question

First distinguished corporate groups from other forms of social organization.

answer

Weber

question

Defined an organization as "a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more persons."

answer

Barnard

question

Describes organizations as "social units deliberately constructed and reconstructed to seek specific goals."

answer

Etzioni

question

Organizational goals are:

answer

Complex, Multiple, & Often Conflicting

question

Police and courts are valued despite difficulties in measuring:

answer

Productivity

question

As a result of litigation:

answer

Prisons have become more bureaucratized; Prison staff have become more demoralized; A strong movement to establish prison standards has begun.

question

In some states, correctional officers have strengthened their positions through:

answer

The Political Process

question

Administrators have to respond to the changes mandated through the legislatures and the:

answer

Courts

question

Posits that goals provide direction and serve as constraints or limits.

answer

Wilson

question

Along with others argue that effective leadership within organizations cannot be understood without reference to the manipulation, management, and, in some cases, the destructions of organizational culture.

answer

Schein

question

Stojkovic and Farkas view correctional leadership as fundamentally linked to the creation and perpetuation of a specific set of ________ that underlie and organizational culture.

answer

Values

question

Says leaders are primarily concerned with motivating organizational members and enabling them to act by creating a shared vision.

answer

Nanus

question

Also point out that not only is organizational structure affected by the environment, but so is the way in which these public organizations are evaluated.

answer

Walmsley and Zald

question

Advise considering organizations as arenas in which struggles for power occur.

answer

Hall and Tolbert

question

In organizations involves not just attitudes and values held by individuals but also an organizational ethos.

answer

Socialization

question

Has dramatically changed the role of management and has influenced everything from job and shift assignments to occupational safety.

answer

Unionization

question

CJ Administrators must deal with _________ protections and obligations.

answer

Civil Service

question

Has reported that, in some prisons, guards and prisoners have united to call for better and safer institutions.

answer

Jacobs

question

Wright suggests that a unified CJ System with goal consensus would be:

answer

Undesirable

question

The threat of _______ has changed how we understand CJ organizations and how they function.

answer

Terrorism

question

CJ literature is only beginning to acknowledge the potency of ______ groups.

answer

Internal

question

Defined management as the "process by which the elements of a group are integrated, coordinated, and/or utilized so as to effectively achieve organizational objectives."

answer

Carlisle

question

Argues that front-line staff in street-level bureaucracies, which include most of those working in CJ, determine organizational policy.

answer

Lipsky

question

States that there is much to be said that civil service rules reflect the inconsistencies of political leaders.

answer

Wilson

question

Contends that leadership "refers to a process that helps direct and mobilize people and their ideas."

answer

Kotter

question

An adequate definition of organization continues to be the subject of debate among scholars.

answer

True

question

Trial courts typify bureaucracies.

answer

False

question

Walmsley and Zald opposed Lipsky's contention that public organizations absorb conflict from their environment, suggesting instead that structure insulted the organization from external influences.

answer

False

question

Weber was the first to distinguish the corporate group from other forms of social organization.

answer

True

question

Leaders create, maintain, protect, and perpetuate systems.

answer

False

question

Organiztions are characterized by structure, purpose, and activity.

answer

True

question

CJ Literature has long acknowledged the potent impact of internal groups.

answer

False

question

A latent goal of an organization is survival, which usually translates into competition for resources and constant expansion.

answer

True

question

Some scholars as well as the public contend that the pay and benefits for public sector employees are a burden on the taxpayer.

answer

True

question

There is a concern that public employee unions are a problem for CJ administrators.

answer

True

question

Has a positive impact on correctional officers' job satisfaction; Clearly defines authority, responsibility, and decision-making procedures; Has a positive impact on correctional officers' commitment to the organization.

answer

Formalization

question

The management style of a bureaucracy is directed toward:

answer

Command and Obedience

question

In the 1930s ________ recognized the concurrent existence of formal and informal structures within organizations.

answer

Barnard

question

Bureaucratic systems emphasize:

answer

Means

question

Professional or Organic agencies:

answer

Are the opposite of bureaucracies; emphasize ends over means; are suited to unstable environments.

question

Decision making in organic agencies:

answer

Results from structured, informal interaction between personnel.

question

CJ Agencies feature:

answer

Both low and high task specialization.

question

Of the 59 agencies within the U.S. Dept. of Justice, only ______ are law enforcement specific.

