College speech midterm
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ethnocentrism
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the tendency of any nation, race, religion, or group to believe that its way of looking at and doing things is right ant that other perspectives have less value.
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stereotypes
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generalized pictures of a race, gender, or group that supposedly represent its essential characteristics
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source
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the originator of a message
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encoder
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the speakers voice
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message
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the words, nonverbal cues, and presentation aids that convey the speaker's ideas, notices, and feelings toward a subject
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channel
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air or medium through which the message flows
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receiver
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the audience; those for whom the message is intended and in anticipation of whom the message is shaped
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decoder
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process by which the listener determines the meaning of the speaker's message
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noise
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sometimes called interference, this can indicate a range of problems from physical noise such as distracting sounds in the room to psychological noise (stereotypes, distractions, cultural barriers) in listeners that can distort or even block the reception of the message.
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feedback
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speaker's perception of how audience members react to the message both during and after its presentation.
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setting
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physical and psychological context in which a speech is presented
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identification
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the feeling of closeness between speakers and listeners that may overcome personal and cultural differences.
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responsible knowledge
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an understanding of the major features, issues, information, latest developments, and local applications relevant to a topic.
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quoting out of context
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an unethical use of a quotation that changes or distorts the original speakers meaning or intent by not including parts of the quote
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plagiarism
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presenting the ideas and words of others without crediting them as sources
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dialogue
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having the characters in a narrative speak for themselves, rather than paraphrasing what they say.
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transitions
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connecting elements used in speeches
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extemporaneous presentation
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a form of presentation in which a speech, although carefully prepared and practiced, is not written out or memorized
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key-word outline
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an abbreviated version of a formal outline that may be used in presenting a speech
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ethos
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those characteristics that make a speaker appear honest, credible, powerful, and appealing
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competence
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the perception of a speaker as being informed, intelligent, and well prepared.
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integrity
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the quality of being ethical, honest, and dependable
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goodwill
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the dimension of those by which listeners perceive a speaker as having their best interests at heart
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indentification
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the feeling of sharing or closeness that can develop between spears and listeners
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dynamism
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the perception of a speaker as confident, decisive, and enthusiastic
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self-awareness inventory
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a series of questions that a speaker can ask to develop an approach to a speech of introduction
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communication anxiety
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the range of unpleasant sensations and fears you may experience before or during a presentation
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anticipatory anxiety
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the fear of public speaking that occurs before the actual presentation of a speech
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anxiety sensitivity
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the tendency to label weak symptoms of anxiety as fear and then to over-respond to them
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perfectionism
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believing that you must be perfect to be effective
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presentation anxiety
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the fear reactions that occur during the presentation of a speech
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selective relaxation
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the technique of tightening and relaxing muscles on command, used to help reduce communication anxiety
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communication orientation
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looking at public speaking as an interactive communication event rather than as a performace
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cognitive restructuring
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the process of replacing negative thoughts with positive, constructive ones.
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visualization
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the process of systematically picturing oneself succeeding as a speaker and practicing a speech with that image in mind
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skills training
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developing speaking abilities that help speakers control communication apprehension
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informative value
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a measure of how much new and important information or understanding a speech conveys to an audience
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speech of description
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an informative speech that creates word-pictures to help the audience understand a subject
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speech of demonstration
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an informative speech aimed at showing the audience how to do something or how something works
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speech of explanation
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offers understanding of abstract an complex subjects
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intensity
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attention factor concerning how much an object contrasts with its background
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repetion
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repeating sounds, words, or phrases to attract and hold attention
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novelty
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the quality of being new or unusual
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activity
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holding audience attention by offering a vigorous presentation, telling exciting stories, and using language that creates the sense of action.
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contreast
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arranging supporting materials to highlight differences or gaining attention by using abrupt changes in presentation, dwelling upon opposites, or framing the pros and cons of a situation.
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relevance
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holding attention by pointing out a subjects importance or value to vital intersests
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retention
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the extent to which listeners remember and use the speakers message
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spatial design
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a pattern for an informative speech that order the main points as they occur in actual space
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sequential design
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a pattern for an informative speech that presents the steps involved in the process being demonstrated.
