question

Cohort Study

answer

Studied over a long period of time. Study them until their death. Don't intervene.

question

Case-Control Study

answer

Study where an individual with a disease is compared to an individual without the disease

question

Randomized Clinical Trial

answer

Each participant is randomly assigned to either a control group or a treatment group

question

What type of study strongly support cause-and-effect conclusions

answer

Randomized Clinical Trial

question

Normal BP levels (Systolic/ diastolic)

answer

;120/;80

question

Early High BP (Systolic/ diastolic)

answer

120-139/80-89

question

High BP (Systolic/ diastolic)

answer

140-159/90-99

question

Normal Cholesterol

answer

;200

question

Borderline High Cholesterol

answer

200-239

question

High risk Cholesterol

answer

Greater than or equal to 240

question

What is a good predictor of heart disease?

answer

Cholesterol

question

Dangerous BP

answer

Greater than or equal to 160/ greater than or equal to 100

question

There is a 2-3% decrease in heart disease risk for (Heart Disease Rick reduction):

answer

-Every 1 mm decrease in diastolic BP -Every 1% decrease in total cholesterol

question

The more mac and cheese someone was served (effect of portion size on energy intake):

answer

The more they would eat.

question

The more they ate:

answer

The greater risk of obesity

question

Atherosclerosis

answer

-The buildup of fatty plaque in the inner layer of the after wall -Begins as an inflammatory response to damage to the artery wall

question

Physical inactivity: % of US adults (Modifiable risk factors for CVD)

answer

39%

question

Obesity- BMI;30: % of US adults (Modifiable risk factors for CVD)

answer

31%

question

Nurses Health Study What does a person with 5 risk have?

answer

He will have 5

question

What is a low risk profile?

answer

1/2 drink of alcohol per day BMI ;25 30 min of daily excercise No smoking Healthy diet

question

What percentage of the women in the low risk profile study followed all 5 things?

answer

3%

question

What is the cancer staging from least dangerous to most dangerous?

answer

T - Primary tumor (Least dangerous) N- Lymph node involvement M- Distant Metastasis (Most dangerous)

question

What do the Cancer Modifiers I-IV represent?

answer

I- Early stage IV- Late stage (Most dangerous)

question

High Blood Pressure: % of US adults (Modifiable risk factors for CVD)

answer

26%

question

Smoking: % of US adults (Modifiable risk factors for CVD)

answer

22%

question

High Blood Cholesterol: % of US adults (Modifiable risk factors for CVD)

answer

17%

question

Diabetes: % of US adults (Modifiable risk factors for CVD)

answer

7%

question

Carcinoma

answer

Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissue that line or covers internal organs

question

What is the leading cause of death before the age of 75?

answer

Cancer

question

Common Cancer in Women

answer

Lung and breasts

question

What is the leading cause of death after the age of 75?

answer

CVD

question

Which disease could replace the other as the overall disease top killer in the future?

answer

Cancer may replace CVD

question

Sarcoma

answer

Cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue

question

Common Cancer in Men

answer

Skin, Large intestines, lungs, and prostate

question

For every _________ , there was a 12% improvement in survival (Exercise capacity and mortality article)

answer

1- Met increase in treadmill

question

For every 1- Met increase in treadmill performance there was a ___ improvement in survival (Exercise capacity and mortality article)

answer

12%

question

What BMI category is considered ideal weight/ low risk?

answer

19-24

question

What BMI category is considered overweight/ moderate risk?

answer

25-29

question

What BMI category is considered obese/high risk?

answer

Greater than or equal to 30

question

Metabolic syndrome "X"

answer

Insulin resistant Presence of obesity from abnormal fat High blood cholesterol High blood pressure

question

What BMI category is considered underweight?

answer

;19

question

Tobacco: (% Cause of Cancer death in the US)

answer

30%

question

True/False There is evidence that increased intake of red meat and processed meat increased risk of colorectal cancer

answer

True

question

What fruit has the highest number of antioxidant?

answer

Cranberries

question

What fruit has the highest number of antiproliferatives?

