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Functions of Language

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1.Instrumental 2.Regulatory 3.Informative 4.Heuristic 5.Interactional 6.Personal Language 7.Imaginative

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Functions of Language: Instrumental

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Use of language to obtain what you need or desire.

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Functions of Language: Regulatory

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Use of language to control or regulate the behaviors of others.

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Functions of Language: Informative

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Use of language to communicate information or report facts.

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Functions of Language: Heuristic

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Use of language to acquire knowledge and understanding.

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Functions of Language: Interactional

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Use of language to establish and define social relationships.

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Functions of Language: Personal Language

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Use of language to express individuality and personality.

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Functions of Language: Imaginative

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Use of language to express oneself artistically or creatively.

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Components of Language

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1. Phonology-Sounds 2. Syntax- Rules 3. Semantics- Meaning 4. Pragmatics- Language in Use

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Grammar

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The structural rules that govern the generation of meaning in language.

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Components of Language- Phonology

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The study study of sounds that compose individual languages and how those sounds communicate meaning. Phonemes: basic sound units, different languages use different phonemes.

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Components of Language- Syntax

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The rules that govern the word order. Combining words in way that make it easier to communicate and understand.

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Components of Language- Meaning

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The study of meaning. Two types of meanings: 1.Denotative Meaning 2.Connotative Meaning

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Denotative Meaning

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The dictionary, or literal meaning of the word. Ex: Wise is defined as "Having the ability to discern or judge what is true, right, or lasting."

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Connotative Meaning

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The affective or interpretive meanings attached to a word. Ex: "Wise" implies an older person with long experience.

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Components of Language- Pragmatics

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Field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals.

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Speech Act Theory

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Branch of pragmatics that suggest that when people communicate, they do not just say things they also do things with their words. Example: "I bet you $10 the Yankees will beat the Giants" This statement, you aren't just saying something you are actually do something. You are making a bet/agreement that will result in an exchange of money.

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Conversational Rules

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Govern the ways in which communicators organize conversation. Example: When someone ask you a question, you must reply with a question.

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Contextual Rules

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The language use you use to communicate varies depending on the communication situation. Example: At a party you will talk about topics you would not talk about at a funeral.

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Dialect

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A variation of language distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.

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Lexical Choice

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Vocabulary.

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Influences on Verbal Communication

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1.Gender 2.Age 3.Regionality 4.Ethnicity/Race 5.Education/Occupation

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Influences: Gender

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Growing up a Male/Female influences the way you communicate. Men/Women are socialized to communicate in specific ways. Media has a big impact on how men and women are suppose to communicate with one another.

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Influences: Age

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Word choice is affected by age. At different stages in your life you use a series of different word choices. Example: In kindergarten you probably used the word "cooties." Teenage years you probably used the word "cool."

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Influences: Regionality

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Geographical location affects people's language use. Example: NorCal people tend to say "hella." In SoCal no one uses the word "hella."

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Influences: Ethnicity/Race

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Ethnicity and Race can affect a persons verbal style in a number of ways. Depending on a persons race they might use a different syntax, accent, and word choice.

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Ebonics

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A version of English that has its roots in West Africa, Caribbean, and U.S. slave languages. (Black English, Ghettoooo Talk!)

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Influences: Education/Occupation

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People who have the same Occupation typically share a similar language and use terms that one another can understand. Students typically share the same type of language due to being in the same environment almost every day.

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Nominalists

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Those who argue that any idea can be expressed in any language and that the structure and vocabulary of the language do not influence the speaker's perception of the world.

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Relativists

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Those who argue that language serves not only as a way for us to voice our ideas but "is itself the shape of ideas, the guide for the individual's mental activity"

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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

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Idea that the language people speak determines the way they see the world.

