Combo with "psych 6-10" and 1 other – Flashcards
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According to Dr. Grabe, the different models of learning do not have to be understood as competing and may all be useful in understanding specific situations. Despite his parents negative reaction, young Johnny has taken to using profanity at inappropriate times. "This has been going on ever since he has started day care," mom explains. This "learning" is most likely an example of: a. classical conditioning b. modeling c. operant conditioning d. higher order thinking
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b. modeling
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Functional fixedness is the: a. inability to discover the relations among the parts of the problem b. inability to carry out a sequence of transformation in order to reach a specific goal c. tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use d. sudden discovery of the correct solution following incorrect attempts based primarily on trial and error
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c. tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use
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When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in the _____ memory until you write it in your notes a. trace b. sensory c. short-term d. long-term
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c. short-term
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Dr. Grabe explained that intelligence is supposed to be a measure of aptitude, but it is actually based on a measure of achievement. This is considered acceptable because IQ tests use items that reflect: a. the topics learned in school b. topics considered general information or performance items that are novel and do not require much background knowledge c. abstract concepts that no one has learned before d. math problems
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b. topics considered general information or performance items that are novel and do not require much background knowledge
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Many human traits, including intelligence, show a normal distribution. This means that a. most cases are near the middle of the distribution b. most cases are near the edges of distribution c. cases are equally frequent across the entire distribution d. few cases are near the middle of the distribution
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a. most cases are near the middle of the distribution
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In the laboratory you completed items from the Remote Associates Test requiring you to identify a word that is an associate of three other words. This task is intended to evaluate which of the following characteristics? a. intelligence b. problem solving skill c. creativity d. critical thinking
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d. critical thinking
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Experts are concerned that video games may have far more harmful effects than violence seen on TV because: a. they require a higher level of attention b. players are reinforced for competing a violent task c. players identify with the characters they control d. all of the above
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d. all of the above
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While intelligence tests are supposed to measure aptitude, the tests actually measure what has already been learned. (i.e. achievement) Which is the most accurate concerning these two concepts? a. aptitude and achievement measure the same thing b. aptitude is an estimate of potential; achievement is an estimate of what has been accomplished c. aptitude is an estimate of the impacts of genetics; achievement is an estimate of the impact of the environment
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b. aptitude is an estimate of potential; achievement is an estimate of what has been accomplished
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Dr. Grabe has presented a study that has resulted in what is describes as the "forgetting curve". This curve displays the rate of forgetting of unrehearsed material over an extended period of time (three weeks). one part of this study involved that comparison of a recall test at different intervals after initial learning on a long term retention. There is no rehearsal or study other than taking one recall test. The results demonstrated that if one wants to have the most information available at the total retention interval, it would be the best practice to recall: a. almost immediately; 1 day b. almost halfway through; 9 days c. near the end of the time period; 18 days
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a. almost immediately; 1 day
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Brock was describing the inside of his doctor's office to one of his friends. In his description he mentions that there were two diplomas on the wall, even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed on the wall. Brock's error in recall illustrates: a. the role of semantic networks in long-term memory b. the need of context cues in short-term memory c. the need for a good central executive system in short-term memory d. the role of schemas in long-term memory
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d. the role of schemas in long-term memory ?????
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The problem of people talking on cell phones while driving is difficult to address because people are conceived that they are not impaired by this activity. They have been exposed to information about this issue but cannot accept it as an actual problem because they cannot sense that the situation actually reduces their capabilities. A demonstration related to this issue was used in a class. This demonstration involved which of the following scenarios: a. the results of the partial report technique- individuals are asked to report what they see from three rows of letters viewed for 1/4 of a second b. the invisible gorilla demonstration- the man in the gorilla suit walking through the middle of several individuals passing a basketball back and forth c. the bobo doll- children watch videos of an adult striking a blow up doll with a wooden mallet
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b. the invisible gorilla demonstration- the man in the gorilla suit walking through the middle of several individuals passing a basketball back and forth
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If you are given a list of vocabulary words to study briefly before being tested on your memory of the words, as you read the list you should: a. count how many letters are in each word b. concentrate on the first letter of each word c. think of a word that rhymes with each word d. use each word in a sentence
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b. concentrate on the first letter of each word
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Bandura's research on bobo dolls where teacher behaves violently towards the doll and students repeat that behavior is an example of a. modeling b. interference c. learned helplessness d. shaping
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a. modeling
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Experts estimate the the heritability of intelligence is 50%. This suggests that a. 50% of a persons intelligence is due to genetic inheritance b. 50% of variability intelligence is due to variations in genetic interference c. 50% of a persons intelligence is due to environmental factors d. 50% of the difference average intelligence between different ethnic groups is due to genetic inheritance
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b. 50% of variability intelligence is due to variations in genetic interference
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Twin studies are used to estimate the heritability of traits potentially influenced by multiple genes. Typically, the approach involves a comparison of correlations. As evidence for heritability a strong correlation associated with which of the following groups would be most persuasive? a. fraternal twins reared together b. fraternal twins reared apart c. identical twins reared together d. identical twins reared apart
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d. identical twins reared apart ????
