question

What are the main themes of Brandt's chapter 4?

answer

The use of doctors in advertising, how marketing changed and what legitimizes cigarettes, doctors views of cigarettes, and the speculation of harm from cigarettes

question

How do the opening quotation epigrams relate to the themes of chapter 4?

answer

two of the epigrams had quotations from cigarette advertisements that contained doctors which was big in this era; the third quotation shows the beginning of people seeing how cigarettes are bad

question

Where did Brandt get the title, "More Doctors Smoke Camels" for chapter 4?

answer

from an advertisement for Camel cigarettes

question

What is Wingate Johnson's conclusion in his article concerning the effects of tobacco smoke?

answer

that there is little real evidence that smoking in moderation has any seriously harmful effect upon the average individual

question

How does Wingate Johnson's conclusion in his article relate to Brandt's argument in chapter 4?

answer

at the time period in this chapter this was the popular opinion among many people, including doctors and other scientists

question

What are examples of the potentially harmful consequences that Johnson discusses?(article)

answer

there are effects on the mucous membrane of the pharynx, less on the larynx and windpipes, and exceptionally on the bronchi

question

What are the main themes of Brandt's chapter 5?

answer

different studies performed by different educated individuals

question

How do the opening quotation epigrams relate to the themes of chapter 5?

answer

two of the quotes came from two of the people discussed in the chapter and they talked about the studies in this time period

question

Who is Alton Ochsner?

answer

chest surgeon from New Orleans, drew attention in the 1930s with observations that patients with advanced lung malignancies typically smoked; became known as a vigorous anti-tobacco advocate

question

Who is Evarts Graham?

answer

surgeon in St. Louis, performed the first successful pneumonectomy; despite treating individuals with lung cancer, he greeted the theory of smoking and cancer with skepticism and derision; worked with Ernst Wydner

question

Who is Ernst Wydner?

answer

medical student who has previously worked with lung cancer patients; approached Evarts Graham and asked to work on studies together

question

What did Evarts Graham and Ernst Wydner do?

answer

collected extensive data in patients with lung cancer and patients that were cancer free; reported that lung cancer could occur in non-smokers and that heavy smokers did not necessarily develop cancer, therefore smoking cannot be the only factor in causing cancer; they gave four reasons to support that smoking excessively could lead to lung cancer

question

Who is Richard Doll?

answer

career was dramatically influenced by tuberculosis; was great at mathematics but pursued medicine; was approached by Hill to join him at the MRC and study lung cancer

question

Who is Austin Bradford Hill?

answer

was not a medical professional; was hired by the British MRC to study occupational disease; developed a systematic strategy for utilizing and assessing hard-won clinical observation; performed the first randomized double-blind procedure while studying tuberculosis

question

What did Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill do?

answer

they worked with an epidemiological tradition to study the rising incidence of lung cancer by looking at statistics and population health; conducted a retrospective first and then a prospective study; found that cigarettes were the crucial factor in the rise of lung cancer

question

Who is E. Cuyler Hammond?

answer

statistician who received his doctorate at John Hopkins, went to the ACS to lead the Department of Statistical Research; was a huge critic of Wydner and Graham's work; also believed that cigarettes caused more diseases than lung cancer

question

Who is Daniel Horn?

answer

a psychologist with training in statistics, worked for the ACS; worked with E. Cuyler Hammond

question

What did E. Cuyler Hammond and Daniel Horn do?

answer

conducted studies under the ACS and worked to design a trial free of the potential limitations of retrospective studies; they did this by doing a prospective study and the largest population study at this time; evidence points strongly to the conclusion that cigarette smoking increases the probability of developing lung cancer

question

Who is Joseph Berkson?

answer

trained in medicine and had his doctorate in statistics; skeptic of the consensus about lung cancer and cigarette smoking and he never relented his skepticism; believed that since people said that smoking caused more than one disease, it could not be the cause

question

Who is Ronald Fisher?

