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how to recognize an emergency

answer

look for unusual noises, sights, odors, appearances and behaviors example: screams, breaking glass, crashing metal

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safety

answer

do not risk your own _________________ in orer to rescue or provide first aid to another person

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Good Samaritan Laws

answer

state laws that help protect healthcare professionals and ordinary citizens from liability while giving emergency care to accident victims. You are protected if you are certified and obtain consent, act in good faith, are not paid, use reasonable skill and care, are not negligent (careless), and do not abandon the person

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how to open an Airway

answer

tilt head, lift chin

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signs of life

answer

movement or breathing

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ABCs

answer

Airway, Breathing, and Circulation (blood flowing through the body)

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How to check Breathing

answer

look for movement of the chest, listen and feel for air movement by placing your ear and then your cheek at the mouth and nose of the victim

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how to check Circulation

answer

place your index and middle fingers into the groove of the neck next to the voice box to feel the carotid artery pulse

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index finger

answer

the finger next to the thumb; also called pointer finger

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voice box

answer

larynx

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Rescue Breathing

answer

an emergency technique in which a rescuer gives air to someone who is not breathing. To perform this, a person blows air into a victim's lungs to give him/her oxygen

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how to give rescue breaths to an adult

answer

1. tilt head, lift chin, pinch the nose shut 2. take a breath and make a complete seal over the person's mouth 3. blow in to make chest clearly rise (1 second) 4. Begin CPR/administer AED if breaths go in OR assume unconscious choking if breaths do NOT go in

question

Steps to check an injured child or infant

answer

1. check scene, then check child 2. obtain consent from parent/guardian if present 3. Tap on shoulder and shout, "Are you okay?" 4. No response, call 911 or if alone, give 2 minutes of care then call 911 5. Open airway, check for signs of life for no more than 10 seconds 6. give 2 rescue breaths if not breathing 7. If breaths go in, check for pulse and severe bleeding. If breaths do NOT go in, begin rescue breathing. No pulse, begin CPR/AED 8. If breathing, place in recovery position and monitor ABCs

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recovery position

answer

a side-lying position used to maintain a clear airway in unconscious patients without injuries who are breathing adequately

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Rescue Breathing for Child/Infant (Age 1-12)

answer

1. give 1 rescue breath (for about 1 second) every 3 seconds, pinch nose shut, make seal over child's mouth and nose (infant), blow in to make chest clearly rise 2. After 2 minutes, recheck signs of life and pulse for no more than 10 signs 3. If pulse, but no breathing, continue. If NO pulse, begin CPR/Administer AED

question

unconscious choking/ no breaths go in

answer

tilt head farther back, give 2 rescue breaths, if chest does not rise, give 30 chest compressions; look for an object and remove it if seen; try 2 rescue breaths; continue these steps if breath does NOT go in. If breaths DO go in, check for signs of life and give care.

question

conscious choking

answer

victim can't cough, speak, cry or breath 1. check scene, check person 2. Have someone call 911 3. obtain consent 4. lean person forward, give 5 back blows with heel of your hand 5. give 5 quick, upward abdominal thrusts (or chest thrusts for infants, pregnant or obese people) 6. continue back blows and abdominal thrusts until object is forced out, the person can breathe or cough forcefully, OR the person becomes unconscious

question

two

answer

number of fingers used in chest compressions for infant

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abdominal thrusts

answer

the act of applying pressure to a choking person's stomach to force an object out of the throat

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choking when you are alone

answer

1. self-administer abdominal thrusts 2. place your fist above your navel (belly button) 3. cover your fist with your hand and thrust upward and inward 4. lean over the back of a chair, table or other firm object and quickly press your abdomen upward and inward

question

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

answer

life saving technique that combines rescue breathing and chest compressions

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compressions

answer

techniques that allow the rescuer to artificially pump the heart, delivering blood to the body and bringing oxygen to the lungs

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heart attack

answer

when an area of the heart muscle suffers damage and loses function due to lack of oxygen. The heart stops beating

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cardiac arrest

answer

when the heart stops beating due to stroke, severe injuries, electrical shock, drug overdose, chest trauma, drowning or suffocation. Leads to unconsciousness, no pulse, no signs of circulation

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signs of circulation

answer

consciousness, a pulse, pink nail beds, warm skin If a person does not have these, they are in cardiac arrest

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Adult CPR

answer

1. give 30 chest compressions and 2 rescue breaths 2. continue until scene becomes unsafe, you see a sign of life, AED is ready to use, you are too exhausted, or another trained responder arrives and takes over

question

Adult CPR skills >12 years old

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answer

hand position: 2 hands in center of chest compression depth: 1 1/2 - 2 inches cycle: 30 compressions, 2 breaths rate: 30 compressions in 18 seconds or 100 per minute

