code or conscience, according to Freud? A) id B) ego C) superego D) fixation
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C) superego
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Lawrence Kohlberg suggests that most criminals and delinquents are morally reasoning at which level? A) preconventional level B) conventional level C) postconventional level D) operational level
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A) preconventional level
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Which of the following is the focus of John Bowlby's research and attachment theory? A) biological development B) moral development C) maternal deprivation D) spatial isolation
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C) maternal deprivation
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Which of the following summarizes the finding of Joan McCord's research concerning family atmosphere and delinquency? A) absence of mothers in the home will likely result in delinquency among children B) absence of fathers in the home will likely result in delinquency among children C) stepparents in a home will result in more delinquency than natural parents D) neither the absence of fathers or mothers in the home lead to delinquency
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A) absence of mothers in the home will likely result in delinquency among children
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Which of the following is the main premise of Albert Bandura's theory? A) delinquent behavior is innate B) violence and aggression are learned behaviors C) delinquency is related to unconscious problems D) delinquency is a failure in moral development
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B) violence and aggression are learned behaviors
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What does the term "behavior modeling" primarily refer to? A) moral development instilled by life experiences B) social psyche transmitted by parents C) fashioning behavior after that of others D) reflecting on past behaviors
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C) fashioning behavior after that of others
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Which of the following does psychologist Leonard Eron argue is the single best predictor of an aggressive young man? A) his parents B) television programs C) educational experiences at school D) delinquent siblings
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B) television programs
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Which of the following persons is most likely to commit the crime of parricide? A) a white 10-12 year old daughter from an upper-class family B) a mentally-ill child from a lower-class family C) a white 16-18 year old son from middle-class family D) a black 15-18 year old daughter from a middle-class family
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C) a white 16-18 year old son from middle-class family
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According to Albert Bandura, a person that has an unfounded belief that violence is necessary or justified would be categorized as which type of instigator? A) aversive instigator B) incentive instigator C) modeling instigator D) delusional instigator
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D) delusional instigator
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Which of the following statements is true concerning personality and criminal behavior? A) The Minnesota and California personality inventories suggest inmates are basically timid B) personality dynamics of criminals are similar to those of noncriminals C) personality testing can significantly predict criminality D) criminologists strongly endorse the findings of personality testing of criminal offenders
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B) personality dynamics of criminals are similar to those of noncriminals
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Which of the following researchers suggested that personality is comprised of three dimensions; psychoticism, extroversion, and neuroticism? A) Sigmund Freud B) Daniel Tennenbaum C) Ronald Akers D) Hans Eysenck
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D) Hans Eysenck
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Eysenck contends humans develop a conscience through: A) conditioning. B) psychoticism. C) pituitary secretions. D) cortex stimulation.
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A) conditioning.
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Which percentage of persons among correctional populations is estimated to suffer from some type of mental disorder? A) 10-15 percent B) 10-20 percent C) 20-30 percent D) 20-60 percent
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D) 20-60 percent
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Which type of behavior is associated with persons possessing an extra Y chromosome? A) physical aggression B) premenstrual irritability C) low intellectual functioning D) depression
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A) physical aggression
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Which of the following is the main focus of the study by German physician Johannes Lange in explaining criminal behavior? A) monkeys B) twins C) sociopaths D) brain disorders
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B) twins
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What is the basic premise of Henry H. Goddard's research concerning criminality? A) twin studies B) foster parents C) I Q D) adoptive parents
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C) I Q
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What does criminologist Stephen Schoenthaler contend causes criminality? A) high levels of sugar B) hypoglycemia C) premenstrual cycles D) junk-food
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A) high levels of sugar
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Which of the following factors does Benjamin Feingold argue causes hyperactivity in children? A) sugar B) food coloring C) hormones D) Coca-Cola
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B) food coloring
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Which term did Emile Durkheim use to refer to the breakdown in social order resulting from the loss of standards and values? A) anomie B) functionalism C) abnormality D) strain
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D) strain
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Which term did Gunnar Myrdal use to describe societal members who lack education and skills necessary to compete with the rest of the world? A) anomic poor B) truly disadvantaged C) impoverished D) underclass
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D) underclass
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The mystique of success is reinforced by rags-to-riches stories such as Ray Kroc, a high school dropout that created: A) the National Basketball Association. B) Microsoft. C) McDonalds. D) computers.
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C) McDonalds.
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Which of the following adaptations is most likely to be criminal, according to Merton's strain theory? A) conformity B) innovation C) ritualism D) retreatism
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D) retreatism
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Which of the following factors does the work of David Brownfield associate with violent behavior? A) race B) job skills C) education D) poverty
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D) poverty
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Which of the following factors is likely to reduce crime, according to Steven Messner and Richard Rosenfeld? A) increased devotion to the American dream B) citizen votes C) devaluing the societal push of education for learning D) reducing the preoccupation with monetary and material success
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D) reducing the preoccupation with monetary and material success
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What two elements did sociologist Robert Agnew add to Merton's strain theory to explain criminal behavior? A) anger and frustration B) love and hate C) jealousy and envy D) empathy and apathy
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A) anger and frustration
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Which of the following groups would be an example of cultural deviance? A) German-Americans in New York B) Blacks in Chicago C) Amish in Pennsylvania D) Asians in San Francisco
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C) Amish in Pennsylvania
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Which university are scholars of social disorganization theory commonly associated with? A) University of Chicago B) Florida State University C) Harvard University D) Princeton
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A) University of Chicago
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Which of the following factors did Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay find was not associated with rates of delinquency? A) areas with high rates of truancy had high crime rates B) delinquency occurs in central business areas and decreases with distance from the center C) ethnicity is not related to high rates of delinquency D) homeownership is related to delinquency rates
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C) ethnicity is not related to high rates of delinquency
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Which of the following is a primary criticism of social disorganization theories? A) they ignore environmental influences B) they fail to address how crime patterns begin C) the research period used is too short D) the theories are too old and dated
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B) they fail to address how crime patterns begin
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Which highly successful crime prevention program initiated in 1991 was a direct result of social disorganization theory? A) Chicago Area Project B) Housing and Urban Development C) Peace Corps D) Operation Weed and Seed
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D) Operation Weed and Seed
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Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory contended criminal behavior is: A) learned through social interaction. B) a result of deteriorated social environments. C) a result of cultural conflict. D) unrealistic societal expectations.
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A) learned through social interaction.