answer

Eight (8)

question

Organic organizations:

answer

Are ideally suited to function within unstable environments that demand outcomes.

question

The _______ _______ is the backbone of any agency that receives and allocates funds to operate.

answer

Budget Process

question

Large organizations with a number of functions are:

answer

both vertically and horizontally complex.

question

An organization's members' understanding of the organization's purpose and values:

answer

may not necessarily be congruent with their agency's mission.

question

Agencies often base their annual budget request upon last year's budget after making incremental changes. This is known as ______ ______ _____.

answer

Line-item budgeting

question

An organization's __________ may differ from what is officially prescribed or planned.

answer

Purpose, Structure, & Activities

question

A well-written policy provides a statement of:

answer

Purpose, Action, & Rationale for the purpose.

question

An agency's policies should be directed by its:

answer

Mission

question

An agency's procedures should be directed by its:

answer

Policies

question

In organic agencies:

answer

Advice and coaching replace commands.

question

An organizations policies:

answer

Direct authority within the agency, define authority within the agency, & subdivide the agency's work into specialized areas from which specialized tasks can be derived.

question

In the ideal bureaucracy:

answer

the actual practices of its members will conform to agency policy and procedures, all staff will achieve a comprehensive understanding of policies and procedures through some form of training or education, the chain of command provides levels of management and supervision to direct the activities of subordinates toward conformity with agency rules and regulations.

question

Mechanistic organizations:

answer

are predicated on stable environmental conditions that create routine demands for services.

question

__________ refers to the elimination of discretion, simplification of the decision-making process, and emphasis on the means or process as the "McDonaldization" of the criminal justice system.

answer

Bohm

question

The vast majority of criminal justice organizations in the United States:

answer

Are relatively small, serve suburban communities, serve rural communities.

question

Criminal justice agencies typically work diligently at controlling the informal structure of their organizations through:

answer

Formal socialization of members, enforcement of official polices and procedures, & internal investigation of critical deviations from mandated practices.

question

The text describes the informal structure of organizations as the:

answer

oil that keeps the organizational machine running smoothly.

question

The vertical complexity of an organization is the number of its existing divisions or subunits.

answer

False

question

An organization's culture may create a de facto mission that may differ substantially from the de jure, or official, mission of the organization.

answer

True

question

Task specialization refers to the training that all officers obtain at a police academy.

answer

False

question

A flat hierarchy is generally found in organizations that utilize a narrow span of control.

answer

False

question

Informal structures within organizations are explained by the process of socialization within organizations.

answer

True

question

Typically funds are allocated to agencies on a yearly basis.

answer

False

question

The mission, policies, and procedures of organizations typically evolve and accumulate systematically.

answer

False

question

Organizations can be conceptualized as being composed of structural, human resource, political, and symbolic frames.

answer

True

question

Training and supervision are the most effective means for the formal structure to socialize an organization's members with its values.

answer

False

question

The symbolic frame assumes that the meaning attached to activity is more important than what actually happens, and events have multiple meaning.

answer

True

question

The __________ dramatically expanded the power of law enforcement vis-á-vis constitutional constraints.

answer

USA PATRIOT Act

question

The __________ made prohibition the law of the land.

answer

Volstead Act

question

The __________ opened the door to civil litigation against criminal justice agencies.

answer

Civil Rights Act of 1964

question

The major body of law that provided limited constitutional rights to prisoners and dramatically changed the operations of corrections results from civil litigation that is often based upon the:

answer

Civil Rights Act of 1871

question

In __________, the U.S. Supreme Court effectively ended capital punishment in the United States for more than a decade.

answer

Furman v. Georgia (1972)

question

In __________, the U.S. Supreme Court restricted the ability of a police officer to shoot a fleeing felon.

answer

Furman v. Georgia (1972)

question

The _______________, passed in 2002, allowed law enforcement officers much more latitude in securing search warrants.

answer

USA Patriot Act

question

As an organization's environmental conditions change, __________ also change.

answer

support for and opposition to the programs.

question

The advent of the automobile into our society impacted the criminal justice system by:

answer

Expanding the range of operations for thieves, creating a public safety problem, & increasing the efficiency of police patrols.

question

The use of computer technology in the judicial system may:

answer

Cause judges to suffer a case law information overload, hold judges to higher standards, * serve to slow the process and create confusion.