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When tested on the Brent-Simon scale, Ada found to have a mental age of eight. This means a. that she is intellectually impaired b. that her performance was good as that of an average eight year old c. that her score of eight is the standard deviation units above the average score d. that her IQ is 80
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b. that her performance was good as that of an average eight year old
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research by Loftus on eyewitness testimony indicates that what people recall of an incident or crime scene a. is so vivid that it is subject to very little minor error b. can be influenced by the types of questioned asked c. can be significantly improved by the use of hypnosis d. is distorted by information and is completely inaccurate
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b. can be influenced by the types of questioned asked
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Sandra Scarr presents a position on the heritability of intelligence that manages to argue for and against the heritability of intelligence at the same time. She does this by using the concept of a threshold environmental differences make very little difference. which of the following variables would fit with this notion of threshold? a. living with a drug dependent mother as an infant resulting in infrequent mother-child interactions b. having a father more than six feet tall c. attending a school in a larger vs. smaller North Dakota community d. growing up as an only child vs. growing up with two sisters
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c. attending a school in a larger vs. smaller North Dakota community
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Modern intelligence tests differ from the approach taken by Binet by a. generalizing the IQ score contrasting the score of an individual with the scores of others the same age b. focusing on difference in knowledge of topics taught in nearly every elementary and secondary school c. relying on administration by a computer
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a. generalizing the IQ score contrasting the score of an individual with the scores of others the same age
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Universal Studios wants to train a cat to pull a rope as part of an animal act. The probability that the cat will just pull a rope is very low. What technique would be the best choice to use to help the cat learn to emit the desired response? a. shaping b. stimulus generalization c. extinction d. stimulus discrimination
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a. shaping ????
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Which of the following is an example of metacognition a. having the feeling that something bad will happen today b. having the feeling that you have had a similar previous experience (e.i. visiting a new place and feeling you have been there before) c. high level of thinking behavior (problem solving, critical thinking) d. self assessment of thinking behavior - has the cognitive behavior gone well or poorly)
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b. having the feeling that you have had a similar previous experience (e.i. visiting a new place and feeling you have been there before) ????
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The average nightly traffic through the turn styles of the UND library is 134 students. However, during the week of finals the library traffic averages 478 visitors. This is probably an example of a. spontaneous recovery b. extinction c. a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement d. a variable interval schedule of reinforcement
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d. a variable interval schedule of reinforcement
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Observing the similarities between a new problem to be solved and one you've successfully solved in the past is called a. changing the representation of the problem b. searching for analogies c. forming subgoals d. the additive strategy
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b. searching for analogies
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The basic principals of gradual acquisition, extinction, stimulus generalization, and discrimination apply a. to both classical and instrumental conditioning b. only to classical conditioning c. only to instrumental conditioning d. to learning by animals, but not to learning by people
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a. to both classical and instrumental conditioning
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The three basic processes in memory are a. encoding, storage, retrieval b. acoustic, semantic, and eidetic c. recall, recognition, and relearning d. sensation, perception, and cognition
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a. encoding, storage, retrieval
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According to the serial-position effect, subjects tend to show better recall for items ____ of a list than for items ____. a. at the beginning and end; in the middle b. in the middle; at the beginning and end c. at the end; at the beginning d. in the middle; at the beginning
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a. at the beginning and end; in the middle
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The fundamental conclusion of the experiment using the Sperling Partial Report Technique is that: a. short term memory ability varies greatly from person to person b. the capacity of sensory memory is immense, but the duration is very short c. short term memory duration is about 15 seconds when one cannot rehearse d. the information in the long term memory is linked in complex webs
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b. the capacity of sensory memory is immense, but the duration is very short
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When new responses are more easily established with _____ reinforcement, responses maintained with _____ reinforcement are more resistant to extinction a. continuous; intermittent b. intermittent; continuous c. primary; secondary d. secondary; primary
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a. continuous; intermittent ?????
