Criminology study guide test 1 – Flashcards
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Aging-out phenomenon
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Decline in criminal activities with age - has sparked a lively scientific debate
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Birth cohort
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A group of people born in the same year
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Case study
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An analysis of all pertinent aspects of one unit of study, such as an individual, an institution, a group, or a community
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Crimes against property
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Burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson
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Crimes against people
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Criminal homicide, forcible, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault
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Criminal career
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A concept that describes the onset of criminal activity, the type and amount of crime committed, and the termination of such activity.
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Data
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Collected facts, observations, and other pertinent info
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Theory
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A systematic set of principles that explain how two or more phenomena are related
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Experiment
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And investigator introduces a changed into a process and makes measurements for observations in order to evaluate the effects of the change
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Felony
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Severe crimes subject to punishment of a year or more in prison or to capital punishment
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Field experiment
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A real world study, Or field, setting
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Hypothesis
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A testable proposition that describes how two or more factors are related
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Index crimes
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Collectively part one offenses
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Longitudinal studies
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A particular group of people over time should enable researchers to uncover the factors that distinguish criminals from non-criminals and those that differentiate criminals in regard to the number and kinds of offenses they commit
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Mens rea
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Guilty mind
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Misdemeanor
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Less severe crimes, subject to a maximum of one year in jail
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Nonparticipant observation
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Do not join in the activities of the groups they are studying; they simply observe the activities in an every day setting and record what they see
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Participants observation (what are some ethical issues? )
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Take part in many of the activities of the groups in order to gain acceptance but they generally make clear the purpose of the participation
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Population
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A large group of persons
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Sample
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Instead of interviewing the total population under study, most researchers interview A representative subset of that population
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Primary data
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The facts and observations researchers gather for the purpose of a particular study
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Random sample
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The sample is determined by random selection, where by each person in the population to be studied has an equal chance of being selected
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Secondary data
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Data that was previously collected for a different investigation
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Self-report surveys
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To ask people to Report there own criminal acts in a confidential interview or, more commonly, on an anonymous questionnaire
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Strict liability
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An exception to the men's Rea requirement
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Survey
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The systematic collection of respondents answers to questions asked in questionnaires or interviews
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Torts
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Civil Ron's for which the law does not prescribe punishment but merely grants the injured party the right to recover damages
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Variables
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Factors that may change
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Victimization survey
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Measures the extent of crimes by interviewing individuals about their experiences as victims
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Violations
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Minor offenses, normally subject only to fines
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A
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Act
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L
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Legality
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H
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Harm
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C
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Causation
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M
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Men's rea
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C
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Concurrence
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P
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Punishment
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Classical Criminology
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The assumption that individuals choose to commit crimes after the consequences of their actions (individuals have free will)
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Cesare Beccaria
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wanted to change laws he believed in utilitarianism and free will
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Jeremy Bentham
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Greatest good for the greatest number of people
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Utilitarianism
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That actions are right if they are useful
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Positivism
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the theory that laws are to be understood as social rules, valid because they are enacted by authority or derive logically from existing decisions, and that ideal or moral considerations
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Physiognomy
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a person's facial features or expression, especially when regarded as indicative of character or ethnic origin.
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Cesare lombroso
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His theory was the born criminal,he believed that criminals were a lower life form
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Atavism
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a person whose biological features and socialization skills are far behind the times of the present day.
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Phrenology
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the detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character
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Biological determinism
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havior is innate, determined by genes, brain size, or other biological attributes.
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Endomorph
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Most likely to be involved in crime (big boned)
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Mesomorph
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More than the others, to be involved in illegal behavior
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Ectomorph
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(Skinny)
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Inherited criminality
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Claim that criminality was an inherited trait, passed on in genes
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Psychological determination
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People are criminals because there's something going on in their mind
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Moral insanity
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type of mental disorder consisting of abnormal emotions and behaviours in the apparent absence of intellectual impairments, delusions or hallucinations
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Intelligence testing
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a test designed to measure the ability to think and reason rather than acquired knowledge.
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Sociological determinism
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Crime was caused by social, economics, and political determinants
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Laws of imitation
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-People in close contact tend to imitate each other's behavior -imitation moves from the top down -New acts and behaviors either reinforce
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Conflict crime
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Criminal law expresses the valves of the ruling class in society and the criminal justice system is a means of controlling classes with no power
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Consensus model
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Developments of legal systems, law making
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Crime
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Any human conduct that violates a criminal law and is subject to punishment
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Criminal justice system
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The discovery that varies ways of dealing with law breaking form a system was itself the result of criminal research
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Criminologists
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Collect info for study and analysis in accordance with research methods for modern science
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Criminology
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The body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon
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Deviance
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Behavior that violates social norms
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Social norms
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The customary ways of doing everyday things