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chronological design
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a pattern of speech organization that follows a sequence of important events in historical pattern
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categorical design
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the use of natural or customary divisions within a subject as a way of orgainze an informative speech
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comparative design
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a pattern for an informative speech that relates an unfamiliar subject to something the audience already knows or understands
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literal analogy
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a comparison made between subjects withing the same field
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figurative analogy
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a comparison made between things that belong to different fields
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comparison an contrast
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an informative speech design that pints out similarities and differences between subjects or ideas
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causation design
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a pattern for an informative speech that shows how one condition generates, or is generated by, another
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briefing
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a short informative presentation offered in an organizational setting that focuses upon plans, policies, or reports
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discovery phrase
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phase of the process of finding speech topics that identifies large topic areas
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exploration phase
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phase of the process of finding speech topics that involves the close examination of large topics that involves the close examination of large topic areas to identify more precise topics that might be developed
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refinement phase
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identifying the general and specific purposes of a speech topic and framing its thesis statement
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brainstorming
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technique that encourages the free play of the mind
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topoi of topic discovery
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probe questions used to stimulate the mind during topic exploration, centering of places, people, activities, things, events, ideas, values, problems, and campus concerns.
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interest chart
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visual display of a spears interests as prompted by certain prole questions
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topics areas inventory chart
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a means of determining possible speech topics by listing topics you find interesting and subjects your audience finds intersecting, and then matching them.
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media prompts
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sources such as newspapers, magazines, and the electronic media that can suggest ideas for speech topics.
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mind mapping
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changes customary patterns of thinking in order to free our minds for creative exploration
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topic analysis
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using questions often employed by journalists to explore topic possibilities for speeches (who what why when where how)
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general purpose
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the speakers overall intention to inform or persuade listeners or to celebrate some person or occasion
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specific purpose
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the speakers particular goal or the response that the speaker wishes to evoke
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thesis statement
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sometimes called the \"central idea\" it summarizes in a single sentence the message of your speech
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topic briefing
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prospectus for a speech or series of speeches you propose to give
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presentation aids
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visual and auditory illustrations intended to have the clarity and effectiveness of a presentation
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graphics
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visual representations of information, such as sketches, maps graphs, charts, and textual materials
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pie graph
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circle that shows size of a subjects part in relation to the whole
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bar graph
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shows comparison and contrast between two or more items or groups
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line graph
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lice that changes across time
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flow chart
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shows steps in a process
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textual graphics
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contain text or numbers
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billeted list
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highlights ideas and lists them as brief statements
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acronym
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a word composed of the initial letters of a series or words
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flip chart
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on an easel to drawn on and page can be flipped over top to next one
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computer-assisted presentation
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joins audio visual textual graphic and animated componts
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analogous color scheme
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colors adjacent on the color wheel (suggest similarities and differences)
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complementary color scheme
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colors opposite one another on the color wheel (shows tension and opposition)
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monochromatic color scheme
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use of variations of a signal color in a presentation aid to convey the idea of variety within unity
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hearing
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process in which brain hears sound waves
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discriminate listening
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phase of listening in which we detect sounds of spoken communication
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comprehensive listening
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focus on spiken messages
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emphatic listening
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phase of listening in which we suspend judgment, allow spears to be heard, and try to see form their points of view
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appreciative listneing
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enjoy the beauty of messages
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critical listneing
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careful analysis and evaluation of message
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constructive listneing
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search for the value that messages may have for your life
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receiver apprehension
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fear of misinterpreting, inadequately processing and/or not being able to adjust psychologically to messages sent by theirs.
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trigger words
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words that arouse such powerful feeling that they interfere with the ability to listen critically and constructively
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filtering
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only listening to what you want to hear
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assimilation
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interpret positions of a spear close to their own views than they actually are
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contrast effect
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seeing positions different than your as being more distant than they actually are
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facts
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information that can be verified by observation or expert testimoney
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inferecnes
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assumptions based on incomplete infomation
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opinoions
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expressions of personal attitude or belief offered without supporting material
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demagogues
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political speakers who try to inflame feeling without regard to the accuracy or adequacy of their claims in order to promote their own agendas
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critique
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an evaluation of a speech that emphasizes strengths as well as weaknesses and that focus on how a speaker might imporve
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universal listener
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listening as though you represent all who might be affected by a message