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Which of the memory stores the least amount of information? a. sensory store b. short-term memory c. long-term memory d. declarative memory
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b. short-term memory
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If you have finally succeeded in getting your dog to stop begging for food from the table while the family is eating dinner by making sure no one in the family ever gives the dog table food, it is the most accurate to say that you have _____ the dog's begging response. a. shaped b. punished c. extinguished d. reinforced
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c. extinguished
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Ebbinghaus' original forgetting curves,which graphed his retention over time, suggested that most forgetting occurs a. very gradually over long periods of time b. only after several days have passed. c. as a result of interference with other information d. very rapidly after learning something
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d. very rapidly after learning something
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Mrs Black has been working hard to get young Mikey to control his tendency to blurt out statements during discussions rather than waiting to be called on. She is careful to respond to him only when he raises his hand. This approach begins to show results. however, after Christmas break it seems his behavior is as inappropriate as ever. This reversal is most likely the result of fixed interval schedule of reinforcement a. a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. shaping d. spontaneous recovery
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d. spontaneous recovery
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Typically, those who are less skilled in performing a given behavior (keyboarding, golfing, reading) have to think more about the basic skilled involved in these behaviors (i.e. where the keys are located on the keyboard). Their performance suffers as consequence. More able performers do not need to "think" about these behaviors. This difference is described as a. automaticity b. metacognition c. rehearsal d. anxiety
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b. metacognition
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Reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired behavior is called a. acquisition b. extinction c. shaping d. none of the above
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c. shaping
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Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a. an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models b. stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus c. voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences d. and event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response
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b. stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus ????
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The capacity of short term memory can be described in terms of the number of chunks people can retain and the amount of information a chunk holds. The amount of information a chunk holds probably accounts for the greatest capacity differences among individuals and situations. The capacity of a chunk is most strongly influenced by a. genetic/biological differences b. experience/learning c. metacognition
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c. metacognition
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As you were answering this question, you are taking in information from this test and recalling information you have stored as the result of study. These information sources are controlled as you consider which answer is correct. This memory store in which all information sources are presently active is the a. long term memory b. short term memory c. sensory memory
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a. long term memory
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Individuals have a difficult time with the Stroop test, where color words (i.e. blue) is written in another color (i.e. red). Why is it hard to say the color of the word and what disorder does it relate to? a. Feature matching; ODD b. feature matching; ADHD c. Interference task; ODD d. Interference task; ADHD
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d. Interference task; ADHD
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Classical conditioning could easily account for how a young child might learn to a. become potty trained b. feed himself c. pick up toys d. fear the dentist
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d. fear the dentist ????
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Rather than physically hurting young children (spanking) new parents are encouraged to put their children in "time out" in response to an inappropriate behavior. This consequence would most accurately be described as: a. a negative reinforcement - the children responds to the negative experience b. a type 1 punishment - this reduces frequency in behavior in reaction to the addition of an unpleasant experience c. a type 2 punishment - the child reduces frequency of a behavior in reaction to losing access to something they enjoyed
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c. a type 2 punishment - the child reduces frequency of a behavior in reaction to losing access to something they enjoyed
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Sensory memory a. is the same as working memory b. is a limited-capacity store that can maintain unrehearsed information for up to about 20 hours c. preserves information in its original sensory for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second d. is an unlimited capacity store that can hold information over lengthy periods of time
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c. preserves information in its original sensory for a brief time, usually only a fraction of a second
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Mary takes a course in which she is tested every two weeks. Her studying falls off right after a test,followed by a gradual increase to a rapid rate of studying as the next test approaches. Her studying conforms to the typical pattern of responding maintained on a. fixed-ratio schedules b. variable-ratio schedules c. fixed-interval schedules d. variable interval schedules
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c. fixed-interval schedules
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Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling are all associated with what was described as the behavior learning perspective. Dr. Grabe proposed that these different processes often work together, but one of these processes probably accounts for the speed with which people learn new skills (implying that the other processes would result in slower learning if the process operated alone). The process that is most uniquely accounts for speed of learning in daily life is: a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. modeling
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a. operant conditioning
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After the first exam, you spent time in the lab completing an exam wrapper. The idea was to increase your awareness of issues you might focus on in improving your preparation for this exam. Efforts to influence our personal awareness of the strengths and weaknesses in our cognitive functioning might be described as efforts to improve: a. metacognition b. attentional blindness c. reconstructive memory d. spreading activation
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b. attentional blindness
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Which of the following individuals would be the most likely to think that IQ tests have validity? A person who believes Iq tests are designed to a. predict future job performance b. predict creativity c. predict school performance d. predict social intelligence
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c. predict school performance
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When I start my car, i hear a loud noise that continues until I buckle my seat belt. This approach is an example of: a. positive punishment b. negative punishment c. positive reinforcement d. negative reinforcement
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d. negative reinforcement
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In an employee of a company that conducts telephone surveys receives $1.00 for every three completed surveys he conducts, he is being paid on a _____ schedule a. fixed ratio b. fixed interval c. variable ratio d. variable interval
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b. fixed interval
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Assuming you have eaten sour pickles before, imagine eating a large, juicy, sour pickle. If just thinking about the pickle causes your mouth to water, your salivation would be a. a conditioned stimulus b. a conditioned response c. an unconditioned response d. an unconditioned stimulus
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c. an unconditioned response ????