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Cocultrual Theory

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Explores the role of power in daily interactions. Five Following Assumptions: 1.Hierarchy exist in each society, which privileges certain groups of people. 2.Priviledged groups enjoy setting the norm for what types of communication are acceptable and not acceptable. 3.Language maintains and reinforces the power of the dominant groups in society. 4.Relationships: Society tends to value a more female communication style, men maybe criticized for failing to communicate appropriately with their intimates. 5. Dominant communication structures impede the progress of persons whose communication practices do not conform to the norms.

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Power & Words

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Masculine words: fireman, human, etc. Some languages are more strongly gendered than others.

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Power & Accent

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The accent that someone speaks determines how people judge them. Example: Black English may lead someone to think that person is uneducated.

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Nonverbal Communication

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Nonverbal behavior that has symbolic meaning.

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Nonverbal Behavior

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All the nonverbal actions people perform.

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Influences on Nonverbal Communication

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1.Culture: Different mannerisms are recognized in different cultures. 2. The relationship between the people interacting affects the meaning of nonverbal behaviors. 3. The meaning we attribute to someone's nonverbal behavior varies based on how well you know the communicator. 4. We tend to interpret one another's nonverbal behavior based on our sex.

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Nonverbal Codes

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Distinct, organized means of expression that consists of symbols and rules for their use.

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Kinesics

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Nonverbal communication sent by the body, including gestures, facial expressions, and eye behavior.

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Gestures

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Nonverbal communication made with part of the body, including actions such as pointing, waving, or holding up a hand to direct people's attention.

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Illustrators

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Signals that accompany speech to clarify or emphasize the verbal messages.

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Emblems

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Gestures that stand for a specific verbal meaning. Example: Raising your hand in class to show that you want to speak.

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Adaptors

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Gestures used to manage emotions. Example: Nervous gestures--shaking your foot, twirling your hair, and biting nails.

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Regulators

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Gestures used to control conversations. Example: Holding up your finger so others do not interrupt you.

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Immediacy

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How close or involved people appear to be with each other.

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Relaxation

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The degree of tension displayed by one's body.

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Paralinguistic

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All aspects of spoken language except the words themselves; includes rate, volume, pitch, stress.

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Voice Qualities

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Qualities such as speed, pitch, rhythm, vocal range, and articulation that up the "music" of the human voice.

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Vocalizations

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Uttered sounds that do not have the structure of language. Example: "uh-huh" "er"

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Chronemics

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The study of the way people use time as a message

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Proxemics

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Refers to the study of how people use spatial cues, including interpersonal distance, territoriality, and other space relationships, to communicate.

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Monochronically

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Engaging in one task or behavior at a time.

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Polychronically

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Engaging in multiple activities simultaneously.

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Intimate Distance

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(0-18inches) The space used when interacting with those with whom one is very close.

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Personal Distance

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(18in-4feet) The space used when interacting with friends and acquaintances.

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Social Distance

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(4 to 12feet) The distance most U.S. Americans use when they interact with unfamiliar others.

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Public Distance

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(12 to 25feet) The distance used for public ceremonies such as lectures and performances.

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Haptics

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The study of the communicative function of touch. 1.Professional touch 2.Functional touch 3.Social-polite touch 4.Friendship touch 5.Love-intimate touch 6.Demand touch

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Haptics: Professional Touch/Functional Touch

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Type of touch used by certain workers, such as dentist, hairstylist, hospital workers;

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Haptics: Social-polite Touch

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Touch that is part of daily interaction in the United States; it is more intimate than professional touch but is still personal.

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Haptics: Friendship Touch

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Touch that is more intimate than social touch and usually conveys warmth, closeness, and caring.

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Haptics: Love-Intimate Touch

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The touch most often used with one's romantic partners and family.

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Haptics: Demand Touching

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A type of touch used to establish dominance and power.

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Artifacts

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Clothing and other accessories.

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Congruent

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Verbal and nonverbal messages that express the same meaning. Ex: "i like you" and a nonverbal message like eye contact leaning holding hands etc.

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