answer

Cranberries

question

What veggie has the highest number of antioxidants?

answer

Red Pepper

question

What veggie has the highest number of antiproliferatives?

answer

Spinach

question

Should you only eat red peppers, spinach, and cranberries since they are the "Best"?

answer

No! You should eat a variety of fruits and veggies

question

How many calories a day might result in a gain of 15 pounds in 10 years?

answer

14 calories a day

question

What is the percentile of overweight children?

answer

85-95th percentile

question

What is the percentile for obese children?

answer

MBI;95th percentile

question

________ in 3 children are overweight or obese

answer

1 in 3 (33%)

question

Pediatric obesity may shorten life expectancy by how many years?

answer

2-5 years

question

What disease has the highest relative risk than any other disease in an obese person?

answer

Diabetes

question

What is the largest predictor of type 2 diabetes

answer

Obesity

question

What levels of fasting plasma glucose is considered diabetes?

answer

Greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl

question

What levels of fasting plasma glucose is considered pre diabetic (Impaired)?

answer

100-125 mg/dl

question

Pre diabetic is also known as_______

answer

Impaired

question

What levels of fasting plasma glucose is considered normal?

answer

less than 100 mg/dl

question

What percent of the Diabetics in the US are obese at the time of diagnosis?

answer

85%

question

What percentage of type 2 diabetes can be attributed to poor lifestyle?

answer

90%

question

A study design that randomly assigns participants into an experimental group or a control group. As the study is conducted, the only expected difference between the control and experimental groups is the outcome variable being studied.

answer

RCT (Randomized clinical trial)

question

A particular type of study involving a group of people who share defining characteristics (typically who experienced a common event in a selected period) that are followed prospectively while performing cross-sectional analysis at set intervals.

answer

Cohort

question

A study that compares patients who have a disease or outcome of interest with patients who do not have the disease or outcome, and looks back retrospectively to compare how frequently the exposure to a risk factor is present in each group to determine level of risk.

answer

Case-Control

question

For each 1mmHg drop in blood pressure and each 1% drop in total cholesterol there is a _____% to _____% decrease in risk of heart disease?

answer

2 to 3%

question

Obesity Risk Factors

answer

-Cancer -Hypetension -Hypercholesterolema -Psychological burden -Increased risk of gallstones, osteoarthritis, diabetes, cancer, heart disease -Increased risk of early death

question

If all form of CVD were eliminated, life expectancy would be increased by how many years?

answer

7 years if all forms of CVD were eliminated and 3 years if all cancer was eliminated

question

Does cancer or CVD result in more years of life lost?

answer

o Cancer

question

Atherosclerosis contributes to about ___ of CVD

answer

85%

question

If all forms of cancer were eliminated, the increase is just ___ years.

answer

3 years

question

What percent change in risk might be expected when changing from the highest quintile of Western Pattern to the highest quintile of Prudent Pattern? Don't have picture

answer

95% change in risk

question

T or F According to some research, the more food a person is served the more they tend to eat

answer

True

question

A diet characterized by higher intake of vegetables, fruit, legumes, whole grains, fish, and poultry is commonly termed a... (1 pts). a. Western diet b. Prudent diet C. Mediterranean diet

answer

Prudent Diet

question

Research has shown that atherosclerosis can be reversed over a fairly long period of time by modifying what particular lifestyle factor?

answer

Diet

question

f all forms of major CVD were eliminated, total life expectancy would increase nearly ____ years.

answer

7 years

question

The primary cause of CVD is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

answer

Atherosclerosis

question

Is lifestyle or metformin more effective at lowering diabetes?

answer

o lifestyle

question

· Increased levels of body fatness results in lower risk of breast cancer for pre or post-menopausal women?

answer

o Premenopausal women

question

What is angiogenesis?

answer

o When a tumor creates its own blood supply

question

Cardiovascular disease has been the leading cause of death every year except what year? What was the leading cause of death that year?