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Child CPR skills (1-12 years old)

answer

hand position: 1 or 2 hands in center of chest compression: 1-1 1/2 inches cycle: 30 compressions, 2 breaths rate: 30 compressions in 18 seconds

question

Infant CPR skills <1 year old

<img src="https://chmanchacentro.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/infant-cpr-skills.jpg" title="Infant CPR skills <1 year old" alt="Infant CPR skills

answer

hand position: 2 or 3 fingers on lower half of chest, one finger width below nipple line compression depth: 1/2 - 1 inch cycle: 30 compressions, 2 breaths rate: 30 compressions in 18 seconds

question

Automatic External Defibrillators (AEDs)

answer

portable defibrillators that are available in many public areas. The machine first determines if the victim needs a shock. If shock is needed, the machine talks the rescuer through administering the procedure

question

defibrillation

answer

shocking the heart back into beating again by delivering an electric current to the heart which will, in turn, return the heart to a regular rhythm

question

survival rate with AED

answer

30% or higher, according to the American Red Cross, if used within minutes after cardiac arrest

question

wound

answer

a break or tear in the soft tissue of the body

question

open wound

answer

wound that breaks the surface of the skin

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closed wound

answer

wound that does not break the surface of the skin

question

internal bleeding

answer

bleeding within the body that results from closed wounds such as bruises

question

external bleeding

answer

bleeding at the body surface that results from open wounds, such as cuts

question

contusions

answer

simplest closed wound, also known as a bruise. They are caused when the body is subjected to a force

question

abrasions

answer

most common type of open wound which is characterized by skin that has been rubbed or scraped away

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lacerations

answer

a cut with either jagged or smooth edges, usually from a sharp object. Can also result when a blunt force splits the skin

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avulsions

answer

injury in which a portion of the skin and sometimes other soft tissue is partially or completely torn away

question

puncture

answer

when skin is pierced with a pointed object

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caring for minor wounds

answer

1. wash hands, put on disposable gloves if available 2. place sterile or clean cloth on wound and apply direct pressure 3. Rinse wound with water and gently wash 4. Seek medical help if you can't remove dirt or debris from the wound. Apply antibacterial ointment 5. Cover wound with sterile dressing and bandage. Change dressing at least once a day, keeping wound clean and dry. Seek medical help if wound becomes infected--tender, swollen and red

question

caring for serious wounds with severe bleeding

answer

1. seek medical help immediately, protect yourself from blood by wearing disposable gloves 2. lay victim down, elevate feet and legs. Place in half-seated position if a head wound 3. find the wound by following the blood. Uncover wound if under clothing 4 place dressing over wound and apply direct pressure 5. raise wound above level of heart and continue to apply direct pressure if arm or leg is wounded 6. apply pressure at pressure point if bleeding continues 7. release pressure point and secure with bandage when bleeding stops. Do not remove dressings

question

pressure points

answer

areas where arteries lie over a bone

question

signs of internal bleeding

answer

bleeding from ears, nose, mouth or eyes, coughing up blood, bruises near skin surface

question

internal bleeding procedure

answer

1. lay person down, raise legs 8-12 inches (unless head injury--of so, put in reclining position) 2. lay vomiting person on left side 3. cover victim with warmth, seek medical help immediately

question

shock

answer

a condition in which some body organs are not getting enough oxygenated blood. It may occur when heart is not pumping properly, a considerable amount of blood is lost from the body hemorrhaging, dehydration or a systemic infection, or when the nervous system is damaged by injury or drugs

question

symptoms of shock

answer

anxious, restless, lethargic (slow-moving), unconscious, pale and cold skin, nauseous or vomiting, increased pulse and respiration rates, bluish tinge to skin, thirsty, dilated (enlarged) pupils

question

treating shock

answer

1. check ABCs and treat for injuries 2. lay victim on back 3. raise legs 8-12 inches 4. cover with blankets, coats 5. call for medical assistance 6. do not give victim anything to eat or drink

question

burn

answer

an injury to the skin and other tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, or radiation. The degree refers to the depth of tissue damage

question

first degree burns

answer

burns that affect only the outer layer of the skin and look pink. Take 3-6 days to heal. No scars.

question

second degree burns

answer

burns that go into the inner skin layer and are red, swollen, and blistered. Take less than 3 weeks to heal. Scars possible.

question

third degree burns

answer

burns that go through all skin layers as well as tissue beneath the skin. Burns appear white, tan or charred black. Skin graft must be performed to heal. Some scarring. Take months to heal.

question

treating first degree burns

answer

apply cool water until pain stops, apply moisturizing lotion

question

treating second degree burns

answer

apply cool water until pain stops, apply antibacterial ointment, seek medical attention if severe

question

treating third degree burns

answer

cover with clean, dry cloth; treat for shock; seek medical attention immediately

question

thermal burns

answer

caused by contact with open flames, hot liquids or surfaces, or other sources of high heat Treat by removing victim from source, cool burn with water, check for bleeding and shock, seek medical attention

question

chemical burns

answer

caused by contact with chemicals that can burn the skin Treat by flushing burn with lots of cool water to remove chemical, or brush powdered chemical off skin with clean cloth

question

electrical burns

answer

direct exposure to electricity Treat by shutting off current, approach only if safe, cool burn with water, check breathing and for signs of bleeding, treat for shock, seek medical attention

question

special consideration for burns

answer

Seek medical help if severe 2nd degree, 3rd degree, chemical or electrical burns Never apply ointment or cream to severe burn Never remove clothing stuck to burn wound Always treat burns to face, hands and feet as severe.