answer

a biometrician and geneticist; skeptic of the consensus about lung cancer and cigarette smoking and he never relented his skepticism; speculated that there was a common factor that lead to a person both smoking and having cancer

question

What did Joseph Berkson and Ronald Fisher do?

answer

raised important questions while keeping their skepticism; critiqued many of the studies at the time

question

Who is Carl Weller?

answer

the chair of the pathology department at the University of Michigan; offered comprehensive assessment of evidence between cigarettes and cancer; was previously skeptical but eventually agreed that there was association

question

Who is Charles Cameron?

answer

the medical and scientific director of the ACS; became convinced that smoking constituted a major cause of cancer

question

According to Brandt, what type of scientific research was conducted in order to show that cigarettes caused lung cancer and how did this type of research differ from accepted methods at the time?

answer

people started to use prospective studies instead of retrospective; this is different because it was more about analyzing the data, rather than the typical scientific method

question

How had scientific opinion changed between 1949 and the mid-1950s concerning the harm of cigarettes?

answer

more individuals began to believe there was a link between lung cancer and cigarette smoking

question

Were most researchers convinced that cigarettes caused lung cancer by 1957?

answer

yes

question

What are the main themes of Brandt's chapter 6?

answer

how the cigarette companies respond, the formation TIRC, and how cigarettes are finally seen as harmful by a majority

question

Where did Brandt get the title for chapter 6?

answer

from the cigarette companies -- they worked to construct a controversy against the scientists who said that there was a link between cigarettes and cancer

question

How much did the American public pay attention to the scientific studies concerning cigarettes during the early 1950s?

answer

they did not pay much attention

question

What did researchers like Evarts Graham and Alton Ochsner think that the tobacco industry would do in light of the findings about cigarettes?

answer

they thought that they would fund research and become involved to discover what the link was between cigarettes and cancer

question

How did the tobacco company executives react and respond to the scientific studies?

answer

they said that they respected the scientists but that there was still no proven link

question

How did tobacco company executives react and respond to the scientific studies?

answer

they were worried; they funded research to show they were trying to find a solution; formed the TIRC

question

What was Maisel's article, "Don't Smoke -- Unless You Like It" about?

answer

concluded that there was no legitimate findings about the relationship between cancer and smoking; he criticized research findings and explained that physicians still did not had have bad opinions, so people should still smoke if they want

question

What was Norr's article, "Cancer by the Carton" about?

answer

backed up the science that smoking causes cancer

question

What are the two main points made in the Frank Statement?

answer

that there is not complete evidence that tobacco causes cancer and that the tobacco companies are working hard to find out the truth

question

What do you think was the goal of the tobacco industry for issuing the Frank Statement?

answer

to show the public that they were not the bad guys and that they do care about public health

question

Where did the Frank Statement appear?

answer

in newspapers

question

What was the public reaction to it?

answer

reassured them that everything will be okay

question

What does the Editorial from the Nashville Tennessean tell you about the effect of the Frank Statement?

answer

on board with it; everyone will benefit from the research; it was a smart move for the cigarette companies

question

In what ways was John W. Hill and his company, Hill & Knowlton, similar to Edward Bernays?

answer

they both used public relation

question

In what ways was John W. Hill and his company, Hill & Knowlton, different to Edward Bernays?

answer

Bernay's promoted the product; obscured the harms of tobacco

question

What was the Tobacco Industry Research Committee (TIRC)?

answer

committee formed by the tobacco industry to ensure their role in finding what the link was to cancer and smoking; had a scientific advisory board and worked with the PR firm Hill & Knowlton

question

Which took precedence in the TIRC's work, scientific research or public relations?

answer

public relations

question

Who was Clarence Cook Little?

answer

leading spokesperson on tobacco and health; huge skeptic of the link between cancer and smoking; believe that cancer was genetic

question

What was the Scientific Advisory Board?

answer

provided research and resources; had little responsibility because PR was the main focus

question

What was the Scientific Advisory Board's role as part of the TIRC?

answer

provide research and resources, make decisions about funding

question

What kind of research was conducted with the SAB's funds?