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In Brandura's classic study on the power of modeling, the children who were most likely to play aggressively with the Bobo doll were the children who saw a film of a model behaving a. in a nonaggressive manner and receiving positive consequences b. in a nonaggressive manner and receiving negative consequences c. in an aggressive manner and receiving positive consequences d. in an aggressive manner and receiving negative consequences
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c. in an aggressive manner and receiving positive consequences
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The "tip-of-the-tounge" phenomenon refers to a. saying something before you've had a chance to think about it b. dreamlike material that you recall during alpha-wave pre-sleep c. a mnemonic device to help you store information in a long-term memory d. feeling like you know something but are unable to recall it
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d. feeling like you know something but are unable to recall it
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prenatal period
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- conception of birth to 9 months pregnant (entire pregnancy) germinal>embryonic>fetal
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zygote-
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one celled organism formed by union of sperm and egg
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germinal stage-
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prenatal development from conception> 2 weeks
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embryonic stage
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- second stage of prenatal development from 2 weeks > end of second month
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fetal stage
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- third stage from end of 2 months > birth
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motor development
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- progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities
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fast mapping
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- children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure ("truck" "nose")
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overextension
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- when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions that it meant to (ball-orange, moon)
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telegraphic speech
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- content words; articles, prepositions, and other less critical words are permitted ("give doll")
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overregularizations
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- grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases when they don't apply ("I hitted ball")
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Trust vs. mistrust
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First years of life - is my world predictable and supportive?
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autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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2-3- can I do things myself or must I always rely on others?
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Initative vs. guilt
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4-6 am I good or am I bad?
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Industry vs. inferiority
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6-puberty - am I competent or am I worthless
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identity vs. confusion
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adolescence - who am I and where am I going?
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Intimacy vs. isolation
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Early adulthood - shall I share my life with another or live alone?
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Generatively vs. self-absorption
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Middle adulthood- will I produce something of real value?
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Integrity vs. despair
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Late adulthood- have I lived a full life?
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Cognitive development
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transitions in youngsters patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering, and problem solving
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6. Piaget's stage theory
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-Sensory motor period - coordination of sensory input and motor responses; development of object permanence -Preoperational period - Development of symbolic thought marked by inirreversibility, concentration, and egocentrism -Concrete optional period - Mental operations applied to concrete events; mastery of conservation, hierarchical information -Formal operational period - Mental operations, applied to abstract ideas; logical, systematic thinking
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Kohlberg's stage theory
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a. Punishment orientation- Right and wrong is determined by what is punished b. Naive reward orientation - Right and wrong is determined by what is rewarded c. Good boy/girl orientation- Right and wrong is determined by close others' approval or disapproval d. Authority orientation - Right and wrong is determined by societies rules and lows which should be obeyed e. Social contract orientation - Right and wrong is determined by societies rules which are viewed as fallible rather than absolute f. Individual principles and conscience orientation - Right and wrong is determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equity and justice
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Object permanence
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when a child recognizes objects that continue to exist even when they are no longer visible
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Functional fixedness
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- the tendency to perceive an item only in terms of its most common use
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mental set
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- when people persist in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past
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trial and error
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- possible solutions sequentially and discarding those that are in error until one works
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heuristic
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- a guiding principle or "rule of thumb" used in solving problems or making decisions
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incubation effect
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-when new solutions surface for a previously unsolved problem after a period of not consciously thinking about the problem
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theory of bounded rationality
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- people tend to use simple strategies in decision making that focuses on only a few facets of available options and often result in irrational decisions that are less than optimal
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availability heuristic
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basing estimated probability of an event on the ease with which relevant instances come to mind
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representativeness heuristic
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- basing the estimated probability of an event on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event
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conjunction fallacy-
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when people estimate that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone
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gambler's fallacy
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the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently
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mental age
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the mental ability typical of a child of the actual age
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intelligence quotient (IQ)
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- mental age/ actual age X100
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heritability ratio
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- estimate of the proportion of trait variability in a population that is determined by variations in genetic inheritance
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1. An industrial/organizational psychologist would be most likely to be involved in
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working to improve employee morale and attitudes REF: p. 20
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2. The experiment is a research method in which the investigator
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manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observes whether there are changes in a second variable as a result REF: p. 42
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3. A variable, other than the independent variable, that appears to have influenced the dependent variable in a study is referred to as
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an extraneous variable REF: p. 44
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4. Fifteen minutes after Zigfried left the brightly lit hallway and entered the dark passageway, dark adaptation was
