question

Semantic Rules

answer

Reflect the ways in which users of language assign meaning to a particular linguistic symbol, usually a word

question

Equivocal language

answer

ambiguous language that has two or more equally plausible meanings

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SEMANTIC RULE Equivocation

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- statements/ words with more than one accepted definition - receiver has responsibility to clarify - equivocation can be useful in saving face " I've never read anything like that before"

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Relative Words

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gain their meaning by comparison

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SEMNATIC RULES Relative language

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- words gain meaning by comparison to something else * warm, smart, fast likely - misunderstandings when interpreted from different perspectives *what qualifies as an inexpensive restaurant - difficult to measure * meaning best when linked to measurable term

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Static Evaluation

answer

the mistaken assumption that people are consistent and unchanging

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SEMANTIC RULE Static Evaluation

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overgeneralization of "is" statements *steve is heartless -can mistakenly assume people have unchanging natures - correct by subscripting * steve is heartless (unless he is playing with his puppy)

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Abstract Language

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vague in nature

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SEMANTIC RULE Abstraction

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-ague language that doesn't describe specific behaviors *you're mean - focus on specifics * you ignored the dog when it thought it would feed it - abstraction can be useful as verbal shorthand * can cover multiple behaviors in single statement

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Behavioral Language

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refers to specific things that people say or do

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Pragmatic Rules

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governs the way speech operates one everyday interaction

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Convergence

answer

the process of adapting one's speech style to match that of others

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Divergence

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speaking in a away that emphasizes their differences from others

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Powerless Speech Mannerisms

answer

ways of speaking that may reduce perceptions of a communicator's power

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Politeness

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communicating ins arts that save face for both senders and receivers

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Emotive Language

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seems to describe something but actually announces the speaker's attitude toward it

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"It" Statements

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replace the personal pronoun "I" with the less immediate word "it" -communicators who use these statements avoid responsibility for ownership

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"I" Language

answer

clearly identifies the speaker as the source of a message

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"But" Statements

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explains why - the but cancels the thought that precedes it

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"You" Statements

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expresses a judgement of the other person - a "you" statement implies that the speaker is qualified to judge the target

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"We" Language

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implies that the issue is the concern and responsibility of both the speaker and receiver of a message

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Low-Context Cultures

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generally value usuing language to express thoughts, feelings. and ideas as directly as possible

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High-Context Cultures

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value using language to maintain social harmony

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Linguistic Relativity

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that the worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language its members speak

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Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

answer

Whorf observed tha the language spoken by Hopi Native Americans represents a view of reality that is dramatically different from that of more familiar tongues - therefore people who speak it describe the entire world as being constantly in process, whereas in English we use nouns to characterize people or objects as being fixed or constant

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Nonverbal Communication

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messages expressed by nonlinguistic means

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NONVERBAL CHARACTERISTICS

answer

- encoding & decoding sill are personally valuable - behaviors are informative - relationally relevant

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NONVERBAL FUNCTIONS

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- repeating - complimenting - substituting - accenting - regulating - contradicting

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Complementing

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nonverbal behaviors match the thoughts an emotions the communicator is expressing linguistically

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Substituting

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when communicators are reluctant to express their feelings in words

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Accenting

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certain words with a voice

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Regulating

answer

influencing the flow of verbal communication

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Mixed Message

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situation in which a person's words are incongruent with his or her nonverbal behavior

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Leakage

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inadvertent signals of deception

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Monochronic

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emphasizing punctuality, schedules, and competing one task at a time

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Polychronic

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with flexible schedules in which multiple tasks are pursued at the same time

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Kinesics

answer

body position and motion

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Body Orientation

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the degree to which we face toward or away from someone with our body, feet, and head

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Posture

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the way in which individuals carry themselves erect, slumping, and so on

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Gestures

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movements of the hands and arms

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Illustrators

answer

movements that accompany speech but do not stand on their own

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Emblems

answer

deliberate on verbal behaviors that have a precise meaning and are known to virtually everyone within a cultural group

