chp 9 MICRO – Flashcards
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| the bacterial cell wall is a mesh work held together w/ small ________ |
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| peptide chains |
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| 11The linking together of NAG and NAM subunits is facilitated by several |
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| 1 enzymes |
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| Cytoplasmic phase ?Membrane-associated phase ?Extra-cytoplasmic phase |
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| There are three phases of peptidoglycan assembly of a new wall: |
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| 1NAG and NAM building-blocks are formed in the cytoplasm of the cell. ?The enzymes coded for by these genes attach 5 amino acids to each molecule of NAG and NAM. |
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| ScienceBUILDING THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL: Cytoplasmic Phase |
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| 1The cytoplasmicphase is an important target for ________ they prevent the formation of the peptidoglycansubunits |
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| antibiotics |
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| 1Specific enzymes link the NAG and NAM subunits with the lipid portion of the bacterial cell plasma membrane. ?The first step in the cycle is the formation of a bond between peptidoglycan and the side of the plasma membrane facing the cytoplasm |
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| BUILDING THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL: Membrane Associated Phase |
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| 1Subunits are then moved from one side of the membrane to the other. ?This is done by membrane associated enzymes. ?It allows new components to be integrated into the growing wall. ?It is an important target for antibiotics |
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| ScienceBUILDING THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL: The Extra-Cytoplasmic Phase |
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| ?The last step in the formation of the meshwork is the binding together of the peptidoglycan layers. ?This is done with polypeptide chains. ?These connections give the wall many layers and an increased strength. |
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| BUILDING THE BACTERIAL CELL WALL: The Extra-Cytoplasmic Phase |
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| The __________ cell wall is rich in peptidoglycan with multiple layers of meshwork |
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| gram positive |
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| 1contains very littie peptidoglycan |
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| the gram negative cell wall |
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| 1In addition to many layers of peptidoglycan, the cell wall of ____________ bacterials cells also contain: ?Teichoic acid ?M protein ?Mycolic acid. |
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| gram positive |
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| 1There are two forms ?Wall _______– ?Lipo__________ ?Both forms protrude above the wall, which gives the bacterial cell a negative charge. |
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| ?Teichoic Acid |
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| 1go completely through the wall and link to the plasma membrane |
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| Lipoteichoic acids |
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| 1go part way through the wall. |
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| 1teichoic acids |
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| This is a virulence factor. ?It protrudes from the cell wall. ?It is required for infection. ?It is highly susceptible to mutations. |
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| ?M Protein |
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| This is found in the Mycobacterium species. ?It consists of a waxy lipid incorporated into the cell wall. ?It makes cells extremely resistant to environmental stress. ?It acts as a barrier against antibiotics and host defenses. |
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| ?Mycolic Acid |
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| only have a thin peptidoglycanlayer. ?They also have an outer membrane, known as the lipopolysaccharidelayer (LPS). |
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| Gram-negative bacteria |
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| of gram negative bacteria is composed of lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides. |
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| The LPS layer |
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| __________ molecules fasten the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan layer of gram negative bacteria |
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| lipoprotein |
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| the outter membrane of the gram neg bacteria is composed of (instead of phospholipids molec) which serves as a barrier for the gram neg cell |
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| lipopolysacchrides |
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| the outter membrane of gram neg bacteria contains _____________ systems: Some are found in the outer layer of the membrane and break down nutrients for transport. ?Some are found in the periplasmic space (the space between the outer membrane and the cell wall) and move substances out of the cell |
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| translocation protien |
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| gram neg bac contains speacilized proteins called __________: These form a channel through the outer layer. ?This channel is responsible for passage of molecules and ions into and out of the Gram-negative cell |
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| porin proteins |
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| has a thick layer of peptidoglycan teichois acid is present has very little lipids no outter membrane uses exotoxins very sensitive to antibiotics |
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| gram positive bacteria |
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| has a thin peptidoglycan layer teichoic acid is absent has a lipopolysaccharide layer has an outter membrane uses endotoxins moderately sensitive to antibiotics |
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| gram negative bacteria |
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| can cause colonization of the nasal epithelium. |
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| teichoic acid |
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| causes an inflammatory response |
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| lipoteichoic acid |
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| cell wall is a complex structure involved in infection in many ways. ?The outer layer is a barrier to antiseptics, disinfectants, and antibiotics. ?Porinproteinsexcludelarge molecules |
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| The gram-negative |
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| the ________ of gram neg bacteria functions as endotoxin, with two parts having clinical relevance ?Lipid A ?O polysaccharide |
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| outter layer |
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| of gram neg bac cell wall Anchors the lipopolysaccharide part of the outer layer ?Is released when the cell dies. |
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| ?Lipid A: |
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| ______ of the gram neg cell wall are Carbohydrate chains that are part of the outer layer ?Variable from one bacterial species to another ?Recognized by the adaptive immune response ?Sometimes used as a diagnostic marker -E. coli O157: H7 is designated by O polysaccharide 157 |
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| ?O Polysaccharides are: |
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| the are 5 structures that can found outside the cell wall ________ bacterium has all 5 of these structures |
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| no |
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| Three structures (outside the bac cell wall) are involved primarily with adherence (staying in) |
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| Glycocalyx ?Fimbriae ?Pili |