question

Researchers using large data sets to analyze the impact of the three-strikes sentencing laws observed __________ on crime reduction in jurisdictions where it is applied.

answer

no significant impact

question

Perhaps the most dramatic legislation to affect the operations of the criminal justice system is:

answer

the USA PATRIOT Act of 2001.

question

According to __________, the research on unemployment rates and crime rates is conflicting.

answer

Thompson, Svirdoff, and McElroy

question

__________ suggests that income inequality may be a better indicator of crime rate than poverty or unemployment.

answer

Thompson, Svirdoff, and McElroy

question

__________ finds that offenders in communities with high income inequality typically receive harsher sentences than offenders in other jurisdictions.

answer

Fearn

question

__________ contend that the increasing rate of incarceration of African Americans may be linked to labor market conditions.

answer

Meyers and Simms

question

Case law:

answer

a review of criminal court cases by state and/or federal appellate courts, can emanate from civil litigation against criminal justice agencies, impacts powerfully on criminal justice agencies.

question

Cases that most dramatically impact criminal justice agencies are:

answer

federal cases pled under United States Code, section 1983.

question

A public agency that fails to maintain successful relationships with its environment will:

answer

fail to be responsive to demands, not appropriate adequate resources and support for its activities, unable to adapt to significant environmental change.

question

__________ found that while we are incarcerating offenders at a high rate, most citizens are not supportive of allocating funds for more prison construction.

answer

Cohn, Rust, and Steen

question

__________ found that conservatives viewed the civil disobedience, rioting, and looting of the 1960s and 1970s simply as lawless conduct and advocated the increased use of coercive force to deal with it.

answer

Rosch

question

__________ suggests that our present attempts to control the consumption of recreational drugs resembles our efforts to prohibit the use of alcohol in the 1920s and 1930s.

answer

Warren

question

__________ found that an increase in the population of a state generally indicates that the state will soon be building additional prisons.

answer

Benton and Silberstein

question

A current example of symbolism at work can be found in the program known as

answer

American Missing Broadcast Emergency Response, or AMBER

question

__________ found that influence is gained only through concerted interest group effort.

answer

Olsen

question

Criminal justice agencies have become especially effective at public relations and influencing public opinion by using the media, especially with ad campaigns encouraging citizens to take steps to prevent crime.

answer

False

question

In large systems, work processors become "street-level bureaucrats" who negotiate rules for the allocation of scarce agency resources with clients.

answer

True

question

Catecholamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, and endorphins are examples of polydrugs.

answer

False

question

The news media act as a conduit between agencies and the environment.

answer

True

question

Agency boundaries, especially those of decoupled agencies, are permeable at the operational level.

answer

True

question

Administrators must respond to all inputs, particularly when environmental demands are contradictory or capricious.

answer

False

question

A society utilizes its political-legal system to perpetuate its most basic values.

answer

True

question

In large organizations, the dominant coalition is the bulk of the organization's members.

answer

False

question

Civil litigation can only be filed in state courts.

answer

False

question

Technology impacts the inner workings of the criminal justice system and changes the demands it must face.

answer

True

question

__________ communication gives organizational members job-related information, job performance review, and indoctrination in recognizing and implementing agency goals.

answer

Downward

question

__________ communication can encourage employee participation.

answer

Upward

question

__________ communication can isolate groups from the hierarchy.

answer

Horizontal

question

__________ communication is referred to as the grapevine in the text.

answer

Informal

question

The basic element of communication is a:

answer

dyad.

question

Persons who serve as members of two or more groups or are part of the social system of two or more groups are referred to as:

answer

linking pins.

question

Which communication barrier is best described by the phrase "people hear what they want to hear"?

answer

preconceived ideas.

question

Messages about new ideas and concepts are shared on __________ networks.

answer

innovation.

question

Members learn about social roles and power relationships and links between work groups on __________ networks.

answer

maintenance

question

__________ networks may not have much to do with the goals of the organization.

answer

Kinship

question

__________ networks form within the criminal justice system as a natural consequence of its differing structures and functions.

answer

Kinship

question

__________ suggests that police departments form and utilize "citizens academies" to connect with key members of the community by offering them an abbreviated academy experience.

answer

Carlson

question

__________ found that some police departments sought to improve contact between police and community members by improving procedures for citizens' complaints against police.