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complete in his cones, but still taking place in his rods REF: p. 128
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5. The correct order in which a sound stimulates the structures in the ear is
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eardrum, ossicles, oval window, cochlea
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6. Technically, your absolute threshold is the point which you can detect
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a stimulus 50 percent of the time
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7. Greg was a world-class diver until he hit his head on the diving board during one of his dives. He now has difficulty coordinating the movements required for various tucks and rotations. It is likely that when he hit his head on the diving board, Greg damaged his
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cerebellum
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8. The approach that examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive value for a species over the course of many generations is
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evolutionary psychology
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9. Cells in the visual cortex that respond selectively to specific features of complex stimuli are called
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feature detectors
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10. Some researchers have suggested that people currently tend to sleep during periods of darkness because sleeping under these conditions was an adaptive behavior that helped to increase survival among early humans. This is the type of argument that would most likely be made by psychologists who take the
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evolutionary perspective in psychology
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11. As interest rates increase, house sales decline, indicating
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a negative correlation between the two variables
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12. The behavior that would be most difficult to extinguish would be one that was
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reinforced intermittently
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13. Isabella spent one hour studying American History prior to 1800, and then spent one hour studying European History prior to 1800. Victor spent one hour studying American History prior to 1800, and then spent one hour studying Calculus. In this example, it is likely that
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Victor will have better recall of events in early American History
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14. A scientific journal refers to
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a periodical that publishes technical and scholarly articles
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15. In dim light, the pupil of the eye is
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dilated, producing an image that is not as sharp
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16. The process of deciding on whether a memory is based on an external source or an internal source is referred to as
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reality monitoring
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17. The fact that your criterion for "hearing" mysterious noises at night may change after a rash of burglaries in your neighborhood can best be explained by
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signal-detection theory
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18. Any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study are called
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variables
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19. ____ receive information from other neurons; ____ transmit information to other neurons.
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Dendrites; axons
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20. You move to a new house and memorize your new phone number. Now, you can't remember your old phone number. This is an example of
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retroactive interference
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21. As Kayla was introduced to the seven members of the committee who would be interviewing her for a scholarship, she silently repeated all the names to herself, in order. Kayla was using
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rehearsal to temporarily store the names in short-term memory
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22. One possible theory as to the reason humans need REM and slow wave sleep focuses on the possibility that they contribute to
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the firming up of the learning that took place during that day
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23. The system of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream is known as the
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endocrine system
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24. If you have difficulty understanding the meaning of someone's speech, you may suspect damage to
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Wernicke's area
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25. Torri has just settled down to go to sleep. Based on averages, approximately how long will it take Torri to enter stage one sleep?
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25 minutes
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26. Dan was able to tell that the voice he heard calling his name was coming from the building on his left because of
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auditory localization
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27. Parallel processing in the visual pathways suggests that separate neural channels
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extract different information from visual inputs
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28. According to historians, the "birth" of psychology occurred in
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1879 in Germany
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29. Responses that are followed by satisfying consequences increase in probability. This is a statement of Thorndike's law of
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effect
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30. According to research evidence on dream content, which of the following would a student be least likely to dream about?
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a political candidate who held strong views about tuition increases
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31. Researchers who were studying memory had participants learn a list of words after consuming a soft drink with caffeine or a decaffeinated version of the same soft drink. The researchers then counted the number of words that were recalled from the list. In this study, the type of beverage (caffeinated or decaffeinated) would be
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the independent variable
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32. You enter a room and notice a distinctive new smell. After a bit of time you no longer smell the odor. This illustrates the phenomenon of
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sensory adaptation
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33. Which statement best represents current thinking about early-selection versus late-selection theories of attention?
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The location of the attention filter may be flexible.
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34. Much of the endocrine system is controlled by the nervous system through the
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hypothalamus
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35. The work of researchers like Bartlett and Loftus on errors in memory suggests that memory is best viewed as
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a reconstruction of events or materials
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36.The purity of a wavelength of light corresponds to the perception of
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saturation
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37. People resisted psychoanalysis mainly because of its emphasis on
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unconscious motivation
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38. Which of the following was NOT a level of processing associated with verbal information as suggested by Craik and Lockhart (1972)?
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functional
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39. Television sets are able to recreate the entire visible spectrum by additively mixing three primary colors. This process is similar to the view of human color vision called
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trichromatic theory
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40.Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic tastes?
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citrus
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41. You are having a conversation with your psychology professor and she proposes that language evolved as a device to build and maintain social coalitions in increasingly larger groups. Which theorist would agree with her assertions?
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Steven Pinker
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42. Which statement about the gustatory system is NOT accurate?
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The physical stimulus for taste is any molecular substance.
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43. Which of the following is the correct sequence of structures through which information flows in a neuron?