answer

o Influenza and 1918

question

Long Term Complications of Diabetes

answer

· Dental disease · Kidney disease · Diabetic Retinopathy (Blindness) · Heart disease (leading cause of diabetic death is heart disease) · Stroke · High blood pressure

question

Nutrition/ Obesity (% Cause of Cancer death in the US)

answer

30%

question

Symptoms of diabetes (Hyperglycemia)

answer

·Excessive urination (polyuria) ·Excessive thirst (polydipsia) ·Weight loss, sometimes with excessive eating (polyphagia) ·Fatigue, weakness ·Blurred vision ·Slowed healing ·Increased risk of infection

question

Why is HCG Diet rising in popularity?

answer

Inappropriate incentives

question

HCG Diet: Effective or not effective?

answer

Studies show that it is not effective - Loss of weight was due to caloric restriction

question

How is obesity epidemic explained?

answer

By consuming more calories than expended.

question

Fat overfeeding vs. Carbohydrate overfeeding: Which one equals more weight gain?

answer

Fat overfeeding

question

Energy Intake

answer

-Alcohol -Fat -Protein -Carbohydrate

question

Energy Expenditure

answer

-NEAT (non- exercise activity thermogenesis) -BMR -Activity/ Exercise

question

Inactivity (% Cause of Cancer death in the US)

answer

5%

question

Family History (% Cause of Cancer death in the US)

answer

5%

question

Fat as % of total calories has decreased, but body fat percentage has _____

answer

increased

question

Someone that originally weighs 300 lbs should have a goal to lose ___ lbs (Clue: what is a good percentage goal for weight loss of starting weight?)

answer

30 lbs

question

Viruses and other biological agents (% Cause of Cancer death in the US)

answer

5%

question

A good goal for weight loss would be ___ of starting weight.

answer

10%

question

In the Nurses Health Study (NHS), population attributable risk for coronary disease went from 64% for women who had 4 low-risk factors to 82% for women who had 5 low-risk factors. What additional risk factor was thought to contribute to the increase in population attributable risk?

answer

½ drink alcohol/day

question

In this study (NHS) what were at least 3 of the 5 components of a low-risk profile?

answer

BMI < 25, exercise 30 min/day, ½ drink alcohol/day, no smoking, healthy diet

question

When studied, which drink was most effective at inhibiting atherosclerosis and improving lipids in hamsters when polyphenol dose was normalized?

answer

Grape juice

question

The French have low coronary heart disease mortality with high fat consumption; this epidemiological anomaly is known as the _______

answer

French Paradox

question

Which disease contributes to more years of life lost? (1 pts) a. CVD b. Cancer c. Diabetes d. Obesity

answer

b. Cancer

question

T or F The lifetime risk for developing cancer is greater for women than men.

answer

False

question

Which is the most common cancer in men?

answer

Prostate

question

Which is the most common cancer in women?

answer

Breast

question

What is it called when a tumor/cancer migrates to a distant site from its origin?

answer

Metastasis

question

What is it called when something (Cancer) creates its own blood supply?

answer

angiogenesis

question

Genetics accounts for about _____% and lifestyle/environment about ______% in terms of population susceptibility to cancer?

answer

20% and 80%

question

What are at least two sites in the body where risk of cancer is increased with alcohol consumption?

answer

Oral, esophageal, stomach, intestines, liver, breast, colon

question

T or F Research has shown probable links between decreased risk of cancer and consumption of supplements derived from vegetables, fruits, pulses, nuts, seeds, herbs, and spices.

answer

False

question

Convincing evidence indicates that red meat and processed meat consumption increases risk of what type of cancer?

answer

Colorectal

question

Name the chemical carcinogen that comes from certain molds or fungus found in or on grains, nuts, or seeds that significantly increases risk of liver cancer

answer

Aflatoxin

question

Studies that have used nutrition and exercise programs to lower health risks such as blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes have also exhibited what "healthy lifestyle side effect"?

answer

Weight Loss

question

What is the term that Kelly Brownell of Yale University uses to describe the pervasive problem of over consumption and sedentary lifestyle?