answer

Brown

question

Studies by __________ showed that community members were motivated to take some anticrime steps by the "Take a Bite Out of Crime" crime prevention ads.

answer

O'Keefe and Mendelsohn

question

The ____________________ recommended the need for greater interagency communication following their investigation.

answer

9/11 Commission

question

Analysis of __________ research findings showed that many special police programs aimed at solving community problems were flawed because they were formulated by top administrators based upon information received via traditional communication channels.

answer

Capowich's

question

Studies by __________ revealed that a system that required continual and immediate contact between arresting police officers and members of the prosecuting attorney's staff improved the relationship between the two agencies.

answer

Pindur and Lipiec

question

A ______ ______ is a mechanism to exchange information and intelligence.

answer

Fusion Center

question

Studies by __________ suggests that victims need to be made active participants in their cases by being kept abreast of progress and having procedures explained to them.

answer

Hagan

question

Absolute information is:

answer

an idea or piece of knowledge expressed in recognized symbolic terms.

question

The text describes communication between two people as a __________ process.

answer

sequential

question

Concerning inmate rehabilitation, __________ recommends an eclectic approach for interacting with inmates called positive therapeutic intervention.

answer

Jacks

question

__________ argues that police agencies should institute quality circles, which are similar in concept to theory Z and facilitate the participation of line staff in management.

answer

Melancon

question

__________ suggest that public and private security agencies should share information across boundaries more readily.

answer

Lippert and O'Conner

question

__________ recommend that police bureaucracies move away from the traditional chain of command to the so-called theory Z approach, which encourages teamwork rather than adversarial and competitive relationships among agency staff.

answer

Archambeault and Wierman

question

The rate and complexity of communication inputs to an individual is referred to as information traffic.

answer

False

question

Nonverbal symbols evoked by individuals may stand on their own but are usually integrated with verbal messages.

answer

True

question

The environment, the individual's or system's reliance on the environment, and the individual's or system's desire for information are the three determinants of the communication load.

answer

True

question

Distributed information is an idea or piece of knowledge expressed in recognized symbolic terms.

answer

False

question

The motivation for, and interest in, communicating certain information from one criminal justice agency to another, does not vary greatly.

answer

False

question

Comprehensive training in interpersonal communications is not a common part of training agendas.

answer

True

question

Linking pins are persons who serve as members of two or more groups or are part of the social system of two or more groups.

answer

True

question

The need for better inter agency communication became apparent after the terrorist attack on the world trade centers in 2001.

answer

True

question

Within the criminal justice system, prison system custody and treatment personnel best exemplify the kind of intraorganizational cooperation and trust that can be fostered through effective communications.

answer

False

question

The efficiency of communication has been dramatically increased with the development of information technology.

answer

True

question

Proponents of the __________ school of organizational theorists were concerned about how employees fit into organizations beyond simply being workers.

answer

human relations

question

Proponents of the __________ school of organizational theorists emphasize the importance of manager and leader behavior to motivation and other critical administrative actions.

answer

behavioral

question

__________ theory includes the process of viewing people simplistically as either winners or losers.

answer

Achievement-power-affiliation

question

__________ theory is a rational approach to motivation.

answer

Expectancy

question

__________ theory is the most recognized theory of motivation.

answer

Need

question

__________ theory stresses the importance of fairness in the organization.

answer

Expectancy

question

A basic concept of _________ theory is that performance equals motivation times ability.

answer

expectancy

question

The second concern of __________ theory is that human beings must feel safe in their environments and free from any threat of attack by aggressors.

answer

need

question

An examination of both inputs and outputs is critical to understanding and applying __________ theory.

answer

equity

question

__________ theory was originally developed by David McClelland.

answer

Expectancy

question

__________ theory was originally developed by Abraham Maslow.

answer

Need

question

The evolving discussion of __________ theory's applicability to the criminal justice system involves consideration of the concepts of procedural justice and interactional justice.

answer

equity

question

__________ theory includes consideration of valences, or the level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction produced by various outcomes.

answer

Expectancy

question

__________ suggests that management must come to grips with the fact that organizations, either private or public, can no longer exist in a social vacuum.

answer

Theory Z

question

__________ has been the norm in traditional criminal justice organizations.

answer

Theory X

question

__________ posits that management has a responsibility to structure a work environment that promotes the highest level of employee motivation.