question

fracture

answer

crack or break in a bone

question

dislocation

answer

injury in which a bone has been forced out of its normal position in a joint

question

open fracture

answer

skin is broken and bone ends may stick out of skin; obvious wound

question

closed fracture

answer

skin is unbroken. Injured bone causes pain and tenderness, loss of function, deformity, unnatural movement, swelling, bruising, grating sensation

question

treating a fracture

answer

check for bleeding, call for medical help, splint the area in position it was found, placing padding between splint and body, cover wounds with clean, dry dressing

question

splint

answer

device used to stabilize a body part Used to reduce pain, prevent further damage of tissues surrounding fracture, reduce bleeding and swelling

question

applying a splint

answer

1. Find materials to make splint (heavy cardboard, rolled newspapers) 2. hold splint close to injured area 3. place padding between splint and body 4. Use extra padding around body deformities, body hollows 5. Extend splint beyond joint above and below fracture 6. tie splint comfortably to body

question

sprain

answer

injury in which the ligament in a joint is stretched too far or torn

question

ligament

answer

tissue that connects bone to bone

question

strains

answer

injury in which muscle or tendon has been stretched too far or torn

question

RICE method

answer

treating injuries to bones, joints and muscles 1. Rest--don't use injured area 2. Ice--use ice pack to reduce swelling 3. Compression 4. Elevation

question

compression of bone, joint or muscle injury

answer

wrap injured area with elastic bandage to prevent movement or swelling

question

elevation

answer

raise injured area above heart level when lying or sitting down

question

neck or spinal injuries

answer

no obvious signs or symptoms are possible; swelling and bruising; numbness, tingling or loss of feeling in arms and legs; unable to move arms or legs; pain, difficulty breathing; shock

question

treating neck or spinal injury

answer

do not move person get medical help immediately steady and support head and neck by holding in position found if person MUST be moved keep your arms steady by placing them on your thighs, or place heavy objects on either side of head steady and support victim's feet

question

temperature at which death is likely

answer

106 degrees fahrenheit Danger: Do not leave a baby in a car on a hot day due to risk of death

question

shivering

answer

helps keep body warm by producing heat

question

hyperthermia hyper=above; therm=heat

answer

condition in which body's internal temperature is higher than normal Stage 1: Heat exhaustion Stage 2: Heat stroke

question

heat exhaustion

answer

condition in which the body becomes heated to a higher temperature than normal causes: exercising or working in hot, humid place when heavy sweating causes loss of body fluids

question

symptoms of heat exhaustion

answer

cold, moist skin; normal or above skin temperature; headache; nausea; extreme fatigue (tiredness)

question

treatment of heat exhaustion

answer

move to shady place; remove clothes; apply cool, wet towels; use fan; give victim half a glass of cool (not cold) water every 15 minutes

question

heat stroke

answer

condition in which the body loses its ability to cool itself by sweating because the victim has become dehydrated

question

symptoms of heat stroke

answer

hot, dry skin; higher than normal body temperature; rapid pulse; rapid, shallow breathing; could lose consciousness

question

treatment of heat stroke

answer

seek medical help, move to cool place, cool body rapidly by immersing victim in cool (not cold) water or placing icepacks where large blood vessels are; only give food/water if not vomiting

question

prevention of heat-related illness

answer

drink at least 6-8 ounces of water 10 times a day when active in warm, humid weather

question

frostbite

answer

condition in which the body tissues become frozen, circulation ceases when ice forms within the tissues

question

symptoms of frostbite

answer

skin looks white, gray or blue; numbness; severe pain when warmth is returned to area

question

treatment of frostbite

answer

do not rub; remove wet or tight clothing; cover with dry, sterile dressing; warm the area slowly with warm, not hot water

question

hypothermia hypo=under therm=heat

answer

condition in which the internal body temperature becomes dangerously low because the body loses heat faster than it can generate heat

question

symptoms of hypothermia

answer

stiff muscles, cold skin; shivering; weakness and dizziness; slow breathing and heart rate`

question

treatment of hypothermia

answer

remove any wet clothing and wrap the person in blankets, towels, or newspapers; offer warm food or drink; do not use hot drinks, water or electric blankets

question

prevention of hypothermia

answer

wear several layers of clothing, a warm hat and go inside frequently to warm up

question

steps to checking an injured person

answer

1. Check the scene, remove hazards (dangers), determine how many victims 2. tap shoulder and shout, "Are you okay?" 3. Call 911 if no response 4. open airway, check for signs of life for no more than 10 seconds 5. No breaths go in, then look for severe bleeding and begin CPR/AED 6. If breathing, put in recovery position, check ABCs

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