answer

Toxic Environment

question

An RQ of 1.00 indicates that _______ is the predominant energy source and an RQ of 0.70 indicates that ______ is the predominant energy source.

answer

Carbohydrate Fat

question

Fat oxidation goes (up or down or stays the same) during CHO overfeeding and goes (up or down or stays the same) during Fat overfeeding.

answer

Down Stays the same

question

What is the name of the diet that involves injections of a female pregnancy hormone to suppress appetite?

answer

HcG diet

question

T or F Like many other chronic disease conditions diabetes is more common among men than women.

answer

False

question

Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is also called?

answer

Type 2

question

Diabetes and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus is called?

answer

Type 1

question

T or F Fewer persons diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are lean compared to obese at the time of diagnosis. (More people are obese when diagnosed)

answer

True

question

Which is the leading cause of diabetes-related death? a. Cancer b. Heart disease c. Infection

answer

Heart Disease

question

Which category would be considered "impaired fasting glucose" or "pre-diabetes"? a. ? 126 mg/dl b. 100-125 mg/dl c. <100 mg/dl

answer

b. 100-125 mg/dl

question

T or F Jihoon is gay

answer

True

question

Which 3 risk factors add up to more than 2/3 of all risk?

answer

Tobacco- 30% Nutrition/ Obesity- 30% Inactivity- 5%

question

What are the preventative mechanisms for colon cancer?

answer

Decreased transit time Enhanced immune function Decreased insulin levels Enhanced defense against oxidative stress

question

Key Concept: There is enough valid scientific information on the requirements for healthy living to transform the health of most Americans- by doing what two things

answer

30 min or more of PA on most days & Healthy diet

question

If a person reduced their BP by 6mm, how much does their risk decrease?

answer

12-18%

question

Of all cancers ____ has the strongest link with physical inactivity

answer

Colon Cancer

question

What factor of the low risk factor in the Nurse study made the biggest difference?

answer

Alcohol

question

What is important in treating/ preventing CVD because diet is closely related to so many diseases (obesity, hypertension, etc)

answer

Healthy Diet

question

What is a good predictor of overall risk and CVD?

answer

Exercise activity

question

True of False: Exercise is beneficial to everyone. Not Just healthy people.

answer

True

question

What is the most common way to lose weight?

answer

Eat less calories.

question

What is NEAT?

answer

(non- exercise activity thermogenesis), burning calories through physical activity - Unplanned activities that burn calories

question

Which is most lethal cancer? -N-II -T-IV -M-II -M-III

answer

M-III

question

3 in 4 published studies show an average of ____ reduction in colon cancer risk in the most physically active men and women.

answer

50% (70% max)

question

Diabetes impairs what?

answer

The body's ability to burn fuel or glucose

question

Type 1

answer

Beta cells in pancreas are mostly or entirely destroyed by the body's own immune system. This person needs insulin injections

question

Type 2

answer

Beta cells make insulin, but the persons' tissues are not sensitive enough to the hormone and use it inefficiently.

question

True/False: Diagnosis comes after confirmation on a different day.

answer

True

question

What was the strongest predictor of mortality after adjusting for age?

answer

Exercise capacity measured in METS

question

What are good predictors of overall mortality risk and CVD?

answer

Exercise capacity and activity status.

question

What is attributable risk?

answer

The % of risk that can be avoided if risk factors werent present.

question

True/ False: Breast cancer has the highest mortality for women

answer

False: Lung does

question

True/ False: Prostate cancer has the highest mortality for men.

answer

False: Lung does

question

What is the chronic disease that contributes to the highest number of deaths?

answer

Heart disease

question

What is the chronic disease that contributes to the most year of life lost?

answer

Cancer

question

What is the lifetime risk for developing cancer in men?

answer

1/2

question

What is the lifetime risk for developing cancer in women?

answer

1/3

question

True/ False: osteoporosis is a risk factor for obesity?

answer

False

question

Obesity is Explained by....

answer

-Obesity epidemic is explained by consuming more calories than expended

question

Lesson learned from energy balance:

answer

Technology affects energy expenditure. -cars, dishwater

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