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Adaptors

answer

unconscious bodily movements in response to the environment

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Manipulators

answer

self-touching behaviors

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Microexpressions

answer

a brief facial expression

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Paralanguage

answer

nonverbal, vocal messages

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Haptics

answer

describe the study of touching

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Proxemics

answer

the study of the way people and animals use space

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Space Stages (4)

answer

-intimate distance - personal distance - social distance - public distance

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Intimate Distance

answer

begins with skin contact and ranges out to about 18 inches

question

Personal Distance

answer

18 inches at its closest point to 4 feet at its farthest

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Social Distance

answer

4 to about 12 feet

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Public Distance

answer

outward from 12 feet

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Territory

answer

remains stationary - space to which we assume some kind of "rights" is our territory

question

Chronemics

answer

The study of how humans use and structure time

question

Listening

answer

processo making sense of others' messages

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Types of Listening (2)

answer

mindful and mindless

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Mindless Listening

answer

occurs when we react to others' messages automatically and routinely, without much mental investment

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Mindful Listening

answer

involves giving careful and thoughtful attention and responses to the messages we receive

question

STAGE 1 OF LISTENING Hearing

answer

physiological dimension of listening

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Hearing Challenges

answer

- damage to sensory system - external noise and distractions

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Hearing Responses

answer

- hearing assistance - control environment * modify * relocate

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STAGE 2 OF LISTENING Attending

answer

psychological one and is part of the process of selection

question

Attending Challenges

answer

- attention deficit, overload - selective perception - insulated perception - preoccupation ( snapchat, Facebook, etc) - rapid thought ( process what people are about to say) - psuedolistening ( fakeness, appear to be listening )

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Attending Responses

answer

- identify payoff for listening - listen for key ideas * filter out extraneous information * manage mindful vs mindless listening - pick subjects relevant to the listener - engage your listener with your delivery

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STAGE 3 OF LISTENING Understanding

answer

occurs when we make sense of a message -subject evaluation * misunderstanding feels the same as real understanding

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Understanding Challenges

answer

Ambiguity * what are you saying? Dislocation of encoding and decoding * that is a wicked rollercoaster Defensive listening * you look like Russel Crow

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Understanding Response

answer

- understand the listener or speaker - match content to listener's life - be concrete and specific

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Listening Fidelity

answer

the degree of congruence between what a listener understands and what the message sender was attempting to communicate

question

STAGE 4 OF LISTENING Responding

answer

giving observable feedback to the speaker - nonverbal - verbal communication as transactional

question

Responding Challenges

answer

Stage hogging * turn conversation to ourselves Interrupting Insensitive listening * responding to superficial information * ignoring emotional content

question

Responding Well

answer

Talk less Delay Judgement * especially during disagreement or attack

question

STAGE 5 OF LISTENING Remembering

answer

ability to recall information - test of hewer listening has occurred - imperfect * only 50 % immediate recall * what remains is the residual message

question

Remembering Challenges

answer

Key points Information overload Ambushing * storing information to use against someone later

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Remembering Responses

answer

- Repeat important ideas - Highlight key points - Repeat important ideas

question

Psuedolistening

answer

imitation of the real thing, an act put on to fool the speaker

question

Stage-Hogging

answer

strategy that tis a shift-response changing the focus of the conversation from the speaker to the narcissist

question

Selective Listening

answer

respond only to the parts of your remarks that interest them

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Insulated Listening

answer

instead of looking for specific information , these people avoid it - they would rather not deal with the topic or issue

question

Defensive Listening

answer

take others remarks as person attacks

question

Ambushing

answer

listen carefully to you but only because they are collecting information that they will use to attack what you say

question

Insensitive Listening

answer

respond to the superficial content in a message but miss the ore important emotional information that may not be expressed directly

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Prompting

answer

involves using silences and brief statements of encouragement to draw others out

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Questioning

answer

" the most popular piece of language" a istening response in which receiver seeks additional information from the sender

question

Sincere Questions

answer

are aimed at understanding others

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Counterfeit Questions

answer

aimed at sending a message, not receiving one

question

Paraphrasing

answer

statements that reword the listener's interpretation of a message

question

Supporting

answer

reveals a listener's solidarity with the speaker's situation

question

Analyzing

answer

listener offers an interpretation of a speaker's language

question

Advising

answer

help by a solution

question

Judging

answer

response evaluates the sender's thoughts or behaviors in some way

question

Referent

answer

the actual thing/nothing need be said -God's name I AM

question

Sign

answer

non-arbitrary relationship to referent - sometimes called a symptom - Jesus miracle were sings of what?