answer

Theory Z

question

McGregor considered the three fundamental assumptions of __________ to be the conventional views of management.

answer

theory X

question

__________ has had limited application in public organizations.

answer

Theory Z

question

__________ suggests, fundamentally, that management has a crucial role to play in motivating employees.

answer

Theory Y

question

Proponents of the ______ ________ ________ are concerned about how employees fit into organizations beyond simply being workers.

answer

human relations school

question

__________ suggests that there is a definite relationship between job satisfaction among employees and management style.

answer

Theory Y

question

Supporters of __________ propose a team approach to policing.

answer

theory Z

question

The _________ ______________ of motivation, developed by the California Department of Corrections, has six basic elements.

answer

integrated model

question

Quality circle programs are based on the assumptions that:

answer

interactions among employees should maximize individual growth, and such growth will maximize organizational effectiveness.

question

The differing theoretical positions on employee motivation are linked by employees':

answer

Needs, Perspectives, & Viewpoints.

question

The behavioral school of management emphasizes workers' behavior in relation to the pursuit of organizational goals.

answer

False

question

The field of organizational development has its roots in the behavioral school of management.

answer

False

question

Equity theory holds that an individual's motivation level is affected by her or his perception of fairness in the workplace.

answer

True

question

Theories of motivation evolved over the last century concurrent with the industrial revolution.

answer

True

question

The developer of theory X considered its fundamental assumptions to be the conventional views of management.

answer

True

question

With respect to the power motive and criminal justice personnel, research has been done primarily within large urban police departments.

answer

False

question

Expectancy theory posits that police work, for example, relies on the belief among police officers that their efforts will produce a reduction in crime.

answer

True

question

Theory Y views the human condition optimistically.

answer

True

question

Researchers have found no useful purpose for quality circle programs within criminal justice.

answer

False

question

The most recognized theory of motivation is McGregor's need theory.

answer

False

question

Scientific management theory is also referred to as:

answer

Taylorism

question

In the field of criminal justice, _______ has been described as a "Taylorized occupation."

answer

Policing

question

The development of _______________________ for offenders also appears to be altering the jobs of probation and parole agents.

answer

electronic monitoring systems

question

A strike by workers in a Lordstown, Ohio, automobile plant in the early 1970s was based on:

answer

worker discontent.

question

The __________ suggested that the novelty of being research subjects and the increased attention from management could lead to temporary increases in worker productivity.

answer

Hawthorne effect

question

Ten years after Taylor first published a description of scientific management, studies at __________ began to demonstrate the importance of non-technological considerations in job design.

answer

the Western Electric Company in Chicago

question

The human relations school replaced Taylor's portrait of the workers as motivated by money and leisure with a view of workers as motivated also by:

answer

social attachments.

question

Motivation-hygiene theory was developed by __________ in the 1950s.

answer

Herzberg

question

Much of modern job design theory can be traced to the motivational sequence proposed by __________ in 1943.

answer

Maslow

question

Modern design theory draws heavily from the empirically based theories developed by __________ in 1966.

answer

Herzberg

question

Maslow's motivational sequence was applied to management by __________ in 1978.

answer

McGregor

question

Hygiene factors include:

answer

pay.

question

According to __________ theory, job design is concerned not simply with improved efficiency but with motivating employees by meeting their higher-order needs.

answer

enrichment

question

The Job Diagnostic Survey was developed by ___________.

answer

Hackman and Oldham

question

The core job dimensions of Hackman and Oldham's __________ model include skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.

answer

enrichment

question

Job analysis most often is:

answer

limited to the technical dimensions of jobs, used to produce job descriptions, & used to identify appropriate levels of compensation.

question

The focus of job redesign programs in __________ industries has typically been to reduce or eliminate assembly lines.

answer

mass production

question

In _________ _________, officers and citizens resolve neighborhood problems via a coalition.

answer

community policing

question

The focus of job redesign programs in __________ industries have typically involved the combination of work roles from different parts of the job hierarchy.

answer

service

question

One of the earliest job redesign efforts in corrections occurred under:

answer

Howard Gill, superintendent of the Norfolk Prison Colony in Norfolk, Massachusetts, between 1931 and 1934.

question

In Taylor's view, close supervision by college-educated, highly trained managers and financial incentives in the form of increased wages for increased production will counteract the workers':

answer

natural tendency toward laziness.