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dendrites to soma to axon
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44. A hypothesis is
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a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables
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45. The four basic EEG patterns are
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alpha, beta, theta, delta
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46. Synaptic vesicles are structures that
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store neurotransmitters
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47. Sleep spindles, which appear against a background of mixed, mostly lower frequency EEG activity, are characteristic of
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stage 2 sleep
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48. Which of the following theorists encouraged the study of cognitive activity which helped lead to the cognitive revolution in the 1950s?
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Herbert Simon
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49. An antagonist
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blocks the action of neurotransmitters
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50. Which of the following neurotransmitters is primarily involved in the activation of motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles?
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acetylcholine
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51. Classical conditioning could account for how a child learns to
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fear the dark
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52. Pleasure centers in the brain appear to be concentrated most heavily in the
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limbic system
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53. The research psychologists who are most likely to conduct research studies using animals are those who have
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a behavioral or biological perspective
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54.An 8-year-old shows irony and sarcasm in his speech by saying "That's just great, I'm a regular LaBron James!" after he misses a free throw in a basketball game; this suggests that his ____ has improved.
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metalinguistic awareness
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55. The structure of the ear that transduces sound vibrations into nerve impulses is the
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cochlea
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56. Dr. Van Der Horn believes that both an innate predisposition and a supportive environment contribute to language development. Dr. Van Der Horn's views are most consistent with those of
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interactionist theories
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57. Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: "dog, pail, and hate." Later, she recalled these words as: "dig, paint, and hard." Kiana's errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list
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structurally
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58. Feature analysis assumes that we progress from individual elements to the whole in the formation of our perceptions. This is a case of
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bottom-up processing
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59. The receptive field of a visual cell refers to the
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the collection of rod and cone receptors that funnel signals to a particular visual cell in the retina
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60. The experimental group
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consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment with regard to the independent variable
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61. Peggy smells a very strong odor; Harry smells an odor that is barely detectable. Based on what is known about neural transmission you could predict that the action potentials will
answer
be the same in both individuals due to the all-or-none principle
question
62. A multilevel classification system based on common properties among items is called
answer
a conceptual hierarchy
question
63. Which of the following statements about punishment is FALSE
answer
Punishment increases the frequency of undesired behavior.
question
64. The brain structure that appears to play a vital role in the regulation of temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, and sexual motivation is the
answer
hypothalamus
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65. Imagine that a mammal was discovered that had no pons in the hindbrain. You should predict that this mammal would
answer
never experience REM sleep
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66. If you were to compare adult speech with the speech of infants under 6 months of age you should expect to find that
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infants produce more phonemes than adults do
question
67. Escape learning is a type of learning in which
answer
an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end
question
68. Jerome is training to be a vacuum cleaner sales person. Initially, he got paid for each customer he called on, even if the customer did not ask for a demonstration. Currently, he only gets paid for actually demonstrating the product. Eventually, he will only get paid for actually closing a sale. In this example, Jerome's sales skills are being developed through the use of
answer
shaping
question
69. The theory of hearing that views the basilar membrane as being like a drumhead is
answer
frequency theory
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70. The continued presentation of the CS without the UCS will result in the gradual disappearance of the CR. This phenomenon is known as
answer
extinction
question
71.The two basic types of statistics are
answer
descriptive and inferential
question
72. Lateral antagonism occurs when the neural activity in a cell
answer
opposes activity in surrounding cells
question
73. Elaboration involves
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linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding
question
74. Your grandmother recently had a small stoke that left her unable to move her right side. In which lobe of the cerebrum did the stroke most likely cause damage?
answer
frontal lobe
question
75. Emma has multiple sclerosis. If you could view her nervous system you would find
answer
areas where the myelin sheath has degenerated
question
76. Proactive interference occurs when
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previously learned information interferes with the retention of new information
question
77. The idea of multifactorial causation in drug effects suggests that
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the effects of a drug depend on the dosage and the user's personal makeup and experience
question
78. When information in long-term memory (LTM) is organized according to a clustering principle, it means that
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related items tend to be remembered in groups or categories
question
79. Reabsorption of neurotransmitters into the presynaptic neuron is referred to as
answer
reuptake
question
80. In which level of processing is an emphasis placed on the sounds of words?
answer
phonemic
question
81. The basic parts of a neuron are
answer
cell body, axon, dendrites
question
82. When sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to flow into a neuron, it causes
answer
the likelihood of an action potential to increase.
question
83. Faster neural impulses occur in
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insulated or myelinated axons
question
84. Which of the following statements regarding the use of sleeping pills is least accurate?
answer
They are a good long-range solution for insomnia.