question

Symbol

answer

Arbitrary relationship to referents - can attach to different referents - Bear: animal/ carry/ support, edure, direction

question

Symbolic Advantages

answer

- allows "unreal" communication * abstract ideas, art, future, reasons' motions, things not present, things seen w/ the minds eye - allows creativity in language *language always changing/ adapting * God face Adam responsibility for creating language

question

Symbolic Disadvantages

answer

- indirect relationship to misunderstanding *people use same symbol for different ideas * wicked, fly, music - symbols can use meaning * noel and repeated uses can obscure original meaning * racist, fay , touture, awesome

question

Semantic Rules

answer

- helps us assign meaning to particular linguistic symbol -essential to help us share meaning * language impossible if we cannot agree what "is" is - semantic problems is different meanings assigned to same word

question

Synatic Rules

answer

- rules governing the structure of language shaping meaning * all cars are not the same T/F? ( punctuation matters) - different contexts, cultures, have different syntaxes *texting syntax a learned language

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Progmatic Rules

answer

- Meaning governed by the everyday context *"How are you?" from a friend , from a doctor * sexual harassment problems from misunderstandings - coordination occurs when everyone uses same pragmatic rules * teasing words of inside a relationship, offensive outside it

question

LANGUAGES IMPACT Name & Identity

answer

* family names carry history and connection growth the past * names often identify ( or hide) cultural identities * affect of name on identity diminishes with personal knowledge * names important to God

question

LANGUAGES IMPACT Affiliation

answer

*convergence: sharing speech patterns with attractive groups * divergence: speech patterns that emphasize difference

question

LANGUAGES IMPACT Power

answer

* powerless speech mannerism signal relational standing * too much power in speech can be counterproductive - balance efficacy with need to maintain relationship

question

Powerless Patterns

answer

- Hedges * I think I will * I feel like - Hesitations *ah, can you, um, pay me earlier? - Intensifiers * i'm not very impressed - Polite forms * god morning sir - Tag questions * that was a good movie, don't you think? - Disclaimers * I do not mean to bother you, but can you.............

question

DISRUPTIVE LANGUAGE Fact-Opinion Confusion

answer

- Face-opinion confusion * invite argument by presenting opinion as facts ** you wasted money you bought that game * less antagonistic to add language of responsibility **I think you wasted money

question

DISRUPTIVE LANGUAGE Fact- Interference Confusion

answer

- using limited evidence to read the other's mind - better to use perception checking

question

DISRUPTIVE LANGUAGE Emotive Language

answer

- inserting speakers opinions into seeming factual statement - using language to make editing judgements - non emotive language stands better chance of acceptance

question

LANGUAGE RESPONSIBILITY IT statements vs I statements

answer

- it statements let speaker avoid responsibility - I statements hold speaker accountable

question

LANGUAGE RESPONSIBILITY But Statements

answer

- but can be confusing by mixing messages - can be face-saving device by prefacing criticism with praise - most clarity achieved when messages separated

question

LANGUAGE RESPONSIBILITY I and YOU Language

answer

"you" language expresses judgement on the other person "I" language focuses ons speakers actions

question

LANGUAGE RESPONSIBILITY WE language

answer

communicates togetherness and shared responsibility - but can be perceived as presumptuous if responsibility not shared

question

Gender Differences

answer

WOMEN: subjective experiences, relationships MEN: objects, behaviors and events

question

GENDER DIFFERENCES Motivation for Conversation

answer

WOMEN: create & maintain relationships , empathize MEN: fun, get something done, give advice

question

GENDER DIFFERENCES Conversational Style

answer

WOMEN: indirect, elaborate, other oriented MEN: direct, succint, task oriented

question

Detecting Deception

answer

- we are sensitive to unintentional emotional leakage - inconsistency shows emotional state has changed - signal perception much better than judgement

question

Uncertain Interpretation

answer

-nonverbal expression is ambiguous - multiple interpretations usually possible - real-life interpretations no better than guessing