answer

statistical

question

How did the SAB's role evolve from the 1950s to the 1970s?

answer

decreased; became increasingly isolated from the PR activities of the TIRC, it still existed though because it proved that the tobacco industry was honoring its commitment to research

question

How did Hill and Knowlton use the media in their work on behalf of the tobacco industry?

answer

they used Little as a spokesman for science and health

question

What are the differences in terms of public and scientific understanding of the harms of cigarettes in 1953 and in 1961?

answer

more scientists believed cigarettes were harmful in 1953 than in 1961

question

What was President Kennedy's attitude towards addressing the smoking and health issue in 1962?

answer

he was not very eager to address the issue

question

Was President Kennedy eager to have the federal government get involved in the issue?

answer

no

question

What types of scientists and physicians made up the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee and how did they get appointed?

answer

epidemiologists, bacteriologists, mathematicians, pharmacists, etc. ; no one had prior experience in the tobacco industry/ studying tobacco in order to avoid bias

question

How far-reaching was the task that the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee took on and how did it compare to the previous statements made by public health leaders and researchers before them?

answer

Very far fetched; agreed it caused lung cancer, but did not say it was okay in moderation

question

How involved was the tobacco industry in the selection of the Advisory Committee and in its deliberations?

answer

when Surgeon General Terry chose the Advisory Committee they consulted with the tobacco industry leaders and consulted with the deliberations

question

What are the criteria for causality that the Advisory Committee developed and explained in chapter three of the report

answer

judgement and epidimology

question

How important was epidemiological method to the Advisory Committee's finding and how did they determine cause?

answer

it was important; they did not find causality

question

What were the key findings of the 1964 report; were their conclusions cautious or speculative and were their findings unanimous?

answer

that smoking may cause lung cancer; the committee's decision was cautious, and their findings were unanimous

question

How significant was the 1964 Surgeon General's Report in establishing the harmfulness of cigarette smoking?

answer

It was very significant

question

How did the Surgeon General's Advisory Committee address the addictiveness of cigarettes in the 1964 Report?

answer

they did not

question

What did the Advisory Committee determine about the effect of cigarette filters?

answer

they did not determine anything for the 1964 Report

question

What was "Phase II" that Surgeon General Terry had proposed and how did it relate to "Phase I"?

answer

the economic and legal considerations; this was based off of the scientific information found

question

What were the Blatnik hearings and what were the issues debated in them?

answer

hearings about cigarette advertising; Blatnik made sure that warning labels were put on cigarette advertisements

question

How does the tobacco industry "tar derby" and marketing of filter cigarettes relate to their strategy described in chapter 6?

answer

They used the creation of new brands to construct controversy and say that the new brands with filters did not cause cancer

question

How did the American Medical Association respond to cigarette smoking in the 1950s and 1960s?

answer

they did not initially take a stance, but then they supported finding more information and doing more research

question

What was the "weirdest lobbying alliance in legislative history"?

answer

the AMA and the tobacco industry

question

How did the tobacco industry strategize after the publication of the 1964 Surgeon General's Report?

answer

they created the Tobacco Institute which prepared them for any political repercussions

question

What was the Tobacco Institute and what was their top concerns?

answer

political repercussions

question

What is preemption and how did the tobacco industry use preemption?

answer

advertisements were still effective but congress mandated a warning label

question

What did the Federal Cigarette Labelling and Advertising Act say?

answer

designed to set a national standard of cigarette packaging

question

What was the Malboro marketing campaign designed by Leo Burnett and why was it so effective?

answer

the campaign would navigate the tension between offering reassurance without fracturing denial; celebrities appeared in the advertisements with cowboys as the main image

question

What is the Fairness Doctrine?

answer

required broadcasters to give equal time to opposing views on controversial topics

question

How did John Banzhaf apply the Fairness Doctrine to the tobacco industry advertising?

answer

asked the Federal Communications Commission to apply this towards cigarettes

question

How does the Fairness Doctrine relate to the broadcast ad ban that went into effect in January of 1971?

