question

The bacterial cell wall is a protective barrier against:
__________
___________

answer

?Osmotic pressure changes
?Other environmental stresses

question

allow pathogens to evolve structures that can help with the requirements for infection.

answer

mutations

question

Bacterial structures play a significant role in the five steps required for infection

answer

THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF BACTERIAL ANATOMY

question

The primary structure of the cell wall is __________ which is composed of repeating sugar molecules.
?N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG)
?N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM)

answer

peptidoglycan.

question

the bacterial cell wall is a mesh work held together w/ small ________

answer

peptide chains

question

11The linking together of NAG and NAM subunits is facilitated by several

answer

1 enzymes

question

Cytoplasmic phase
?Membrane-associated phase
?Extra-cytoplasmic phase

answer

There are three phases of peptidoglycan assembly of a new wall:

question

1NAG and NAM building-blocks are formed in the cytoplasm of the cell.
?The enzymes coded for by these genes attach 5 amino acids to each molecule of NAG and NAM.

answer

ScienceBUILDING THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL: Cytoplasmic Phase

question

1The cytoplasmicphase is an important target for ________

they prevent the formation of the peptidoglycansubunits

answer

antibiotics

question

1Specific enzymes link the NAG and NAM subunits with the lipid portion of the bacterial cell plasma membrane.
?The first step in the cycle is the formation of a bond between peptidoglycan and the side of the plasma membrane facing the cytoplasm

answer

BUILDING THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL: Membrane Associated Phase

question

1Subunits are then moved from one side of the membrane to the other.
?This is done by membrane associated enzymes.
?It allows new components to be integrated into the growing wall.
?It is an important target for antibiotics

answer

ScienceBUILDING THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL: The Extra-Cytoplasmic Phase

question

?The last step in the formation of the meshwork is the binding together of the peptidoglycan layers.
?This is done with polypeptide chains.
?These connections give the wall many layers and an increased strength.

answer

BUILDING THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL: The Extra-Cytoplasmic Phase

question

The __________ cell wall is rich in peptidoglycan with multiple layers of meshwork

answer

gram positive

question

1contains very littie peptidoglycan

answer

the gram negative cell wall

question

1In addition to many layers of peptidoglycan, the cell wall of ____________ bacterials cells also contain:
?Teichoic acid
?M protein
?Mycolic acid.

answer

gram positive

question

1There are two forms
?Wall _______–
?Lipo__________
?Both forms protrude above the wall, which gives the bacterial cell a negative charge.

answer

?Teichoic Acid

question

1go completely through the wall and link to the plasma membrane

answer

Lipoteichoic acids

question

1go part way through the wall.

answer

1teichoic acids

question

This is a virulence factor.
?It protrudes from the cell wall.
?It is required for infection.
?It is highly susceptible to mutations.

answer

?M Protein

question

This is found in the Mycobacterium species.
?It consists of a waxy lipid incorporated into the cell wall.
?It makes cells extremely resistant to environmental stress.
?It acts as a barrier against antibiotics and host defenses.

answer

?Mycolic Acid

question

only have a thin peptidoglycanlayer.
?They also have an outer membrane, known as the lipopolysaccharidelayer (LPS).

answer

Gram-negative bacteria

question

of gram negative bacteria is composed of lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides.

answer

The LPS layer

question

__________ molecules fasten the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan layer of gram negative bacteria

answer

lipoprotein

question

the outter membrane of the gram neg bacteria is composed of (instead of phospholipids molec) which serves as a barrier for the gram neg cell

answer

lipopolysacchrides

question

the outter membrane of gram neg bacteria contains _____________ systems:
Some are found in the outer layer of the membrane and break down nutrients for transport.
?Some are found in the periplasmic space (the space between the outer membrane and the cell wall) and move substances out of the cell

answer

translocation protien

question

gram neg bac contains speacilized proteins called __________:
These form a channel through the outer layer.
?This channel is responsible for passage of molecules and ions into and out of the Gram-negative cell

answer

porin proteins

question

has a thick layer of peptidoglycan
teichois acid is present
has very little lipids
no outter membrane
uses exotoxins
very sensitive to antibiotics

answer

gram positive bacteria

question

has a thin peptidoglycan layer
teichoic acid is absent
has a lipopolysaccharide layer
has an outter membrane
uses endotoxins
moderately sensitive to antibiotics

answer

gram negative bacteria

question

can cause colonization of the nasal epithelium.

answer

teichoic acid

question

causes an inflammatory response

answer

lipoteichoic acid

question

cell wall is a complex structure involved in infection in many ways.
?The outer layer is a barrier to antiseptics, disinfectants, and antibiotics.
?Porinproteinsexcludelarge molecules

answer

The gram-negative

question

the ________ of gram neg bacteria functions as endotoxin, with two parts having clinical relevance
?Lipid A
?O polysaccharide

answer

outter layer

question

of gram neg bac cell wall
Anchors the lipopolysaccharide part of the outer layer
?Is released when the cell dies.