question

Taylor describes scientific management as:

answer

a complete mental revolution on the part of working man.

question

Stone and Stoker refer to the trend toward decreased police discretion and increased managerial control of police job performance as:

answer

the de-professionalization syndrome.

question

Much of the recent interest in job design has grown out of concerns raised in studies of:

answer

worker satisfaction.

question

Both Houston and Wright argue that _______ is the wave of the future in corrections.

answer

Unit Management

question

In the human services, the essence of Taylorism has been a potent influence, but the mechanisms have not been ignored.

answer

True

question

The trend in policing toward decreased discretion and increased control has been referred to as the de-professionalization syndrome.

answer

True

question

Patterns of job satisfaction are markedly dissimilar for police and corrections officers.

answer

False

question

In the field of criminal justice, policing has been described as a "Taylorized occupation."

answer

True

question

Criminal justice research abounds with the longitudinal data necessary to indicate changes in levels of job satisfaction.

answer

False

question

Research has shown that human services workers rarely take steps to enrich their own job.

answer

False

question

Most human services work is characterized by considerably more discretion and variety than are jobs in a factory.

answer

True

question

In 1911, the Hawthorne studies at the Western Electric Company in Chicago began to demonstrate the importance of non-technological considerations in job design.

answer

True

question

The Texas Instruments program is cited for confirming the assumption that the higher reaches of the Maslowian hierarchy have been reserved for skilled workers.

answer

False

question

Stohr et. al. reported that workers in direct supervision jails are much more satisfied in their work compared to more traditional jail settings.

answer

True

question

__________ is a process that effectively accomplishes organizational goals.

answer

Leadership

question

Much of the literature in criminal justice management assumes that effective leadership can be:

answer

taught.

question

The leadership process is a/n __________ process.

answer

ongoing

question

Leadership in public bureaucracies is inherently:

answer

political.

question

The oldest approach in research on leadership is based on the leader's:

answer

personality traits.

question

Which approach does much of criminal justice leadership research take?

answer

behavioral

question

Situation variables emphasized by the contingency method include:

answer

characteristics of subordinates, organizational content, & style of leadership.

question

The __________ studies concluded that leadership could be examined on the two dimensions of consideration and initiating structure.

answer

Ohio State

question

The production-centered and __________-centered dimensions of supervisory behavior were delineated in the University of Michigan studies.

answer

employee

question

What do contingency theories emphasize that is different from both trait and behavioral theories?

answer

situations

question

Rational faith is defined as:

answer

an agent's suggestion being sufficient to evoke compliance without the necessity for an explanation.

question

The technique of influence that involves a person acting because of induced internalization of strong values relevant to the desired behavior is:

answer

indoctrination.

question

Leadership in criminal justice organizations involves:

answer

convincing both subordinates and those outside in the political arena that a particular method is the best one for accomplishing organization objectives.

question

Leadership can be defined as being:

answer

invariably tied to the effectiveness of an organization, carried out in a group setting, & focused on political and public concerns.

question

Current research has underscored the importance of _________ to criminal justice agencies.

answer

leadership

question

According to the Michigan Studies, the effective leader mostly:

answer

attempts to be employee-centered.

question

Situational dimensions that constrain the leadership process DO NOT include:

answer

leader-member relations, the organizational task structure, the leader's position power.

question

Path-goal theory suggests that:

answer

the way to achieve a goal is by following the path defined by the leader for overcoming environmental or situational constraints.

question

Situational engineering is described by the text as:

answer

a person's attitudes and behavior being indirectly influenced by an agent's manipulation of relevant aspects of the physical and social situation.

question

Two __________ factors shape subordinates' performance and level of satisfaction in Path-Goal theory.

answer

contingency

question

Supportive leadership stresses or emphasizes:

answer

stresses concern for employees.

question

Directive leadership stresses or emphasizes:

answer

expectations of the leader and the tasks to be performed.

question

Participative leadership stresses or emphasizes:

answer

collaboration of the leader and the subordinates.

question

Fiedler suggests that task-production leaders tend to be more effective in:

answer

structured situations.

question

The leadership process must be examined in light of:

answer

strategies leaders use to get people to achieve the tasks necessary for organizational existence and survival.

question

Achievement-oriented leadership emphasizes the leader's expectations and the tasks that subordinates perform.