question
85. The ability to rapidly process words in reading depends most on
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top-down processing
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86. Recording all instances of an event for a particular time period (such as how many times an older brother strikes his younger brother) without the subjects' awareness is an example of
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naturalistic observation
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87. The cells of the nervous system that do the work of receiving, integrating, and transmitting information are the
answer
neurons
question
88. A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called
answer
a semantic code
question
89. Dr. Seelig has just discovered a new drug named BXY79 that produces schizophrenic-like side effects. Based on this information, Dr. Seelig's drug may be acting as an
answer
agonist for dopamine.
question
90. A conditioned stimulus is
answer
a previously neutral stimulus that, through conditioning, acquires the capacity to elicit a conditioned response
question
91. Brian is a cross-country runner. He claims that he really enjoys running because he gets a wonderful "high" after running long distances. Since he knows you are taking a psychology class he asks you to explain what causes his "runner's high". You tell him that as he runs
answer
Endorphins block the chemicals that transmit pain to the brain.
question
92. The amplitude of sound waves is measured in ____; the frequency of sound waves is measured in ____.
answer
decibels; hertz
question
93. Cells found in the nervous system that insulate, nourish and direct the growth of neurons as well as remove dead neurons and waste products are known as
answer
glia
question
94. The first person to conduct scientific studies of forgetting was
answer
Hermann Ebbinghaus
question
95. Adam has just consumed a substance that provides him with increased alertness and energy, along with reduced fatigue. However, it also makes him more talkative, increases his blood pressure, reduces his appetite, and makes him restless. Adam has likely ingested
answer
an amphetamine
question
96. Which of the following brain structures is most closely associated with the regulation of emotion?
answer
limbic system
question
97. Unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events are called
answer
flashbulb memories
question
98. According to John Watson, behavior is governed primarily by
answer
the environment
question
99. Imagine that you have stumbled across a secret laboratory where an evil scientist is conducting unauthorized brain research. By altering brain structures he has created superheroes that have specialized powers or abilities. One of these superheroes seldom feels hungry or thirsty and can go for days without feeling the need to eat or drink. In this case, the brain structure that the scientist most likely altered would be
answer
the hypothalamus
question
100. In Parkinsonism the tremors, muscular rigidity and reduced control over voluntary movements appears to be a function of
answer
degeneration of neurons that use dopamine as a neurotransmitter
question
101. Which of the following researchers conducted a classic experiment that demonstrated the brief duration of information in sensory memory?
answer
George Sperling
question
102. Ken used to drool at the smell of peanut butter cookies as they baked, and he couldn't wait to sink his teeth into that first cookie. However, Ken's new roommate makes terrible peanut butter cookies, and the smell of them baking is no longer associated with a wonderful taste experience. Consequently, Ken finds that the smell of the cookies no longer makes him drool in anticipation. This illustrates the classical conditioning process known as
answer
extinction
question
103. Mackenzie was in a car accident, and when she hit her head the ascending fibers in her reticular activating system were damaged. With this type of injury it is likely that Mackenzie will
answer
be in a continuous sleep state
question
104. If a 100-Hz tone had to be increased to 110 Hz for a subject to just notice the difference, you would predict that a 1000-Hz tone would have to be increased to
answer
1100 to be noticed
question
105. A psychologist monitors changes in the subject's heart rate as the subject watches a violent movie. The data collection technique being used is
answer
physiological recording
question
106. The theories of language acquisition that emphasize both the importance of children's learning experiences and their information-processing skills are
answer
emergentist theories
question
107. Diaz conducts a decision-making experiment to determine if people reason more logically when they have more time to decide. All the participants who are under 40 are allowed 15 minutes to reach a decision about a problem; all the participants who are over 40 are allowed 20 minutes to reach a decision about the same problem. Diaz has a problem with his experimental design because
answer
the age of the participants is confounded with the independent variable
question
108. Dr. Prutherow believes that people who are under stress will develop more colds than people who are not under stress. When he randomly selects 10 participants and exposes them to high levels of stress, he finds that 9 of the participants develop colds. Based on these results he concludes that stress causes an increase in colds. Dr. Prutherow's reasoning may be flawed because in this study
answer
there was no control group for comparison
question
109. Christine is a psychologist who conducts research on the effects of reward on maze learning in rats. Christine would most likely be considered
answer
behaviorist
question
110. The Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model proposes that memory has
answer
sensory, short-term, and long-term stores
question
111. Which of the following researchers is known for identifying the capacity of short-term memory as "seven plus or minus two" items?