question

Gender and Nonverbals

answer

WOMEN: generally more expressive, physically and vocally MEN: require more personal place - use larger, but fewer, gestures

question

Culture and Nonverbals

answer

- symbols have different meanings from culture to culture - rules of appropriate expression after - we're comfortable interpreting our own groups

question

Body Movement

answer

- Body orientation - Posture

question

Gestures

answer

-illustrators - emblems - adapters - manipulators

question

Face and Eyes

answer

- complex - rapid - expressive

question

Voice (Paralanguage)

answer

- emphasis - inflections - disfluencies - contradiction

question

Touch (Haptics)

answer

- communicate types and status of relationships * functional/professional: hairdresser, doctor * social/polite: hadshake, pat on back * friendship/ warmth: high-five, high-length, and-holding * sexual: can be interpreted though different types * agression: pushing

question

Effects of Touch

answer

- improve well being - increase liking - increase compliance - get yo' posterior sued

question

Appearance

answer

- physical attractiveness - clothing

question

Physical Space ( Proxemics)

answer

Distance: each of us has a personal bubble - we manage entry to our bubble depending on person and situation

question

Physical Environment

answer

- architecture and interior design guides behavior - arrangement of furniture can indicate relationship structures

question

Time (Chronemics)

answer

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES *Monochronic: punctuality, one task at a time * Polychronic: flexible schedule, multiple tasks STATUS INDICATOR * whom will you wait for ? * how much time do we give people ?

question

One-Way Communication

answer

- low sender frustration - high receiver frustration - low accuracy - fast

question

Two-Way Communication

answer

- high sender frustration - low receiver frustration - high accuracy - slow

question

Listening Importance

answer

- we spend most communication time listening - it's absence can undo relationships quickly - key personal success

question

LISTENING WELL 1)Prompting

answer

- brief statements or silences - designed to encourage talker to continue - can help talker reach deeper insights * personal discovery * talking the point of solutions

question

LISTENING WELL 2) Questioning

answer

- advantage to questioner * supply facts for understanding * learn others thinking and emotions * learn others intentions - advantages in answering * encourage self discovery * discover solutions

question

Counterfeit Questions

answer

- questions to trap or lead the speaker * " you don't want to go there' do you?" - questions that make a statement * " you're going to vote for him?" - questions with hidden agendas * " are you doing anything Friday night?" - questions with a correct answer * "do you think I'm handsome?" - questions with unchecked assumptions * "why don't you care about my feelings?"

question

LISTENING WELL 3) Paraphrasing

answer

- summarizing what you think is being said * not just relating verbatim * cross check understanding - paraphrased factual information * so you think we should invite Joe, but not Wendy?" - paraphrased personal information * " so you're worried about your job?"

question

Approaches to Paraphrasing

answer

- change speakers wording - offer an example for speakers topic - reflect underlying theme or remarks

question

Paraphrasing Properly

answer

- express tentatively, allowing correction - use in moderation * issue should be complex enough * should be enough time and concern * should do it while withholding judgement

question

LISTENING WELL 4) Supporting

answer

- reveal listeners solidarity with situation - types * empathizing : support without agreeing * agreement * offers to help * praise * reassurance

question

Unreliable Support

answer

- focus on the brighter future, not the moment - forbid others the right to their feelings - discount the importance of a situation - cast judgement on the other person - defend yourself from wrongdoing

question

LISTENING WELL 5) Analyzing

answer

- offers interpretation of a message - helps create alternative interpretations - might add to complexity and confusion

question

Careful Analysis

answer

- offer advice tentatively rather than absolutely * yours is only one interpretation - should be plausible - listener should be receptive first - motive should be focused on listener * goal isn't to make yourself look smart

question

LISTENING WELL 6)Advising

answer

- offering an opinion on a solution - four conditions * advice should be accurate * listener should be willing to accept * listener won't blame you for outcomes * can be given in face-saving manner

question

LISTENING WELL 7) Judging

answer

- evaluates thought for behaviors - can be favorable or unfavorable - constructive criticism designed for the future - two conditions * evaluation has been requested * intent is genuine constructive

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