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A social process in which individuals employ symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment.

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Define Communication:

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The notion that people and interactions, weather face-to-face or online, are part of the communication process. necessary: 2 people.

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Define Social within the communication definition:

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that it is ongoing, dynamic, and unending occurrence.

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Define process within the communication definition:

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An arbitrary label or representation of phenomena (arbitrary means it has no meaning until meaning is assigned to it) ex: love, chair. Labels may be ambiguous, may be both verbal and non-verbal, and may occur in face-to-face and mediated communication.

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Define symbols within the communication definition:

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The symbol represents an object. Ex: Chair

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Concrete Symbol:

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The symbol stands for a thought or idea. Ex: Love

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Abstract Symbol:

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What people extract from a message. can have more than one _______ and even multiple layers of ________. Without sharing these, we would all have a difficult time speaking the same language or interpreting the same event.

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Define Meaning within the communication definition:

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Situation or context in which communication occurs. Including time, place, historical period, relationship, and a speaker's and listener's cultural backgrounds. Can be mediated-can take place with technological assistance.

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Define Environment within the communication definition:

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What "counts" as communication. Is all behavior communication? Example: Eric and Martha. Martha needs $100 for heating the apartment. She keeps shifting her eyes and clearing her throat. Eric thinks she's lying or is it just Erics interpretation?

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The Intentionality Debate:

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Only intentional acts/behaviors are communicative.

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The Intentionality Debate 1st view:

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A person "Cannot NOT communicate"- when two people are together they constantly communicate because they cannot escape behavior. Almost anything can be interpreted as communication (PALO ALTO TEAM)

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The Intentionality Debate 2nd view:

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A group of scholars who believed that a person "Cannot not communicate"

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Palo Alto Team

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It is possible to not communicate, but all interactive behavior is communication. Michael Motley " Not all behavior is communication only interactive behavior is; so in non interactive situation one can indeed 'not communicate,' but in interactive situations one indeed cannot not communicate"

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The Intentionality Debate 3rd view:

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Linear, Interactional, and Transactional

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What are the three models of communication:

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Simplified representations of the communication process.

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Models:

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One-way view of communication that assumes a message is sent by a source to a receiver through a channel. The focus is to send a clear message. Shannon & Weaver concerned with radio and telephone. A source sends a message to a receiver through a channel.

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Linear Model:Communication as Action

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Originator of a message.

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Source:

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Words, sounds, actions, or gestures in an interaction.

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Message:

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Recipient of a message.

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Receiver:

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Pathway to communication. Channels frequently correspond to the visual, tactile, olfactory, and auditory senses. Thus you use the visual channel wen you see your roommate, and the tactile channel when you hug your parent.

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Channel:

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Distortion in channel not intended by the source. There are 4 types: Semantic, Physical (external), Psychological, Physiological.

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Noise:

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Linguistic influences on reception of language. Ex: slang or Jargon.

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Semantic Noise:

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Bodily influences on reception of message. EXISTS OUTSIDE THE RECIEVER. Ex: trucks, loud crowd of people.

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Physical or External noise:

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Cognitive influences on reception of message. Ex1: Prejudices, biases, or predispositions toward another or the message. Ex2: Listening to a political rally, and not supporting the politician. You can also get physical noise from the crowd.

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Psychological noise:

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Biological influences on the reception of message. If you or the speaker are ill, fatigued, or hungry.

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Physiological noise:

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It presumes that there is only one message in the communication process (there can be multiple), and communication DOES NOT HAVE A DEFINABLE BEGINNING AND ENDING. Furthermore, communication is not just a sender to receiver as seen in heated arguments. Suggests that a person is only a sender or a receiver.

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Why is the Linear Model of communication not so respected anymore?

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View of communication as the sharing of meaning with feedback that links source and receiver. Emphasizes the two-way communication process between communicators. In other words, communication goes in two directions: from sender to receiver and from receiver to sender. This circular process suggests that communication is ongoing. Illustrates that a person can perform the role of either sender or receiver during an interaction, but NOT both roles simultaneously.