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| Two structures (outside the bac cell wall) are involved primarily with motility (defeating host defenses and damaging the host) |
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| Flagella ?Axial filament |
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| is a sticky substance composed of polypeptides, polysaccharides or both. ?It is produced in the cytoplasm and secreted to the outer part of the cell wall. ?It provides a protective element against environmental stress. ?It can be used for nutrition |
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| the glycocalyx |
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| if the glcocalyx is attached to the wall it is called a _______ if adhered tightly to the wall its called a ________ |
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| slime layer capsule |
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| both variations , the slime layer and the capsule of the glococyle gives an __________ capibility to the organsim |
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| adherence |
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| is a major part of infection (staying in), especially in respiratory and urinary tract infections. ?The glycocalyx is a primary factor of this |
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| adherence |
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| The slime layer form is associated with some forms of ____________. |
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| dental decay |
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| inhibits phagocytosis many organisms arent infectious w/ it its genes can be tranferred between organisms |
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| the capsule form |
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| Both are involved in adherence. ?Both appear as sticky projections which are shorter than flagella. ?They are found on Gram-negative organisms. ?Both are composed of pilin protein subunits. ?Genes for these can be transferred from one organism to another. |
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| fimbriae and pili |
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| help pathogens fulfill the staying in requirement through adherence |
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| fimbriae and pili |
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| are only used for adherence, particularly in the urinary and intestinal tracts. |
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| fimbriae |
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| can give bacteria motility in two ways ?Twitching or gliding movements ?Through extension and retraction of the _____ are involved in the development of biofilms |
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| pili |
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| fimbrae and pili are potential targets for |
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| antibiotics |
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| use antigenic variation to change or mask their structure and avoid host defenses |
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| pili |
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| They can form fragments (S pili) that bind antibody molecules and inactivate them. |
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| fimbriae and pili |
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| are also clinically important because they facilitate the transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to another |
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| pili |
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| Genes that have been transferred by the facilitation of pili can be used for: |
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| for: ?Antibiotic resistance ?Toxin production ?Defense against host defenses |
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| are flagellum-like structures that are found on spirochetes. ?They wrap around the bacterial cell and are confined to the space between the plasma membrane and cell wall. ?They are used for motility and cause the entire organism to rotate like a corkscrew |
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| axial filaments |
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| The corkscrew motion of axial filaments gives the bacterium the ability to ___________. they allow organisms to get into the ________ as well as other tissues (damage the host) ?They allow organisms to get into the blood as well as other tissues (damage the host). |
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| bore holes through the tissue )staying in) blood |
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| are used only for motility. ?They are long structures that extend far beyond the cell wall and even beyond the glycocalyx. ?They make it possible for bacteria to move from their point of origin to other places in the body. |
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| flagella |
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| E. coli can move from the large intestine, where it is harmless, to the urinary tract, where it can cause serious infection by the use of |
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| flagella |
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| ?A flagella consists of the following three parts: |
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| Filament ?Hook ?Basal body |
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| the ___ of the flagella is made of flagellin protein. they join to form a twisted helical chain of subunits |
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| filament |
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| This gives the flagellum a hollow core. ?It is only seen in bacilli. ?It is flexible |
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| filament |
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| the _____ of the flagella links the flexible filaments to the basal body |
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| hook |
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| the _______ of the flagella is compossed of paired ring structures that anchor the flagella to the cell |
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| basal body |
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| there are two different arrangents in for the basal body: –uses only one pair of ringed structures fastened to the plasma membrane –uses two pairs of ringed structures: one is fastened to the plasma membrane and one to the outer layer |
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| gram positive gram negative |
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| FLAGELLA CONFIGURATIONS one flagellum located at the end of the cell |
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| Monotrichous |
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| FLAGELLA CONFIGURATIONS –two flagella, one at each end of the cell |
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| Amphitrichous |
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| FLAG –two or more flagella located at the same end of the cellELLA CONFIGURATIONS |
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| Lophotrichous |
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| FLAGELLA CONFIGURATIONS –flagella surround the entire cell. |
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| Peritrichous |
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| The _______ allow movement which allows: ?Opportunistic infections ?Escape from host defense (defeat of host defense) ?Systemic infection (damage to the host |
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| flagella |
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| There are six major structures found inside the bacterial cell well: |
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| ?Plasma membrane ?Nuclear region ?Plasmids ?Ribosomes ?Inclusion bodies ?Endospores |
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| surrounds the internal cellular matrix and organelles. It is involved in: ?DNA replication ?Generation of energy ?Transport and secretion |
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| plama membrane |
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| ?There are two basic types of membrane protein: –found on either side of the membrane –penetrate the membrane completely ?Some form pores in the membrane. |
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| peripheral proteins integral proteins |
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