Child Development chapter 1 – Flashcards
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Socioemotional Processes
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involves changes in an individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality
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Cognitive Processes
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refers to changes in an individual's thought, intelligence and language.
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Biological Processes
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produce changes in an individual's body.
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Developmental cognitive neuroscience
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explores links between development, cognitive process and the brain
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Developmental social neuroscience
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examines connections between development, socioemotional processes and the brain
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Prenatal period
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the time from conception to birth
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Infancy
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The developmental period that extends from birth to 18 - 24 months
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Early childhood
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the developmental period that extends from the end of infancy to about 5 or 6 years of age, sometimes call the pre-school years
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Middle and late Childhood
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The developmental period that extends from about 6-11yrs of age, sometimes called the elementary school years
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Adolescence
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The developmental period of transition from childhood to early adulthood, entered at approximately 10-12years of age and ending at 18 -19 years of age
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Cohort
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a group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences as a result.
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Cohort effects
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Effects due to a person's time of birth, era, or generation but not to actual age
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Millennials
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The generation born after 1980, the first to come of age and enter emerging adulthood in the new millennium
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Nature-nurture issue
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Debate about whether development is primarily influenced by nature or nurture
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"Nature" proponents claim
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Biological inheritance is the most important influence on development
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"Nurture" proponents claim
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Environmental experiences are the most influential factors
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Continuity-discontinuity issue
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Question whether development involves gradual, cumulative change(continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity)
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Early-later experience issue
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focuses on the degree to which early experiences (especially in infancy) or later experiences are the key determinants of children's development.
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Social policy
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a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens
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Scientific method
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An approach that can be used to obtain accurate information by carrying out four step process
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Theory
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an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain and make predictions
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Hypotheses
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Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy
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Psychoanalytical theories
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Theories that describe development as primarily unconscious (beyond awareness) and heavily colored by emotion
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Freud's Theory
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We go through 5 stages of psychosexual development: oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital
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Erikson's Pyschosocial Theory
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We develop psychosocial stages. 8 stages of human development with each consisting of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.
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Trust versus mistrust
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Erikson's first psychosocial stage, experienced in the first year of infancy and sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live.
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Autonomy versus shame and doubt
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Erikson's second stage, occurs in late infancy and toddlerhood. If toddlers are restrained or punished too harshly, they are likely to develop shame and doubt
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Initiative versus guilt
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Erikson's third stage, occurs during the pre-school years. If the child is irresponsible and made to feel too anxious, feelings of guilt may arise.
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Industry versus inferiority
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Erikson's fourth stage, occurring approximately in the elementary years. If a child feels incompetent and unproductive, they may develop a sense of inferioty
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Identity versus identity confusion
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Erikson's fifth stage, occurring during adolescence. If they do not follow a positive path to follow in life, they will develop identity confusion.
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Intimacy versus isolation
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Erikson's sixth stage, occurring during the early adulthood years. If young adults do not form healthy intimate relations, isolation will result.
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Generativity versus stagnation
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Erikson's 7th stage, occurring during middle adulthood. The feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation brings a sense of stagnation
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Integrity versus despair
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Erikson's 8th stage, occurring in late adulthood. Looking back in retrospect, if the past years were not well spent, they develop a sense of gloom and despair