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The Interactional Model: Communication as interaction.

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Communication given to the source by the receiver to indicate understanding (meaning). Or the response to the message. One element essential to the interactional model of communication. May be verbal or nonverbal, intentional or unintentional. Helps communicators to know whether or not their message is being received and the extent to which meaning is achieved. **In the interactional model feedback takes places AFTER the message is received, not during the message itself.

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Feedback:

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Overlap of sender's and receiver's culture, experiences, and heredity in communication and how these influence his or her ability to communicate with one another.

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Field of Experience:

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Suggests that one person acts as sender white the other acts as receiver in a communication encounter. Most of the criticism comes from the feedback. The interactional view assumes two people speaking and listening, but not at the same time. But what about non-verbal.

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Problems with the Interactional Model of Communication:

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View of communication as the simultaneous sending and receiving of messages. This means that the process is cooperative; the sender and the receiver are mutually responsible for the effect and effectiveness of communication. Noise is permiating whole environments. *Shared field of experience*

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The Transactional Model: Communication as Transaction

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In the linear model of communication meaning is sent from one person to another. In the interactional model, meaning is achieved through the feedback of a sender and a receiver. ***In the transactional model, people build shared meaning** through a shared field of experience.

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FACT:

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What people say during a transition is greatly influenced by their past experience.

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Fact:

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In interactional model one message builds on the previous, therefore there is an interdependency between and among the components of communication.

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Fact:

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Nonverbal comm is just as important as verbal comm in transactional model.

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Fact:

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Perceived rightness or wrongness of an action or behavior

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Ethics:

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What aristotle believes is how we attain a rational society. For example their are two extremes when dealing with someone who is being rude : lie or reveal everything. the golden mean is in the center.

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The golden mean

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Rhetorical, Semiotic, Phenomenological, Cybernetic, Socio-psychological, Socio-cultural, Critical. RSPCSSC

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The seven traditions in the communication field

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The heart of this traditional is noted as the "practical art" of talk. Emphasizes talk as practical art. Helps us understand the influence of speech in societal functions (mass media) We are interested in public address and public speaking and their functions in a society. Western societies love it because it helps us understand the influence of speech and how we can cultivate our public speaking effectiveness. Emphasizes the power and beauty of language to move people EMOTIONALLY and stir them to action. Acknowledges audience appeals Ethos (ethic, credibility), Logos (logic), Pathos (emotion. Truth versus strategic adaptation. "telling the plain truth is something other than the strategic adaptation of a message to an audience."

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Rhetorical tradition

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Semiotics is the study os SIGNS. involves the study of verbal and nonverbal signs (arbitrary symbols) ex: happy, engaged married, successful. Meaning is achieved when we share a common language (symbols). Values and belief structures are passed down from previous generations. Meanings are in PEOPLE not in words. Meanings change (:)) or sick or bad.

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Semiotic tradition:

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Personal interpretation of everyday life and activities. from the STANDPOINT of the person who is living it. People perceive things differently. looking at things through a personal lens. Ex: heroine addict experiment. An individuals system of beliefs should not influence the dialogue taking place. Acknowledges the impact of ones biases as "practically impossible" to eliminate. Subjective/objective. "experience of others" with different backgrounds etc.

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Phenomenological tradition:

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Based on linear model of communication. Analysis of communication problems in a system (organizational communication). Reflects communication as information processing- concerned with the flow/transfer of information. NOISE IS THE ENEMY. Involves a border, systemic viewpoint of communication. This tradition asks us to understand that communication is not only information processing, but also that individuals enter into communication settings with different abilities in that information processing.

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Cybernetic tradition:

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Basic premise- As people talk, the produce and reproduce culture. Language shapes cultural thought. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis (you or snow)-linguistic/cultural Ex: spanish say you so many different ways and classes. Acknowledges that shared cultural patterns and social structures influence communication.