answer

?Lipid A:

question

______ of the gram neg cell wall are
Carbohydrate chains that are part of the outer layer
?Variable from one bacterial species to another
?Recognized by the adaptive immune response
?Sometimes used as a diagnostic marker -E. coli O157: H7 is designated by O polysaccharide 157

answer

?O Polysaccharides are:

question

the are 5 structures that can found outside the cell wall

________ bacterium has all 5 of these structures

answer

no

question

Three structures (outside the bac cell wall) are involved primarily with adherence (staying in)

answer

Glycocalyx
?Fimbriae
?Pili

question

Two structures (outside the bac cell wall) are involved primarily with motility (defeating host defenses and damaging the host)

answer

Flagella
?Axial filament

question

is a sticky substance composed of polypeptides, polysaccharides or both.
?It is produced in the cytoplasm and secreted to the outer part of the cell wall.
?It provides a protective element against environmental stress.
?It can be used for nutrition

answer

the glycocalyx

question

if the glcocalyx is attached to the wall it is called a _______

if adhered tightly to the wall its called a ________

answer

slime layer
capsule

question

both variations , the slime layer and the capsule of the glococyle gives an __________ capibility to the organsim

answer

adherence

question

is a major part of infection (staying in), especially in respiratory and urinary tract infections.
?The glycocalyx is a primary factor of this

answer

adherence

question

The slime layer form is associated with some forms of ____________.

answer

dental decay

question

inhibits phagocytosis
many organisms arent infectious w/ it
its genes can be tranferred between organisms

answer

the capsule form

question

Both are involved in adherence.
?Both appear as sticky projections which are shorter than flagella.
?They are found on Gram-negative organisms.
?Both are composed of pilin protein subunits.
?Genes for these can be transferred from one organism to another.

answer

fimbriae and pili

question

help pathogens fulfill the staying in requirement through adherence

answer

fimbriae and pili

question

are only used for adherence, particularly in the urinary and intestinal tracts.

answer

fimbriae

question

can give bacteria motility in two ways
?Twitching or gliding movements
?Through extension and retraction of the _____
are involved in the development of biofilms

answer

pili

question

fimbrae and pili are potential targets for

answer

antibiotics

question

use antigenic variation to change or mask their structure and avoid host defenses

answer

pili

question

They can form fragments (S pili) that bind antibody molecules and inactivate them.

answer

fimbriae and pili

question

are also clinically important because they facilitate the transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another

answer

pili

question

Genes that have been transferred by the facilitation of pili can be used for:

answer

for:
?Antibiotic resistance
?Toxin production
?Defense against host defenses

question

are flagellum-like structures that are found on spirochetes.
?They wrap around the bacterial cell and are confined to the space between the plasma membrane and cell wall.
?They are used for motility and cause the entire organism to rotate like a corkscrew

answer

axial filaments

question

The corkscrew motion of axial filaments gives the bacterium the ability to ___________.
they allow organisms to get into the ________ as well as other tissues (damage the host)
?They allow organisms to get into the blood as well as other tissues (damage the host).

answer

bore holes through the tissue )staying in)
blood

question

are used only for motility.
?They are long structures that extend far beyond the cell wall and even beyond the glycocalyx.
?They make it possible for bacteria to move from their point of origin to other places in the body.

answer

flagella

question

E. coli can move from the large intestine, where it is harmless, to the urinary tract, where it can cause serious infection by the use of

answer

flagella

question

?A flagella consists of the following three parts:

answer

Filament
?Hook
?Basal body

question

the ___ of the flagella is made of flagellin protein.
they join to form a twisted helical chain of subunits

answer

filament

question

This gives the flagellum a hollow core.
?It is only seen in bacilli.
?It is flexible

answer

filament

question

the _____ of the flagella links the flexible filaments to the basal body

answer

hook

question

the _______ of the flagella is compossed of paired ring structures that anchor the flagella to the cell

answer

basal body

question

there are two different arrangents in for the basal body:

–uses only one pair of ringed structures fastened to the plasma membrane
–uses two pairs of ringed structures: one is fastened to the plasma membrane and one to the outer layer

answer

gram positive
gram negative

question

FLAGELLA CONFIGURATIONS
one flagellum located at the end of the cell

answer

Monotrichous

question

FLAGELLA CONFIGURATIONS
–two flagella, one at each end of the cell

answer

Amphitrichous

question

FLAG
–two or more flagella located at the same end of the cellELLA CONFIGURATIONS

answer

Lophotrichous

question

FLAGELLA CONFIGURATIONS
–flagella surround the entire cell.

answer

Peritrichous

question

The _______ allow movement which allows:
?Opportunistic infections
?Escape from host defense (defeat of host defense)
?Systemic infection (damage to the host

answer

flagella

question

There are six major structures found inside the bacterial cell well:

answer

?Plasma membrane
?Nuclear region
?Plasmids
?Ribosomes
?Inclusion bodies
?Endospores

question

surrounds the internal cellular matrix and organelles.
It is involved in:
?DNA replication
?Generation of energy
?Transport and secretion

answer

plama membrane

question

?There are two basic types of membrane protein:
–found on either side of the membrane
–penetrate the membrane completely
?Some form pores in the membrane.

answer

peripheral proteins
integral proteins

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