answer

with the ban, it ended the use of cigarette commercials which ultimately ended broadcasters' obligations to provide time for free public service announcements

question

What is "brand stretching"?

answer

a marketing strategy in which a firm marketing a product with a well-developed image uses the same brand name in a different product category

question

At the end of chapter 8, what is Brandt's major claim about federal regulations following the 1964 Surgeon General's Report?

answer

it showed vulnerabilities; but the antitobacco force will stay strong

question

What does the title "More Doctors Smoke Camels" refer to?

answer

an advertising slogan from the 1940s when Americans greatly admired modern medicine

question

What did most physicians believe during the 1930s?

answer

most physicians felt less convinced than earlier that cigarettes were harmful

question

By the 1940s, it was proven that cigarette smoking was harmful (T or F)

answer

False

question

What does Wingate Johnson's 1932 article say?

answer

it agrees with typical medical opinions from this time period about smoking

question

Who of the following was a cigarette smoker? (Wydner, Ochsner, Graham)

answer

Graham

question

Who of the following was a lung surgeon? (Hammond, Ochsner, Fisher)

answer

Ochsner

question

Who of the following conducted a retrospective study on the causes of lung cancer? (Doll, Hammond, Berkson)

answer

Doll

question

After conducting a retrospective study, Richard Doll and A. Bradford Hill next conducted a

answer

prospective study

question

Who remained unconvinced that there was a proven connection between smoking and lung cancer after most other researchers were convinced?

answer

Joesph Berkson and Ronald Fisher

question

Although Carl Weller did not conduct research of his own on the link between smoking and lung cancer, he wrote a manual on lung cancer in which he explained why the research done by others had convinced him of the connection. (T or F)

answer

True

question

In the 1940s-1950s, useful disease causality models were shifting primarily from epidemiology to laboratory experiment when examining a lung (T or F)

answer

False

question

Brandt argues that by the mid-1950s, clinicians and researchers were "largely convinced" that cigarette smoking was connected to cancer (T or F)

answer

True

question

When Albert Maisel published his essay "Don't Smoke - Unless You Like It" in November of 1950, he was skeptical of the new scientific research on cigarettes and reassured smokers that there was no clear reason to quit (T or F)

answer

True

question

In the Reader's Digest article "Cancer by the Carton", the author's viewpoint agrees with Albert Maisel's position in "Don't Smoke, Unless You Like It" (T or F)

answer

False

question

Using the public writing of Joseph Garland, the editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, what does Brandt argue?

answer

physicians and scientists were more convinced that cigarettes were harmful in 1953 than 1961

question

What is Hill and Knowlton?

answer

a public relations firm

question

What was the 1954 White paper made up of?

answer

quotations from skeptics that cigarettes were harmful

question

John W. Hill and Edward Bernays both used public relations to obscure the harms of tobacco (T or F)

answer

False

question

In the title "Constructing Controversy", who is the constructor?

answer

the tobacco industry

question

President Kennedy was eager to address the smoking/health connection (T or F)

answer

false

question

When Surgeon General Luther Terry chose his advisory committee on smoking and health, he consulted with tobacco industry leaders (T or F)

answer

true

question

More than half of the members of the Advisory Committee had conducted research into the cigarette (T or F)

answer

false

question

What did the 1964 Surgeon General's Report rely on?

answer

relied primarily on population-based findings

question

In 1964 Surgeon General's Report was definitive that cigarettes caused lung cancer, and established criteria for causality (T or F)

answer

true

question

The Advisory Committee were unanimous concerning the Report's conclusion (T or F)

answer

true

question

All of the Advisory Committee members were nonsmokers (T or F)

answer

false

question

The Surgeon General's report did not look into the effect of filters on the risks of the cigarette (T or F)

answer

true

question

The 1964 Surgeon General's report concluded that cigarettes were addictive (T or F)

answer

false

question

After the Report was released, tobacco company representatives continued to claim that they did not believe it was proven that cigarette smoking caused lung cancer (T or F)

answer

true

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