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The Socio-Cultural Tradition

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Emphasizes advocacy of fairness. Seeks to change the "status quo". Reflects a concern for injustice, oppression, power, and inequality (think karl marx protesting the social order) Involves a critique of the accepted status quo. Acknowledges the importance of openly questioning assumptions (dove campaign for beauty)-trying to change the perception of beauty.

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Critical Tradition:

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Emphasizes causal linking (cause+effect) (correlation)(coexistence) ex: driving a red car means your insurance is higher. Reflects the notion that behavior is influenced by one or more variables. Believes that underlying this tradition is the assumption that our own communication patterns and the patterns of others vary from person to person. It is up to the _______ - _____ to unravel to relationship among these patterns. Communication "truths" exist and can be detected. Uses experimental research due to its reliance on causal links.

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Socio-Psychological Tradition:

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Environments in which communication take place

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Context:

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Environments that are limited by such factors as the number of people present, the feedback, the space between communication, among others.

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Situational contexts

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Intrapersonal, interpersonal, small group, organizational, public/rhetorical, mass/media, cultural/intercultural. IISOPMC

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The Seven contexts of communication are:

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Communication with oneself. May take place in the presence of another individual. usually more repetitive than other forms of comm. more than talking to oneself. includes imagination, perceive, day dreaming, and solving problems in our heads. How we attribute another persons behavior. Its different because it allows communicators to attributions/assessments about themselves. Can help us boost our self-esteem. Studied by examine cognitions, symbols, and intentions that individuals have. and attitudes toward specific situations. MAY BE INTENTIONAL OR UNINTENTIONAL.

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Intrapersonal Communication:

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The degree of positive orientation people have about themselves.

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Self-esteem

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Face-to-face communication between people. Perhaps the most expansive of all the contexts. Investigates how relationships begin, the maintenance of relationships, and the dissolution of relationships.

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Interpersonal Communication context

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Communication among at least three individuals. Have a common purpose. The more people the greater the chance for more personal relationships to develop. too large = cliques too small=not enough resources. Cohesiveness is important. Multiple exchanges of perspectives are available in small groups and provide synergy which is why small groups are so effective. Networking and role behavior is important. can be work environment, gossip in high school bathrooms, jury, etc.

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Small-group communication context:

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The degree of togetherness between and among communicators.

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Cohesiveness

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The intersection of multiple perspectives in a small group.

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Synergy:

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communication patterns through which information flows.

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Networks:

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positions of group members and their relationship to the group.

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Roles:

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communication within and among large, extended environments. is diverse interpersonal, public speaking, small group, and mediated experiences. are groups of groups. distinguished by a clearly defined hierarchy. memos-emails-and teleconferencing substitute for face-to-face. research in this theory are from the HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTS.

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Organizational Communication context:

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An organizing principle whereby things or people are ranked one above the other. put a human face on the corporate world. thinks of organizations as a social entity.

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Hierarchy:

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A set of investigations that ushered in a human relations approach to organizations.

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Hawthorne Experiments:

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the dissemination of information from one person to many (audience). speakers have 3 primary goals in mind: to inform, to entertain, or to persuade. persuasion is the core of rhetorical communication.

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Public/Rhetorical communication context:

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A speaker's available means of persuasion.

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Rhetoric:

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A general sense of fear of speaking before an audience. focuses on intrapersonal issues.

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Communication Apprehension:

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communication to a large audience via various channels (radio, internet, television, etc.) usually refers to traditional channels (newspapers) but is expanding to new media. includes both the channel and the audience. possibly serves interests of the elite.

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Mass/media communication context:

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channels or delivery modes for mass messages.

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Mass media:

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Computer-related technology.

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New media:

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Communication between and among individuals whose cultural backgrounds vary.do not necessarily have to be from a different country. ex: US has many cultures. culture structures what we believe and how we act.

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Cultural Communication context:

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A community of meaning and a shared body of knowledge.

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Culture:

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Groups of individuals who are part of the same larger culture, but who can be classified around various identities. (race, sex, age, etc.)

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Co-cultures:

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