answer

False

question

It must be understood that leadership is inherently political in public bureaucracies.

answer

True

question

In the field of corrections, much of what we know about leadership is rooted in highly prescriptive material, which limits our understanding of the process.

answer

True

question

The Michigan Studies dichotomized leadership into two dimensions of supervisory behavior—production-centered and employee- centered.

answer

True

question

Path-goal theory attempts to isolate situational characteristics and leader orientation to understand the leadership process.

answer

False

question

An unfavorable description of a coworker denotes a human relations leadership orientation.

answer

False

question

Path-Goal theory requires that criminal justice organizations design paths and goals that reasonable and attainable.

answer

True

question

Locus of control, authoritarianism, and ability are all managerial characteristics.

answer

False

question

Formal authority is considered an environmental factor in the work situation.

answer

True

question

The power of transformational leadership will lie in how it is able to change traditional criminal justice operations.

answer

True

question

The central objective of administrators is to determine the goals of their:

answer

communities.

question

The goals of criminal justice are:

answer

Multiple, complex, & often contradictory.

question

Walker's research suggests that, for the most part, the criminal courts process __________ cases.

answer

lower level

question

According to Wright, a _______ system of criminal justice makes no sense.

answer

monolithic

question

__________ argue that myths, symbols, and image maintenance cover fundamental ways in which correctional administrators make decisions.

answer

Stojkovic and Lovell

question

Lipsky calls __________ the essence of the criminal justice system.

answer

street-level bureaucrats

question

Effective supervisors exhibit __________ skills through specialized knowledge and expertise.

answer

technical

question

Effective supervisors exhibit __________ skills by analyzing and diagnosing complex situations.

answer

conceptual

question

Effective supervisors exhibit __________ skills by motivating work force members.

answer

human

question

Decentralization has allowed more __________ for police officers.

answer

autonomy

question

Engel contends that __________ police supervisors encourage officers to be less concerned about measurable outcomes.

answer

innovative

question

Engel contends that __________ police supervisors have positive views of subordinates.

answer

active

question

Engel contends that __________ police supervisors serve as a buffer between officers and management.

answer

supportive

question

Engel contends that __________ police supervisors expect measurable outcomes from subordinates.

answer

traditional

question

_______ centralization, fewer and more clearly defined rules, and less bureaucracy are central tenets of the human service model of employee supervision.

answer

Less

question

According to Goldstein a new supervision model in police organizations requires a ____________ of authority.

answer

decentralization

question

The traditional model of employee supervision stresses:

answer

tight controls and limited decision making among employees.

question

Span of control refers to the appropriate number of __________ manageable by any one supervisor.

answer

employees

question

When delegating authority, the supervisor must give the employee:

answer

the power and authority to complete the tasks.

question

Rulification emphasizes:

answer

the importance of rules and regulations to the organizations.

question

Specialization involves:

answer

the division of labor in criminal justice organizations.

question

Specialization leads to enhancement of supervision because of:

answer

exact job definition, which leads to employee evaluation, discipline, promotion, and dismissal.

question

The human service model attempts to integrate:

answer

employee goals and organizational goals.

question

Peters and Waterman (1982) stress:

answer

autonomy and entrepreneurship.

question

In Peters and Waterman's concept, greater autonomy and entrepreneurship results from:

answer

decentralization.

question

Accountability focuses on fairness and treating similarly situated employees in the same way.

answer

False

question

Traditional police supervisors expect measurable outcomes from subordinates and aggressive law enforcement activities.

answer

True

question

For criminal justice administrators, the central objective is to determine the goals of their communities.

answer

True

question

Decentralization within police organizations has meant allowing greater autonomy and authority in decision-making among police employees.

answer

True

question

The traditional model of employee supervision stresses centralized authority.

answer

True

question

Employee ownership refers to the employees holding full responsibility for meeting or failing to meet organizational goals.

answer

False

question

Engel suggests that the appropriate supervisory style for police departments will differ based on community goals.

answer

False

question

Unity of command refers to the placement of two people in charge of a situation and an employee.

answer

False

question

Span of control refers to the appropriate number of employees that can be managed by any one supervisor.

answer

False

question

Effective criminal justice supervisors exhibit technical, human, and conceptual skills.

answer

True

Criminal Justice Administration and Organizations | Midterm | Ch. 1-8 – Flashcards

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