answer
George Miller
question
112. The structure that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is the
answer
corpus callosum
question
113. Which of the following sequences represents progressively deeper levels of processing?
answer
structural, phonemic, semantic
question
114. In which of the lobes of the cerebrum is the somatosensory cortex located?
answer
parietal
question
115. When a neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus, the process is
answer
classical conditioning
question
116. If the human eye was not responsive to differences in the amplitude of light waves, we would not be able to perceive differences in
answer
brightness
question
117. A group of researchers wants to determine if people are more likely to follow directions if the person giving the directions is in a uniform. Half the participants are directed to a parking spot by a uniformed security guard, the other half are directed to a parking spot by an individual wearing blue jeans and a t-shirt. In this study, the dependent variable would be
answer
the number of participants who park in the spot they are directed to
question
118. Leonard's mother became dehydrated during a recent illness, and the levels of sodium in her body were significantly reduced. If enough sodium was lost you might expect that
answer
fewer action potentials would occur in her nervous system
question
119. The tendency to view one's own group as superior to others and as the standard for judging the worth of foreign ways is known as
answer
ethnocentrism
question
120. The role-playing theory of hypnosis offered by Barber and Spanos suggests that the hypnotized subject
answer
is in a normal state but acts out the role of a hypnotized person
question
121. The order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is used later is
answer
encoding ~ storage ~ retrieval
question
122. For most people, the production of language resides in the
answer
left cerebral hemisphere
question
123. Mark is listening as his roommate lists 14 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the end of the week. Based on George Miller's research into the capacity of short-term memory, if Mark doesn't write the items down as he hears them, he is most likely to remember
answer
between 5 and 9 items from the list
question
124. The sense associated with the perception of smell is
answer
olfaction
question
125. Which of the following principles does the Ponzo illusion use to achieve its effect?
answer
linear perspective
question
126. An agonist
answer
mimics the action of a neurotransmitter
question
127. Some researchers have suggested that our 24-hour sleep/wake cycle may partially be a response to a world where the sun rises and sets on a 24-hour cycle. Imagine that the earth is gradually slowing down, and in 10,000 years the sun rises and sets on a 26-hour cycle instead. If you came to this future world you might expect that people would tend to
answer
follow the extended cycle set by the sun and fall asleep once every 26 hours
question
128. The blind spot in the eye is
answer
where the optic nerve exits the back of the eye
question
129. Publishing research results so others can subject the methods and conclusions to critical scrutiny illustrates which of your text's unifying themes?
answer
Psychology is empirical.
question
130. The memory system that has an almost unlimited storage capacity is
answer
long-term memory
question
131. The structure that controls the size of the pupil is the
answer
iris
question
132. Which of the following is NOT a cognitive activity?
answer
blinking at something
question
133. The rewarding effects of electrical stimulation of the brain seem to be mediated by
answer
activation of dopamine-releasing neurons
question
134. Heather is taking a prescription drug to control her back pain. She finds that when she takes the drug she experiences some short-term drowsiness and nausea. It is likely that Heather's physician has prescribed
answer
a narcotic
question
135. Alicia is taking a prescription drug to help treat her narcolepsy. She finds that when she takes the drug she feels extremely restless and irritable, and she loses her appetite. It is likely that Alicia's physician has prescribed
answer
a stimulant
question
136. When the scores for a recent Chemistry exam were calculated, the mean was 60 and the median was 65. Later the professor discovered that one score had been recorded incorrectly; it had been entered into the computer as a 5, instead of as a 50. When this correction is made
answer
the mean for the exam will change, but the median will stay the same
question
137. Syntax refers to rules for
answer
arranging words into phrases and sentences
question
138. The school of psychology that suggests psychologists should study only what can be objectively observed is
answer
behaviorism
question
139. The psychologist who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes was
answer
B. F. Skinner
question
140. Courtney wears glasses to correct the far-sightedness in her left eye. If she were not wearing her glasses
answer
the lens would focus images behind the retina in her left eye
question
141. Kathryn has learned to fear thunder and lightening storms. When Kathryn's fear was first acquired there was probably a significant amount of neural activity in
answer
her amygdala
question
142. Which of the following is likely to be of most interest to a developmental psychologist?
answer
the effects on children of being raised in a single-parent home
question
143. Some theorists believe that a sort of "executive control system," which is responsible for monitoring, directing, and organizing thought processes, is housed in the
answer
prefrontal cortex
question
144. Which statement most accurately describes the process of synaptic transmission?
answer
After firing potassium ions rush out of the neural membrane in a process called repolarization.
question
145. The ability of language to allow a person to express new ideas refers to
answer
the generative quality of language
question
146. When you listen to a lecture, the information is held in ____ memory until you write it in your notes.
answer
short-term
question
147. The individual most closely associated with the recent development of evolutionary psychology is
answer
David Buss
question
148. The process of making attributions about the origins of memories is referred to as
answer
source monitoring
question
149. Cody is visiting his pen pal in a tropical, non-industrialized village. Cody is likely to find that the inhabitants of the village
answer
take a 1-to-2 hour midday nap each day
question
150. Perceptual constancy refers to
answer
our perception of objects remaining stable despite the fact that sensory information changes
