Cognitive Psychology: Memory – Flashcards
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What experimental procedure is used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?
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Dichotic listening
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Dichotic listening occurs when
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different messages are presented to the left and right ears.
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When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is
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saying the message out loud.
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The cocktail party effect is
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the ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages.
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The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously is known as
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divided attention.
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Controlled processing involves
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close attention.
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Scene schema is
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knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.
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Location-based attention is when
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people move their attention from one place to another.
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According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _______ stage.
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preattentive
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Illusory conjunctions are
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combinations of features from different stimuli.
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The three structural components of the modal model of memory are
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sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
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Information remains in sensory memory for
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seconds or a fraction of a second.
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Brief sensory memory for sound is known as
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echoic memory.
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The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
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15-20 seconds.
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The "magic number", according to Miller, is
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7 plus or minus 2.
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The primary effect of chunking is to
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stretch the capacity of STM.
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If you remember something in terms of its meaning, the type of encoding you are using is
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semantic.
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The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is
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manipulated.
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The word-length effect shows that is is more difficult to remember
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a list of long words than list of short words.
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One function of ________ is controlling the suppression of irrelevant information.
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the central executive
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The inability to assimilate or retain new knowledge is known as
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anterograde amnesia.
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The primacy effect is attributed to
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recall information stored in LTM.
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Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using a(n)
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auditory code in long-term memory.
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The predominant type of coding in LTM is
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semantic.
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Two types of declarative memory are ________ and ________ memory.
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episodic; semantic
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This is an example of semantic memory:
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I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.
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Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with _______ memory.
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Episodic.
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The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that
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we are not conscious we are using it.
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Jocelyn is inan experiment where she is presented words representing categories. She is presented the word "furniture" in an earlier trial, which makes it easier for her to later recall the word "chair" because of the similarity of meaning. Jocelyn's memory enhancement for "chair" due to seeing the word "furniture" illustrates
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conceptual priming.
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A multiple choice question is an example of a __________ test.
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recognition
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Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by
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repeating it over and over.
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According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is
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encoded.
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According to the levels of processing theory, what task will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
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Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
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Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word si used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence
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creates more connections.
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The principle that we learn information together with its context is known as
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encoding specificity.
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Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called
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transfer-appropriate processing.
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According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes ________ and is tested _________.
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auditorially; auditorially
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Students, beware! Research shows that ________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.
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highlighting
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Hebb's idea of long-term memory potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of
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enhanced firing in the neurons.
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The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is
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strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.
